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Origin and temperature on the germination of beggartick seeds

Procedência das sementes e temperatura na germinação de picão-preto

ABSTRACT

The invasive behavior of beggarticks (Bidens pilosa L.) in cropped areas is due to its ecological adaptation and aggressive regeneration, which is dependent on seed germination. The objective of this research was to verify the effects of B. pilosa seed origin and temperature on seed germination. The seeds were collected in Entre Rios do Oeste, PR, Botucatu, SP, Capão Bonito, SP, São Joaquim da Barra, SP, Sertãozinho, SP, Selvíria, MS, Barra do Garças, MT, Areia, PB and Manaus, AM. The seeds were evaluated regarding moisture content, 1000-seed weight, germination speed index and germination at 60 days (normal seedlings, dormant seeds and dead seeds) at the temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 ºC. The replicates were distributed according to a completely randomized design in a 9 x 8 factorial arrangement (seed origin x temperature) with four replicates. The means were compared by the Scott-Knott test. B. pilosa seeds germination depends on seed origin. Temperatures higher than 35 ºC are lethal to the seeds. The temperature of 15 ºC allows maximum germination in the shortest time whichever the seed origin.

Key words:
Bidens pilosa; weed; production sites; dormancy

RESUMO

O comportamento invasivo do picão-preto (Bidens pilosa L.) em áreas de cultivo se deve à sua adaptação ecológica e regeneração agressiva, alicerçada na germinação das sementes. Objetivou-se, com a presente pesquisa, conhecer o efeito de diferentes procedências e temperaturas na germinação de sementes de B. pilosa. As sementes foram coletadas em Entre Rios do Oeste, PR, Botucatu, SP, Capão Bonito, SP, São Joaquim da Barra, SP, Sertãozinho, SP, Selvíria, MS, Barra do Garças, MT, Areia, PB e Manaus, AM e avaliadas quanto ao teor de água, massa de 1000 sementes, índice de velocidade de germinação e germinação conduzida a 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 ºC e avaliada aos 60 dias. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 9 x 8 (procedências x temperaturas) com quatro repetições e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott. A germinação, o vigor e a massa de sementes de B. pilosa dependem do local de procedência. Temperaturas superiores a 35 °C são letais às sementes. A temperatura de 15 ºC permite a máxima germinação das sementes em menor tempo da quase totalidade das procedências.

Palavras-chave:
Bidens pilosa; planta daninha; local de produção; dormência

Introduction

Beggartick is an important weed species spread all over Brazil, infesting areas of annual and perennial crops (Santos & Cury, 2011Santos, J. B.; Cury, J. P. Picão-preto: Uma planta daninha especial em solos tropicais. Planta Daninha, v.29, p.1159-1171, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582011000500024
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358201100...
). The existence of ecotypes adapted to various edaphoclimatic conditions, due to the genetic variability, represents a worrying factor for weed management, because this species tends to invade and establish itself in regions where it was not present before (Schwanke et al., 2008Schwanke, A. M. L.; Andres, A.; Noldin, J. A.; Concenço, G.; Procópio, S. O. Avaliação de germinação e dormência de ecótipos de arrozvermelho. Planta Daninha, v.26, p.497-505, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582008000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358200800...
).

Germination is a fundamental process in weed population dynamics and differences of germination behavior between populations of different localities have been reported for some species, such as Oryza sativa L. (Schwanke et al., 2008Schwanke, A. M. L.; Andres, A.; Noldin, J. A.; Concenço, G.; Procópio, S. O. Avaliação de germinação e dormência de ecótipos de arrozvermelho. Planta Daninha, v.26, p.497-505, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582008000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358200800...
) and Digitaria insularis L. (Mendonça et al., 2014Mendonça, G. S. de; Martins, C. C.; Martins, D.; Costa, N. V. da. Ecofisiologia da germinação de sementes de Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v.45, p.823-832, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902014000400021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-6690201400...
).

D. insularis plants from regions with higher annual maximum and mean temperatures produced seeds adapted to these conditions, because they germinated and remained viable under high temperatures as opposed to those produced in regions with mild climate (Mendonça et al., 2014Mendonça, G. S. de; Martins, C. C.; Martins, D.; Costa, N. V. da. Ecofisiologia da germinação de sementes de Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v.45, p.823-832, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902014000400021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-6690201400...
).

These results can be attributed to the adaptive differences of germination and dormancy of these species to the seed origin sites, which contributes to the ecological and evolutive success of the plant (Schwanke et al., 2008Schwanke, A. M. L.; Andres, A.; Noldin, J. A.; Concenço, G.; Procópio, S. O. Avaliação de germinação e dormência de ecótipos de arrozvermelho. Planta Daninha, v.26, p.497-505, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582008000300004
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358200800...
; Vivian et al., 2008Vivian, R.; Silva, A. A.; Gimenes, J. M.; Fagan, E. B.; Ruiz, S. T.; Labonia, V. Dormência em sementes de plantas daninhas como mecanismo de sobrevivência: Breve revisão. Planta Daninha, v.26, p.695-706, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582008000300026
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358200800...
). Studies on the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect germination can be used to develop strategies of reduction of the seed bank and, consequently, of the infestations of cropped areas (Canossa et al., 2008Canossa, R. S.; Oliveira Júnior, R. S.; Constantin, J.; Braccini, A. L.; Biffe, D. F.; Alonso, D. G.; Blainski, E. Temperatura e luz na germinação das sementes de apaga-fogo (Alternanthera tenella). Planta Daninha, v.26, p.745-750, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582008000400005
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358200800...
; Martins et al., 2013Martins, C. C.; Martins, D.; Souza, G. S. F.; Costa, N. V. Eco-physiological aspects of melaleuca seeds germination. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, v.11, p.1157-1161, 2013.).

Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different origins and temperatures on the germination of beggartick seeds in order to help to understand the emergence flow of the soil seed bank and in the adoption of control practices.

Material and Methods

B. pilosa seeds were collected in agricultural areas from nine origins: Entre Rios do Oeste-PR, Botucatu-SP, Capão Bonito-SP, São Joaquim da Barra-SP, Sertãozinho-SP, Selvíria-MS, Barra do Garças-MT, Areia-PB and Manaus-AM. The climatic conditions and geographic coordinates of the seed origin sites were recorded and are presented in Table 1.

Table 1
Geographic and climatic data of the origin sites of the B. pilosa seeds

After harvested, the seeds were sent to the Laboratory of Seed Analysis of the Unesp in Jaboticabal/SP, placed in paper bags and stored in dry chamber (45% RH and 20 ºC). The moisture content of the seeds was determined through the method of the oven at 105 ± 3 ºC for 24 h, using two subsamples of 25 seeds, whose results were expressed in percentage (Brasil, 2009Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura e da Reforma Agrária. Regras para análise de sementes. Brasília: SNDA/DNDV/CLAV, 2009. 365p.). Then, the seeds were evaluated regarding the 1000- seed weight, using eight subsamples of 100 units weighed on precision scale (0.001 g), with results calculated and expressed in grams (Brasil, 2009Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura e da Reforma Agrária. Regras para análise de sementes. Brasília: SNDA/DNDV/CLAV, 2009. 365p.).

The germination test was conducted with four replicates of 50 seeds, at constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 ºC, on two paper sheets for germination, previously moistened with distilled water at the proportion of 2.5 times their dry weight, and placed in transparent plastic boxes (11.0 x 11.0 x 3.5 cm) under photoperiod of eight hours.

In the evaluation of germination, normal seedlings were considered as germinated, at 60 days after sowing. The results were expressed in percentage (Brasil, 2009Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura e da Reforma Agrária. Regras para análise de sementes. Brasília: SNDA/DNDV/CLAV, 2009. 365p.). The data of daily count of germination from 6 to 60 days were used to calculate the germination speed index using the formula established by Maguire (1962)Maguire, J. D. Speed of germination as aid in selection and evaluation for emergence and vigour. Crop Science, v.2, p.176-177, 1962. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x
https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011...
.

The remaining seeds of the germination test were longitudinally and transversely cut, through the embryo and one of the halves of each seed was immersed in a 0.2% tetrazole solution, in dark chamber at 35 ºC for 2 h, after which the seeds were washed and the reading was immediately performed, classifying the seeds as viable (dormant) and non-viable (dead) (Novembre et al., 2006Novembre, A. D. da L. C.; Chamma, H. M. C. P.; Gomes, R. B. R. Viabilidade das sementes de braquiária pelo teste de tetrazólio. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, v.28, p.147-151, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-31222006000200020
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-3122200600...
).

The adopted experimental design was completely randomized, in a 9 x 8 factorial scheme (origins x temperatures) with four replicates. The means of the treatments were compared by Scott-Knott test at 0.05 probability level.

Results and Discussion

B. pilosa seeds from different regions showed moisture contents between 10.1 and 12.9% (Table 2). These percentages are similar to those recommended for receiving seeds of major crops in conventional warehouses: between 10.0 and 13.0% (Carvalho & Nakagawa, 2012Carvalho, N. M.; Nakagawa, J. Sementes: Ciência, tecnologia e produção. 5.ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, 2012. 590p.). The similarity between the moisture content of seeds from the various origins is primordial so that the tests of germination speed and percentage are not affected by differences of water potentials of the treatments (Tomaz et al., 2015Tomaz, C. de A.; Martins, C. C.; Sanches, M. F. G.; Vieira, R. D. Time reduction for surinam grass seed germination test. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.39, p.488-497, 2015.).

Table 2
Moisture content (MC) and 1000-seed weight (TSW) of B. pilosa seeds from different sites of origin

There were differences between the weight of seeds from different origins. Seeds produced in Capão Bonito were the lightest ones (0.11 g), because they weighed approximately one fourth of the weight of the heaviest seeds, from Manaus (0.46 g). These differences can be attributed to the genetic variability between the populations and also to the climatic conditions occurring during the formation of the seed, because Capão Bonito (Cwa climate) is a region colder than Manaus (Am climate), with minimum, mean and maximum annual temperatures of 15.4, 19.6 and 23.8 ºC, and 23.3, 27.4 and 31.5 ºC, respectively (Table 1).

The temperatures recorded in Manaus, and the mean annual rainfall, were the highest ones among all the municipalities where the samples were collected. The higher 1000-seed weight observed in the seeds from Manaus can be attributed to the climate of the region, because of the greater water availability and higher temperature associated with the high incidence of light in the Amazonian region, compared with the others. These environmental conditions favor the process of photosynthesis, plant metabolism and synthesis of reserve substances accumulated in the seeds during their formation (Motta et al., 2002Motta, I. de S.; Braccini, A. de L.; Scapim, C. A.; Inoue, M. H.; Ávila, M. R.; Braccini, M. do C. L. Época de semeadura em cinco cultivares de soja. II. Efeito na qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, v.24, p.1281-1286, 2002. https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v24i0.2291
https://doi.org/10.4025/actasciagron.v24...
; Carvalho & Nakagawa, 2012Carvalho, N. M.; Nakagawa, J. Sementes: Ciência, tecnologia e produção. 5.ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, 2012. 590p.; Lamarca et al., 2013Lamarca, E. V.; Prataviera, J. S.; Borges, I. F.; Delgado, L. F.; Teixeira, C. C.; Camargo, M. B. P. de; Faria, J. M. R.; Barbedo, C. J. Maturation of Eugenia pyriformis seeds under different hydric and thermal conditions. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, v.85, p.223-233, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000006
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-3765201300...
).

Germination was influenced by the interaction of the factors temperature and origin (Table 3). The seeds from all origin sites germinated within a temperature range from 10 to 35 °C, except those from Manaus, for which this process was observed from 15 ºC on. This locality showed the highest minimum, mean and maximum annual temperatures among all sites of origin (Table 1). Thus, in Manaus, the plants may have undergone a selection process over time, adapting to initiate germination under higher temperatures.

Table 3
Germination (%) of B. pilosa seeds from different sites of origin, subjected to different temperatures in the germination test

Seeds of some sites of origin showed higher phenotypic plasticity compared with the others regarding the ideal temperature range for germination. Seeds from Entre Rios do Oeste and Areia, for instance, showed maximum germination within a wide range of temperatures, from 10 to 30 ºC. On the other hand, seeds from São Joaquim da Barra and Capão Bonito showed maximum germination only at individual temperatures of 15 and 20 ºC, respectively. This phenomenon indicates lower aggressiveness of the seeds from these latter sites in the occupation of new areas with various thermal conditions.

In comparison to the other sites, seeds from Botucatu, Sertãozinho, Selvíria, Barra do Garças and Manaus can be considered as intermediate regarding phenotypic plasticity and ideal temperature of germination.

Based on the evaluation of the nine sites of origin, the temperature identified as most favorable to seed germination was 15 ºC. Only the seeds harvested in Capão Bonito and Manaus did not show maximum germination percentage at this temperature.

Temperatures higher than the ideal temperature for germination caused denaturation of proteins that are fundamental in the germination process, affecting the enzymatic reactions of the seeds and compromising germination percentage and speed (Dousseau et al., 2008Dousseau, S.; Alvarenga, A. A. de; Arantes, L. de O.; Oliveira, D. M. de; Nery, F. C. Germinação de sementes de tanchagem (Plantago tomentosa Lam.): Influência da temperatura, luz e substrato. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.32, p.438-443, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542008000200014
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-7054200800...
). However, this harmful effect on beggartick germination above 15 ºC was only observed in seeds from São Joaquim da Barra.

For the other sites of origin, the reduction of germination occurred at higher temperatures and was intensified as the values became close to the maximum cardinal temperature for the species. According to Carvalho & Nakagawa (2012)Carvalho, N. M.; Nakagawa, J. Sementes: Ciência, tecnologia e produção. 5.ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, 2012. 590p., the maximum cardinal temperature is that above which germination no longer occurs, due to the death of the seeds. For beggartick seeds, it was observed that such temperature would be between 35 and 40 ºC (Table 3). The seeds from all sites of origin did not germinate at temperatures equal to or higher than 40 ºC and, based on the results of the tetrazole test, all seeds that did not germinate were dead and not dormant (Tables 4 and 5).

Table 4
Dead seeds (%) of B. pilosa from different sites of origin subjected to different temperatures in the germination test
Table 5
Dormant seeds (%) of B. pilosa from different sites of origin subjected to different temperatures in the germination test

Table 5 shows the interaction between the effects of seed origin and temperature of the test on the percentage of dormant seeds. While seeds from Capão Bonito, Barra do Garças and Areia virtually did not show dormancy under any condition of temperature, those from the other sites manifested this phenomenon. Therefore, the dormancy would not be a characteristic of the species, but of the ecotype of the observed population. This can partially explain why some research studies report the occurrence of dormancy in beggartick seeds (Pergo et al., 2008Pergo, E. M.; Abrahim, D.; Silva, P. C. S. da; Kern, K. A.; Silva, L. J. da; Voll, E.; Ishii-Iwamoto, E. L. Bidens pilosa L. exhibits high sensitivity to coumarin in comparison with three other weed species. Journal of Chemical Ecology, v.34, p.499-507, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9449-8
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10886-008-9449-...
; Whitaker et al., 2010Whitaker, C.; Beckett, R. P.; Minibayeva, F. V.; Kranner, I. Alleviation of dormancy by reactive oxygen species in Bidens pilosa L. seeds. South African Journal of Botany, v.76, p.601-605, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.04.014
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2010.04.0...
) and others do not (Dube & Mujaju, 2013Dube, P.; Mujaju, C. Determination of standards for purity and germination for african indigenous vegetable (AIV), blackjack (Bidens pilosa). Advanced Journal of Agricultural Research, v.1, p.32-38, 2013.; Huang et al., 2015Huang, H. L.; Huang, Y. L.; Wu, T. C.; Kao, W. Y. Phenotypic variation and germination behavior between two altitudinal populations of two varieties of Bidens pilosa in Taiwan. Taiwania, v.60, p.194-202, 2015.).

Among the sites of origin that had seeds with dormancy, it was observed that dormancy can be found in wide ranges of temperatures, between 10 and 35 ºC or 10 and 25 ºC, respectively, as the seeds from Sertãozinho and Entre Rios do Oeste, or at individual high (35 ºC), intermediate (25 ºC) or low (10 ºC) temperatures, as observed in seeds from Botucatu or Selvíria, São Joaquim da Barra and Manaus, respectively.

Some researchers refer to this phenomenon as thermodormancy, which would be a dormancy induced by extreme temperatures, high or low, and that prevents germination under non-ideal conditions for seed survival (Carvalho & Nakagawa, 2012Carvalho, N. M.; Nakagawa, J. Sementes: Ciência, tecnologia e produção. 5.ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, 2012. 590p.). There are reports of thermodormancy in seeds of other weed species, such as Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake (Martins et al., 2013Martins, C. C.; Martins, D.; Souza, G. S. F.; Costa, N. V. Eco-physiological aspects of melaleuca seeds germination. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, v.11, p.1157-1161, 2013.) and D. insularis L. (Mendonça et al., 2014Mendonça, G. S. de; Martins, C. C.; Martins, D.; Costa, N. V. da. Ecofisiologia da germinação de sementes de Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v.45, p.823-832, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902014000400021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-6690201400...
).

The occurrence of dormancy due to the low temperature of 10 ºC used in the germination test of the seeds from Manaus can be explained by the contrast with the high mean temperature of 27.4 ºC of this site; thus, the beggartick population adapted and the seeds were harvested. In this case, there was induction of dormancy by low temperatures, as observed in seeds of D. insularis by Mendonça et al. (2014)Mendonça, G. S. de; Martins, C. C.; Martins, D.; Costa, N. V. da. Ecofisiologia da germinação de sementes de Digitaria insularis (L.) Fedde. Revista Ciência Agronômica, v.45, p.823-832, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-66902014000400021
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-6690201400...
.

Considering the data of germination speed index and germination test evaluated together (Tables 3 and 6), it was possible to identify the optimal temperature for beggartick germination, since the optimal temperature can be considered as the one that leads to maximum germination in the shortest time interval (Carvalho & Nakagawa, 2012Carvalho, N. M.; Nakagawa, J. Sementes: Ciência, tecnologia e produção. 5.ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, 2012. 590p.; Tomaz et al., 2015Tomaz, C. de A.; Martins, C. C.; Sanches, M. F. G.; Vieira, R. D. Time reduction for surinam grass seed germination test. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.39, p.488-497, 2015., 2016Tomaz, C. de A.; Martins, C. C.; Silva, G. Z. da; Vieira, R. D. Period of time taken by Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Scheweick seed to complete germination. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v.37, p.693-700, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542015000500007
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-7054201500...
).

Table 6
Germination speed index of B. pilosa seeds from different sites of origin subjected to different temperatures in the germination test

For seeds from São Joaquim da Barra, Sertãozinho and Selvíria, the optimal temperature for germination would be 15 ºC; for Botucatu, Capão Bonito and Areia, it would be 20 ºC; for Entre Rios do Oeste and Manaus, it would be two temperatures: 15 and 30 ºC, and 25 and 30 ºC, respectively; and for Barra do Garça, it would be three temperatures: 15, 25 and 30 oC. Based on this criterion, it can be claimed that beggartick seeds showed different optimal temperatures for germination depending on their origin (Tables 3 and 6). Nevertheless, in general, it can be said that the optimal temperature for B. pilosa seeds would be between 15 and 30 ºC, but with predominance of 15 ºC, because it allowed the highest germination percentage in the shortest time, for seeds from five out of the nine sites of origin.

Although germination can occur within wide limits of temperature, some of them allow maximum speed, uniformity and percentage of germination, together (Sbrussi & Zucareli, 2014Sbrussi, C. A. G.; Zucareli, C. Germinação de sementes de milho com diferentes níveis de vigor em resposta à diferentes temperaturas. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v.35, p.215-226, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n1p215
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2014v3...
). The lowest germination speed of seeds from São Joaquim da Barra, compared with the other sites, evidenced by the germination speed index, is due to the low vigor and physiological quality of this lot, also confirmed by the high percentage of dead seeds (Tables 6 and 4). The influence of seed vigor is also expressive on all aspects of germination, from its speed to the possibility of occurrence of germination (Martins et al., 2013Martins, C. C.; Martins, D.; Souza, G. S. F.; Costa, N. V. Eco-physiological aspects of melaleuca seeds germination. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, v.11, p.1157-1161, 2013.; Sbrussi & Zucareli, 2014Sbrussi, C. A. G.; Zucareli, C. Germinação de sementes de milho com diferentes níveis de vigor em resposta à diferentes temperaturas. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, v.35, p.215-226, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2014v35n1p215
https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2014v3...
).

B. pilosa seeds from Areia showed higher germination and vigor (Tables 3 and 6), possibly due to the climatic conditions observed in this site, with constant rainfalls during the filling of the seeds and a dry period at the end of the maturation process. Carvalho & Nakagawa (2012)Carvalho, N. M.; Nakagawa, J. Sementes: Ciência, tecnologia e produção. 5.ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, 2012. 590p. reported that these characteristics of the production site are favorable to the physiological potential of seeds of major crops.

Therefore, the knowledge on the ecophysiology of beggartick seeds germination is important to understand the emergence flow of the soil seed bank, as well as in the adoption of weed control and soil management practices that disfavor the emergence and survival of this species (Martins et al., 2011Martins, C. C.; Pereira, M. R. R.; Marchi, S. R. Germinação de sementes de Melaleuca quinquenervia em condições de estresse hídrico e salino. Planta Daninha, v.29, p.1-6, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582011000100001
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-8358201100...
).

Conclusions

  1. Germination, vigor and weight of B. pilosa seeds depend on the site of origin.

  2. Temperatures higher than 35 ºC are lethal to the seeds.

  3. The temperature of 15 ºC allows maximum seed germination in shortest time for almost all sites of origins.

Literature Cited

  • Brasil, Ministério da Agricultura e da Reforma Agrária. Regras para análise de sementes. Brasília: SNDA/DNDV/CLAV, 2009. 365p.
  • Canossa, R. S.; Oliveira Júnior, R. S.; Constantin, J.; Braccini, A. L.; Biffe, D. F.; Alonso, D. G.; Blainski, E. Temperatura e luz na germinação das sementes de apaga-fogo (Alternanthera tenella). Planta Daninha, v.26, p.745-750, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582008000400005
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582008000400005
  • Carvalho, N. M.; Nakagawa, J. Sementes: Ciência, tecnologia e produção. 5.ed. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, 2012. 590p.
  • Dousseau, S.; Alvarenga, A. A. de; Arantes, L. de O.; Oliveira, D. M. de; Nery, F. C. Germinação de sementes de tanchagem (Plantago tomentosa Lam.): Influência da temperatura, luz e substrato. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.32, p.438-443, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542008000200014
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542008000200014
  • Dube, P.; Mujaju, C. Determination of standards for purity and germination for african indigenous vegetable (AIV), blackjack (Bidens pilosa). Advanced Journal of Agricultural Research, v.1, p.32-38, 2013.
  • Huang, H. L.; Huang, Y. L.; Wu, T. C.; Kao, W. Y. Phenotypic variation and germination behavior between two altitudinal populations of two varieties of Bidens pilosa in Taiwan. Taiwania, v.60, p.194-202, 2015.
  • Lamarca, E. V.; Prataviera, J. S.; Borges, I. F.; Delgado, L. F.; Teixeira, C. C.; Camargo, M. B. P. de; Faria, J. M. R.; Barbedo, C. J. Maturation of Eugenia pyriformis seeds under different hydric and thermal conditions. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, v.85, p.223-233, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000006
    » https://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652013005000006
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    » https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1962.0011183X000200020033x
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    July 2017

History

  • Received
    12 Aug 2016
  • Accepted
    03 Feb 2017
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