Introduction Do Code of Points in men artistic gymnastics and women artistic gymnastics favor asymmetric elements ?

In old booklet from 1919 titled Sokol Principles, under chapter VI. Sokol and Sport write: Sokol movement thinks that for nation education are not suitable sports, which have aim to entertain and expose more than to support physical education. Such sports are hunting,  shing, high performance alpine climbing, horse races, tennis and similar. Sokol will not take any negative actions against those sports, but will not include them into their program. Same position will be to those sports, which promote one side development of human body like cycling and football. However, Sokol understand important in uence of some sports, plays and activities in nature for harmonic development of healthy body and mind mostly for young and accepts them into program with modern views about youngsters’ hygiene into work plan. Such sports are bathing, swimming, rowing, and ice skating, skiing, hiking without climbing, forest games, and excursion and similar. Youngsters should have physical education under above guideline. In addition, adult members should do same, and Sokol physical education should adopt activities according to age, gender, social class and Abstract


Introduction
Do Code of Points in men artistic gymnastics and women artistic gymnastics favor asymmetric elements?other particularities of other parts of nation.Neither artistic gymnastics, nor any other sport is compulsory for Sokol members.Nevertheless, all members have to do at least one physical activity, which is in Sokol plan, according to his needs and interests.For all Sokol members are compulsory exercises in row and column (authors remark: exercises which are important for public displays) and calisthenics (authors remark: gymnastic exercises for exibility and strength).Sokol movement (as one direction of gymnastics movement in Slavic countries) have opinion symmetric exercises are important for human health.
Symmetry is state of being symmetrical; de nition of symmetrical: if something is symmetrical, it has two halves which are exactly the same, except that one half is the mirror image of the other 2 .
During history, artistic gymnastics compulsory and optional exercises were long competition tradition.In some cases, there were requested movement on both sides and directions, e.g.pommel horse compulsory exercise included circles in left and right direction 3 .Today Code of Points (COP) in Men

Method
Into subjects sample we included all elements from COP in MAG and WAG.If more element variations were in one box, all elements were Artistic Gymnastics (MAG) 4 and Women Artistic Gymnastics (WAG) 5 have no words on symmetries, but MAG COP in article 1 paragraph 4 say: the primary purpose of the COP is to guide coaches and gymnasts in the composition of competition exercises; also same text we can nd in WAG COP.Without de nition of symmetry in COP MAG and WAG do have impact on exercise construction in area of symmetry in ordering element group in exercise and within di culty, where is important to raise di culty value of exercise.
On June 30, 2015, Dwight Normile wrote article in International Gymnast Magazine Online with title Rebeca Andrade, Top Prospect for Brazil, Tears ACL, article said she injured only right knee.In the past we were reading many such titles, Correspondence with Dwight Normile (editor of International Gymnast Magazine) revealed we know (perhaps there are more, but not recorded publicly) four cases of simultaneous both limbs injury with elite gymnasts in last 25 years.Dmitri Vasilenko (Russia) broke both ankles in 1992, Igor Korobchinsky (Ukraina) tear both Achilles tendons in 1995, Kyle Shewfelt (Canada) broke both tibias in 2007, and Sam Mikulak (USA) broke both ankles in 2011.In lower level gymnasts, we have less data (and knowledge, as young gymnasts are not in public focus).However, in medicine case reports we found some examples of symmetric injuries.O et al. 6 present a case of bilateral separation of the distal humeral epiphysis of an 11-year-old gymnast; F et al. 7   included into sample (FIGURE 1).In MAG COP is 993 elements and in WAG COP 719 elements.
Variables were name of apparatus (Men: floor exercise (MFX), pommel horse (MPH), rings (MRI), vault (MVT), parallel bars (MPB), horizontal bar (MHB); Women: vault WVT, uneven bars (WUB), balance beam (WBB), oor exercise WFX), element group, variable number in COP, and value for symmetric arm activity and value for symmetric trunk and leg activity.Value 0 was for asymmetric activity and value 1 for symmetric activity.Criteria to de ne something as symmetric: both legs take o , both arms simultaneously same activity, elements without turns; symmetric activity required in start position, during movement and in end position.In case of elements on FIGURE 1 their values are: Cross split -MFX 1 61 1 0 (MFX-Men Floor Exercise, 1 -group, 61 -element number, 1 -arms activity, 0 -legs activity) Side split -MFX 1 61 1 1 (MFX-Men Floor Exercise, 1 -group, 61 -element number, 1 -arms activity, 1 -legs activity) All data have analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics 22, frequencies and Chi Square were calculated.With Chi Square have tested whether number of elements with symmetric/asymmetric are same (50:50); test was signi cant when higher than 3.841 with p < 0.05.In general, in MAG COP is number of elements with symmetric arms activity similar with those asymmetric ones.However, in case of trunk and legs activity there is signi cantly more asymmetric elements than symmetric ones.On oor proportion of symmetric and asymmetric elements are similar.Elements are divided into four groups, two of them (group two -acrobatic jumps forward; and group four -acrobatic jumps sideward or with ½ turn and salto backward or sideward) have signi cantly higher number of asymmetric elements in arms activity.In case of trunk and legs activity there is signi cantly more elements with asymmetry, most of them in group three (acrobatic jumps backwards) and four (acrobatic jumps sideward or with ½ turn and salto backward or sideward).On pommel horse, all activity is asymmetric either for arms for both Discussion trunk and legs.Most opposite to pommel horse are rings, where all activity is in theory symmetric, except in-group ve (dismounts) we can nd more asymmetric dismounts than symmetric ones.On vault is more asymmetric vaults, than symmetric ones, only group 1 with handspring forward includes symmetric jumps, both for arms and for trunk and legs activity.Parallel bars have almost equal number of symmetric and asymmetric elements for arms and trunk and legs activity.In two group asymmetric elements prevail, in-group one (elements in support or through support) and ve (dismounts).On high bar, asymmetric elements prevail in general for arms and trunk and legs activity.Only in two group in-group two ( ight elements) and group four (elements near the bar) there are equal numbers of symmetric and asymmetric elements.As can be noted from TABLE 3, a super gymnast who could perform all the most di cult elements would have only on rings elements, which support symmetry.On other apparatus, asymmetry is dominant, on pommel horse and vault it is 100%.In general, proportion is 70% : 30%.Comparing to results in TABLE 1 asymmetry in TABLE 2 is higher.It mostly seems di culty raises on more asymmetry.Č at al. 13 found signi cant di erences in morphologic characteristics between left and right arm in elbow diameter, circumference of forearm, skinfold thickness of triceps brachia and skinfold thickness of triceps brachia.While they did not found any signi cant morphologic adaptation to asymmetric loads in legs; they presumed mostly load on pommel horse and parallel bars had impact on arms, with COP analyze we can con rm their thesis and add that probably also all other apparatus except rings have also impact on it.

Element
In general, in WAG COP number of elements with symmetric arms activity and asymmetric ones is signi cantly higher number of asymmetric ones.Ratio is in average close to 70% to 30%, what is slightly more than in MAG general, and close to what is in MAG most di culty exercises.On vault are mostly only asymmetric jumps, only few of them TABLE 4 shows which di culties could perform a super gymnast in her exercise.On vault and uneven bars hypothetical ratio between asymmetric and symmetric element is 50:50, while on balance beam and oor exercise ratio is completely in favor of asymmetric elements.For those who would compete in all around ratio is 77% : 23% in favor of asymmetric elements and again, like for MAG we can presume di culty increases asymmetry.D et al. 14   are in the rst and second group where handsprings forward with salto without turns are.Uneven bars are the most balanced apparatus, according to number symmetric and asymmetric elements with arms, and trunk and leg activity.It is worth to note, in-group four (Stalder circles) and ve (pike circles) there is much more symmetric elements than asymmetric, while in-group three (giant circles) is just opposite.
On balance beam, elements with asymmetry prevail in arms activity slightly, and in trunk and legs activity severely.Trunk and legs asymmetry is signi cantly higher in all groups, while for arms activity only in groups two (gymnastics leaps, jumps and hops), three (gymnastics turns) and six (dismounts).On oor exercise in general and in all group, signi cantly prevail asymmetric elements in number.
while there are very rare accidents when both limbs are simultaneously and symmetric injured.Up to now nobody analysed COP for symmetric and asymmetric elements and relate them towards injuries.e rst step is to analyze COP and later to relate it to the injuries.For present COP in MAG and WAG we found: -In MAG COP as a whole is signi cantly more asymmetric elements with asymmetric trunk and legs activity; -On pommel horse are all elements asymmetric ones; -On rings are all elements symmetric, except dismounts, where asymmetric elements prevail; -On men's vault asymmetric jumps severely prevail; -On high bar, asymmetric elements slightly prevail; -On men's oor exercise and parallel bars in are arms activity equal, also this is valid for parallel bars trunk and legs activity, while oor exercise trunk and legs activity promotes asymmetric elements.
-In MAG within element group per each apparatus are in general in favor of asymmetric elements, except on oor in group of acrobatic jumps forward, where are in favor of symmetric ones.
-In WAG COP as a whole is signi cantly more asymmetric elements with asymmetric activity of arms, trunk and legs.
-On women vault, oor exercise and balance beam asymmetric element severely prevail in arm, trunk and legs activity.
-On uneven bars, number of symmetric and asymmetric elements are similar.
-In WAG within element group per each apparatus are in general in favor of asymmetric elements, except on uneven bars in-group of Stalder circles and Piked circles.
Hypothetical most difficulty exercises on each apparatus revealed that in general for all around gymnast proportion between asymmetric and symmetric elements is close to 70% to 30%, what suggests that difficulty relates to increased asymmetry.COP in MAG and WAG enforces asymmetric movements for achieving high results, however, coaches' task is to be aware of COP in uence on gymnasts' health and minimize asymmetries in load and to work on symmetric conditioning.

TABLE 1 -
M: men; FX: fl oor exercise; PH: pommel horse; RI: rings; VT: vault; PB: parallel bars; HB: horizontal bar; n.s.: not signifi cant.MAG elements symmetry for arms and legs for whole COP, per apparatus and per element group.

TABLE 1 -
MAG elements symmetry for arms and legs for whole COP, per apparatus and per element group.(continuation).

TABLE 2 -
WAG elements symmetry for arms and legs for whole COP, per apparatus and per element group.

TABLE 2 -
WAG elements symmetry for arms and legs for whole COP, per apparatus and per element group.(continuation).

TABLE 3 -
Hypothetic most diffi cult exercise on men apparatus, with respect to all COP rules and with maximizing number of symmetric elements.

TABLE 4 -
Hypothetic most diffi cult exercise on women apparatus, with respect to all COP rules and with maximizing number of symmetric elements.