“As Chrysididas do Brazil”: A catalogue of the Brazilian cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae)ABSTRACT
We present an updated, commented, and revised catalog for the Brazilian cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) and pay tribute to Adolph Ducke’s 1913 monographic work on the Brazilian fauna of these wasps titled “As Chrysididas do Brazil.” We document all 159 chrysidid species known to occur in Brazil, classified into 18 genera representing three subfamilies: Amiseginae, Chrysidinae, and Cleptinae. We detail all synonyms, provide geographical distribution for all recorded species, and compile host associations for 28 species in Brazil. Notes on type specimens and their depository collections are provided and complemented by images of 30 primary types. Additionally, we reinstated Exsecochrysis Linsenmaier from the synonymy with Pleurochrysis Bohart (rejected junior homonym) in place of Rhipidochrysis Rosa & Pavese, new synonym. All species previously treated as Pleurochrysis are transferred to Exsecochrysis.
Keywords:
Chrysidoidea; Diversity; Geographic distribution; Neotropical; Taxonomy
Introduction
Chrysidid cuckoo wasps are one of the most charismatic and familiar groups among aculeate hymenopterans. Their worldwide diversity of over 2,500 valid species includes a variety of forms of specialized parasitoids, classified into four subfamilies and 94 living genera, in addition to 17 extinct genera (e.g.,Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Aguiar et al., 2013; Lucena and Almeida, 2022).
The cuckoo wasp fauna of the Neotropical region, particularly of taxa occurring in Brazil, is among the most diverse in the world. The pioneering work by Adolph Ducke provided a solid basis for chrysidid taxonomy in Brazil (Ducke, 1904a, 1904b, 1907a, 1907b, 1910a, 1910b, 1911a, 1911b). Ducke’s most notable contribution was titled “As Chrysididas do Brazil” (Ducke, 1913—its cover is reproduced in Fig. 1), free translatable as “chrysidid wasps of Brazil.” The most significant addition to Ducke’s (1913) paper was the publication of another monographic work—a worldwide genus-level revision of chrysidid wasps (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). These two publications remain the primary taxonomic literature for most cuckoo wasp diversity in Brazil.
Life and work of Adolph Ducke
Adolph Ducke was born in 1876 in Trieste, on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Although Trieste is presently part of Italy, it was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the late 19th century during Ducke’s childhood and youth. Little information exists about his early life and education in Europe, and Ducke declined to reveal details, even when asked (Archer, 1962). After an initial visit to Brazil during his youth, Ducke returned to Europe and began taxonomic research on Hymenoptera under the guidance of the bee biologist Heinrich Friese (Paiva, 2002). His first scientific publication dealt with Osmia bees collected in Trieste (Ducke, 1897), in which he mentioned information received from Friese. By then, Friese was based in Innsbruck, presently Austria (Rasmussen and Ascher, 2008), a city relatively close to Trieste.
On June 15th, 1899, Adolph Ducke was hired at the Zoology Section of the Museu Paraense in Belém, Brazil (Paiva, 2002). After publishing three other articles on bees, Ducke completed his first paper about chrysidid wasps (Ducke, 1901), dealing with specimens from Europe and Pará state, Brazil, and including the description of his first three species from the Neotropics. In 1902, following the publication of 13 new articles on Hymenoptera, including four on chrysidids (Ducke, 1902a, b, c, d), he released his inaugural article written in Portuguese on orchid bees (Ducke, 1902e), highlighting his resolute dedication to mastering the language of his host nation and his commitment to sharing scientific insights with Brazilian colleagues.
From 1915, after the death of Jacques Huber, a botanist and Ducke’s mentor, his work and articles were almost uniquely devoted to botany, especially Leguminosae (Archer, 1962; Egler, 1963). In 1918, Ducke moved from Pará state to Rio de Janeiro, where he was based at the Botanic Garden and continued to collect and work intensively with the Amazonian flora. His last research report was sent to the National Research Council only six days before his death, on January 5th, 1959, in Fortaleza, Ceará state (Egler, 1963). His contribution to the knowledge of Brazilian biodiversity, especially from the Amazon, was significant through 64 publications in entomology between 1897 and 1925 and having described 271 species and 18 genera of Hymenoptera (Nascimento and Overal, 1979), and 133 articles in botany, having described 762 species and 45 genera, mainly Leguminosae (Archer, 1962).
The importance of Ducke’s taxonomic work can be readily appreciated, but his scientific contribution still needs to be further analyzed. In this paper, we document some anecdotal observations that illustrate how his importance went far beyond taxonomic issues. He was the first to suggest that the origin of castanhais (plantations of Brazil nut trees, Bertholetia excelsa Bonpl.) in the Amazon Forest were formed and kept by pre-Colombian Amerindians (Ducke, 1946), which have been recently confirmed (Shepard and Ramirez, 2011). He made important comments on the phytogeography of Ceará state, especially on the flora of “Brejos de altitude” (mesic vegetation on highlands in semiarid portions of northeastern Brazil) and the biogeography of the Hymenoptera fauna accounting for links with southern South America, including Paraguay and northern Argentina (Ducke, 1910a). He also pioneered the proposal for the creation of a natural reserve for the preservation of the Amazonian biodiversity near Manaus, Amazonas state, which took place in 1963 (Freire, 2009).
Adolph Ducke was the third most prolific taxonomist to describe the fauna of Brazilian cuckoo wasps (the number of species described by Ducke, and other taxonomists is compared below). Along with Alexander Mocsáry, Ducke was among the few taxonomists at his time to understand the systematics of the family as a whole—he treated the taxa of Amiseginae, Chrysidinae, and Cleptinae, altogether, as part of Chrysididae. Throughout his early years of research in Brazil, Ducke traveled hundreds of kilometers across northern Brazil and was constantly motivated to understand the distribution and diversity of the Amazon biota. In addition to the publications derived from his expeditions, collecting chrysidid wasps was a fundamental step toward building a taxonomic collection, largely housed at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), but with also numerous specimens deposited across European museums (e.g.,Obrecht and Huber, 1993; Rosa, 2009; Rosa et al., 2020). MPEG houses most primary type specimens of Chrysididae described by Ducke, and it is one of the largest collections in Brazil, mainly thanks to the decades of Ducke’s contributions as a researcher and curator there.
In the context of his prolific scientific career, the importance of Ducke’s (1913) catalog deserves to be stressed because it represents the first comprehensive work to systematically convey the taxonomic and biological information available for chrysidid wasps known to occur in Brazil. In that work, he consolidated an annotated checklist of the species found in the country, complemented by their distribution and the published references available. He also commented on the biology and biogeography of cuckoo wasps, pointing to two main components of cuckoo wasp fauna in Brazil: one in close association with the Amazon (especially Amiseginae and Cleptinae), whereas the other component is biogeographically associated with areas further south and east of the Andes. He also highlighted the fact that several species of Chrysidinae are exceptionally widespread, occurring across many kinds of habitats (e.g., from typical evergreen Amazon rainforest throughout xerophilous dry caatinga). Eighty valid species and nine subspecies were cataloged by Ducke (1913). More than 75% of those names are still considered valid taxa. Only three species listed by Ducke (1913) to occur in Brazil do not have confirmed records in the country: Chrysis tridens Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau [currently Caenochrysis tridens], Chrysis mucronata Brullé [currently Caenochrysis mucronata], and Chrysis peracuta Aaron [currently synonymized under Chrysis conica Brullé].
This work celebrates the 111th-year anniversary of the publication of “As Chrysididas do Brazil” (Ducke, 1913). We understand that revising the knowledge about Chrysididae will support taxonomic research on Brazilian cuckoo wasps, including fast retrieval of host associations and geographic records. As many as 45 of the valid species recognized by Ducke in 1913 are now classified into different genera, the number of species recorded in Brazil nearly doubled, and nine new genera have been described since the publication of “As Chrysididas do Brazil.”
The catalog in numbers
The first chrysidid species recorded in Brazil was described by Johan Fabricius (1804): Chrysis parvula Fabricius (currently Caenochrysis parvula). This was followed by a noticeable lack of taxonomic activity in subsequent decades in most of the first half of the 19th century. After that, new descriptions were boosted during the 1840s and 1850s with the works by Auguste Brullé (1846) and Andrea Gustavo Dahlbom (1845, 1854). After this period, the history of chrysidid taxonomy in Brazil was marked by two peaks regarding the description of new taxa. The first period occurred between the end of the 19th and the first decade of the 20th century, particularly due to the remarkable works by Alexander Mocsáry (especially his 1889 monographic paper), Adolph Ducke (several publications), and Robert du Buysson (especially his 1901 and 1904 papers). After that time, the second most noticeable period of taxonomic research occurred in the 1980s. It was due to the work of three taxonomists who simultaneously studied the Neotropical fauna. Over 70 new species were described by Walter Linsenmaier (1984, 1985), Lynn Kimsey (1985, 1986a, 1986b, 1987), and Richard Bohart (1985a, 1985b). It is worth noting that most synonyms adopted herein were only recently recognized by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). Their detailed and comprehensive synonymic lists provided the foundation of the modern taxonomic practices with chrysidids and were achieved after the examination of over two thousand type specimens through borrowing and visits to the major museum depositories around the world. The historical pattern of new names is depicted in Fig. 2.
Publication of new species-group names of 264 cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) recorded in Brazil since Linnaeus’ (1758) “Systema Naturae,” calculated as the number of new taxa described per decade.
This catalog has 264 species-group names described by 24 authors. Mocsáry was the most prolific of them, with 49 names, followed by Linsenmaier with 44, and Ducke with 41. Regarding only still considered valid species, Ducke takes the lead, with 32 valid species, followed by Linsenmaier (22), and Kimsey and Mocsáry, each having described 19 valid species. The contribution of individual taxonomists in describing new species of cuckoo wasps in Brazil is shown in Fig. 3; and Fig. 4 shows the number of cuckoo wasp species per Brazilian state. The best-sampled state is Pará, with 65 recorded species (around 40% of the total diversity recorded in Brazil), in contrast with the recently created state of Tocantins, which still has no records.
Individual contributions of 24 authors to describing the fauna of Brazilian cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae). The total number of species (264 species-group names) and the subset of species currently accepted as valid (159 species in total) are shown separately for each author.
Known species-diversity of cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) in the 27 Brazilian states abbreviated as following: Acre (AC), Alagoas (AL), Amapá (AP), Amazonas (AM), Bahia (BA), Ceará (CE), Distrito Federal (DF), Espírito Santo (ES), Goiás (GO), Maranhão (MA), Mato Grosso (MT), Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Minas Gerais (MG), Pará (PA), Paraíba (PB), Paraná (PR), Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Rondônia (RO), Roraima (RR), Santa Catarina (SC), São Paulo (SP), Sergipe (SE), and Tocantins (TO). Number of valid species-group names and percentage of the total diversity recorded to the country. Values were assembled from the Distribution section of each species. Brazilian biomes as defined by the Brazilian Ministry of Environment (MMA, 2021). Above the legend, a typical cuckoo wasp from the Amazon region, Exochrysis leucostigma (Mocsáry), courtesy of Stephen A. Marshall.
Material and methods
Acronyms for the thirty-four institutions holding primary type-specimens of taxa cited in this catalog are the following:
ANSP: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, Philadelphia, U.S.A.
BME: Bohart Museum of Entomology, UC Davis, Davis, U.S.A.
CASC: California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, U.S.A.
CEIOC: Coleção Entomológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
CNC: Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada.
FML: Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.
HNHM: Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary.
IRSNB: Institut Royal des Sciences Naturalles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium.
LACM: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
MACN: Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
MCZ: Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, U.S.A.
MFN: Museum für Naturkunde (Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt-Universitat), Berlin, Germany.
MFT: Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany.
MLP: Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
MLUH: Central Repository for Natural Science Collections, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany.
MNH: Museum of Natural History, Geneva, Switzerland.
MNHN: Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France.
MPEG: Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Brazil.
MSNG: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, Italy.
MRSN: Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Turin, Italy.
MZSP: Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
MZLU: Zoological Museum, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
NBCL: Naturalis Biodiversity Center Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.
NHMB: Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
NHMV: Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria.
NHMUK: The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.
NHRS: Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.
NMLU: Natur-Museum, Luzern, Switzerland.
RPSP: Coleção Entomológica “Prof. J.M.F. Camargo”, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
UFMG: Coleção Entomológica do Centro de Coleções Taxonômicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
USNM: National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, U.S.A.
USU: Utah State University, Logan, U.S.A.
ZMUC: Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
ZSM: Zoologische Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany.
Taxon names are organized alphabetically and hierarchically from subfamily, tribe (when applicable), genus- and species-names. Brief introductory comments are provided for each higher taxon. The higher classification adopted in this catalog follows Kimsey and Bohart (1991). The only exception is the name ‘Exsecochrysis’ Linsenmaier, 1985 stat. nov. herein proposed as a replacement for ‘Pleurochrysis’ Bohart, 1966 (rejected junior homonym; see Rosa et al., 2023). Although recently published phylogenetic studies have pointed out the non-monophyly of some genera (e.g., Chrysis, Exsecochrysis [=Pleurochrysis], Hedychridium), no attempt has been made in this work to revise the genus-level classification of Chrysididae. We consider that changes of this nature (i.e., the incorporation of phylogenetic hypotheses to improve the naturalness of taxa) are desirable and should be done in the context of future taxonomic revisions.
The nomenclatural history of each genus and their synonyms are listed, except for the genera Chrysis Linnaeus (Chrysidinae: Chrysidini) and Hedychridium Abeille de Perrin (Chrysidinae: Elampini). In contrast to the high species richness of both these genera in most biogeographic regions, Chrysis and Hedychridium are scarcely represented in the Neotropical region and/or have not been yet taxonomically reviewed locally. Detailed lists of generic synonyms for both genera can be found in Kimsey and Bohart (1991) (recently complemented by Rosa 2018a, 2018b; and Rosa et al., 2023).
Species-group names are listed alphabetically, and their synonyms are listed chronologically. Valid species-group names are highlighted in bold, followed by authorship, publication date, page, collecting data of the type-specimen(s), and depository collection(s). Information on the type locality(s) was translated in a standardized way, organized hierarchically, from country to municipality (and/or specific location, when available). Specific localities are provided in the lowest level known. Whenever possible, the names of localities were updated. Vague (e.g., “America Meridional”) or erroneous type localities, as well as those involving peculiar indications or those that we were unable to trace, were left in quotation marks. Additional relevant geographic data or on the type(s)’ origin(s) are placed in brackets. It is worth mention updating on type localities of several Brazilian species described by A. Ducke and W. Linsenmaier. Specimens collected by Ducke referred to as only “Pará” mean “Belém do Pará”. Thus, Belém is the correct type locality for the following species: Amisega mocsaryi Ducke, 1902; Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) duckei Mocsáry, 1902; C. (Tetrachrysis) inseriata Mocsáry, 1902; C. (Trichrysis) paraca Linsenmaier, 1984; C. bisulcata Ducke, 1902; C. ellampoides Ducke, 1902; C. frieseana Ducke, 1902; C. leucocheiloides Ducke, 1903; C. paraensis Ducke, 1903; Cleptes mutilloides Ducke, 1902; Ellampus (Ellampus) huberi Ducke 1901; E. (Holophris) paraensis Ducke, 1901; E. (Notozus) aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901; Parachrysis metallicaKieffer, 1910; Pseudepyris flavipes Ducke, 1903; P. paradoxa Ducke, 1902 (see Ducke, 1913; Papavero, 1973: 377). A similar case is that of the species described by Linsenmaier (1984, 1985) with type locality indicated solely as “Santa Catarina”. According with Rosa et al. (2015: 518), Nova Teutônia (Seara municipality) is the correct type location for the following species: Chrysis (Trichrysis) chrysofacialis, C. commilita, C. compensata, C. complementa, C. denticlypeata, C. hyalifoveolata, C. imminenta, C. meridionalis, C. plaumanni, C. scyphiphora, C. sericalineata, C. striatidorsa, Neochrysis aptata, N. prospinigera. Other cases are commented on the section “Notes.”
Months are written in Roman numerals, except when lacking the day(s) of collection. Whenever possible, the names of collectors of the type specimens are also listed. The same structure and information are provided for junior synonyms. All valid species-group names of this work are partitioned into as many as four topics: valid species-group name (with its nomenclatural history and list of synonyms), distribution, biome, and host. Most topics are self-explanatory, and topics were simply omitted when lacking information. In particular cases, the topic “Notes” provides additional comments on the historical issues involving the type specimens, their depository collections, and other relevant taxonomic information, including references. Although we found some inconsistencies with previous lectotype designations, we decided not to designate lectotypes here. We only listed the syntypes and commented on the contested designations. We consider that lectotype designations are desired in the context of future taxonomic revisions.
All species recorded in Brazil are documented according to the literature in the synonymic list, including species records indicated solely as “Brazil”. All geographic records of species result from published references cited in the synonymic list. Geographic records given in the distribution section are linked with references in the synonymic list by superscript codes that cite the specific location. References lacking superscripts just mentioned that species-group name combination without inputs on geographic records. It is worth noting that in the distribution section, the countries are typed in bold, uppercase letters, followed by state, province, or department (bold, lowercase), and municipality or county (regular, lowercase). Specific locations (e.g., village, national park, road, river) are given in brackets. Publications that cite a change of a species-group name are cited after a semicolon. Subsequent mentions of each species-group name and its alternative combinations follow each on a new line. In cases involving descriptions based on several specimens, the sex of type specimens (when known) is indicated as “<f>” for females and “<m>” for males. For species-names based on primary types (holotype, lectotype, or neotype), we did not list in the catalog information concerning all secondary type specimens cited in the original publications. Still, we included their geographic records in the section “Distribution”. We adopted the classification of Brazilian biomes (Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado [=Brazilian savanna], Pampa, and Pantanal) as defined by the Brazilian Ministry of Environment (MMA, 2021). We refrained from assuming records within biomes when the specific location is unknown because several Brazilian states harbor more than one biome. In these cases, the “Biome” section was deliberately omitted.
Most type-specimens housed in the MNHN and ZMUC collections were photographed using a Canon® EOS T61 24Mpx camera, macro lens MP-E 65mm (1–5×) attached to a flash Canon® MT-24EX Macro Twin Lite (except for Chrysis frieseana Ducke, C. leucocheiloides Ducke, and C. obidensis Ducke, which were photographed with the system available at the MNHN). Images from multiple layers were then combined using HeliconFocus®. Type-specimens housed in the MPEG collection were photographed using a Canon® EOS Rebel T7 camera attached to a Zeiss Stemi SV11 stereomicroscope. Type-specimens of Amisega mocsaryi var. cyaniceps Ducke, Chrysis paraensis Ducke, and Cleptes aurora var. robustior Ducke were photographed using a Leica DFC425 camera attached to a Leica M205C stereomicroscope, equipped with a Leica FlexiDome lighting diffuser and light system model Leica LED5000 HDI. Images were improved using Leica application suite software-LAS to combine multiple photos. All final images were then enhanced with Adobe Lightroom® and Photoshop®.
Results
The cuckoo wasps of Brazil are represented by three subfamilies: Amiseginae, Chrysidinae, and Cleptinae. A total of 159 species distributed in 18 genera are presently recorded in Brazil (Table 1).
Cuckoo wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae) from Brazil, by subfamily, tribe (Chrysidinae only), and genera, with the respective number of valid species. Comparative numbers of species cataloged by Ducke (1913) and at the present catalog. Numbers in brackets represent subspecies. N/A stands for “not applicable”.
The biomes with the highest endemicity are the Amazon Forest (40 spp.) and Atlantic Forest (34 spp.) (Table 2). Conversely, the Cerrado, Pampa, and Pantanal lack endemic species. Forty-nine species are widely distributed being recorded in two or more Brazilian biomes, and 14 species are only known from unspecified locations.
Endemicity of chrysidid species per Brazilian biome and transition zones between major biomes, by subfamily and tribes. Transition zones are indicated with (T).
Catalog
Amiseginae
The Amiseginae constitute a specialized clade of endoparasitoid wasps found mostly in the southern tropical areas of the world (e.g.,Krombein, 1957, 1960, 1983; Lucena and Almeida, 2022). Host records include representatives of several families in Phasmatodea, whose eggs are consumed during the adult and larval stages of the amisegine wasps (summarized by Krombein, 1983). Most Amiseginae are small-sized species with cryptic habits, which partially explain their rarity in collections. Roughly, there are more than 160 described species worldwide, distributed into 34 extant genera (Lucena and Almeida, 2022). Twenty-three species in four genera are recorded in Brazil.
Adelphe Mocsáry, 1890
Adelphe Mocsáry, 1890: 46. Type species: Adelphe mexicana Mocsáry, 1890: 46, by monotypy.
Pseudepyris Ducke, 1902a: 204. Type species: Pseudepyris paradoxa Ducke, 1902a: 205, by monotypy. Junior synonym of Adelphe Mocsáry, according to Ducke (1911a).
AdelphaSchulz, 1906: 153. Replacement name unnecessarily proposed for Adelphe Mocsáry, according to Krombein (1957).
Parachrysis Kieffer, 1910: 287. Type species: Parachrysis metallica Kieffer, 1910: 288, by monotypy. Junior homonym of Parachrysis Gribodo, 1879. Junior synonym of Adelphe Mocsáry, according to Ducke (1911a).
Nesogyne Krombein, 1957: 210. Type species: Nesogyne taino Krombein, 1957: 211, by original designation. Junior synonym of Adelphe Mocsáry, according to Kimsey (2008).
Distribution in Brazil. Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rondônia, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo.
Comments. This genus is the most species-rich group of Amiseginae. Currently, Adelphe includes 41 valid species distributed mainly in the Neotropical region, with one species, A. anisomorphae Krombein, recorded in the southernmost portion of the Nearctic region (e.g.,Mocsáry, 1890; Ducke, 1913; Krombein, 1960; Bohart and Kimsey, 1982; Kimsey 1986a, 1993, 2008). According to Krombein (1960), the Nearctic species A. anisomorphae, reared from eggs of Anisomorpha ferruginea (Palisot-de-Beauvois). No hosts have been recorded for other species in the genus. Eight species are recorded in Brazil, four are restricted to the Amazon Forest, two occur along the Atlantic Forest, one is recorded in both Amazon and Atlantic Forest, and one species occurs in a transition zone between Amazon Forest and the Cerrado.
Adelphe antennalis Kimsey, 1986
Adelphe antennalis Kimsey, 1986a: 197. Holotype male (USU #3126). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Teresópolis, 03.iii.1966, H. and M. Townes.
Adelphe antennalis; Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Kimsey (1993, 2008).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Teresópolis [Serra dos Órgãos].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Adelphe brasiliensis Kimsey, 1986
Adelphe brasiliensis Kimsey, 1986a: 199. Holotype male (USU #3127). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Mangaratiba [Vila Muriqui], July 1969, M. Alvarenga.
Adelphe brasiliensis; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Kimsey (1993, 2008), Lucena and Almeida (20221).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Santa Bárbara [Serra do Caraça], Rio de Janeiro: Mangaratiba [Vila Muriqui], Rio de Janeiro [Represa Rio Grande], São Paulo: Ribeirão Grande1.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Adelphe calvata Kimsey, 1986
Adelphe calvata Kimsey, 1986a: 200. Holotype male (USU #3128). BRAZIL, Amazonas: Atalaia do Norte [“04°33’S 71°38’W”], September 1979, M. Alvarenga.
Adelphe calvata; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Kimsey (1993, 2008).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Atalaia do Norte.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Adelphe cylindrica Kimsey, 1986
Adelphe cylindrica Kimsey, 1986a: 200. Holotype female (CNC #957619). BRAZIL, Mato Grosso: Sinop, October 1976, M. Alvarenga.
Adelphe cylindrica; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Kimsey (2008).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Mato Grosso: Sinop.
Biome. Transition zone between Amazon Forest and Cerrado.
Adelphe flavipes (Ducke, 1903)
Male lectotype (by inference of “holotype”) of Pseudepyris flavipes Ducke, 1903a [MNHN]; designated by Kimsey and Bohart (1991). A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Male paralectotype of Pseudepyris flavipes Ducke, 1903a [MPEG]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Not to scale.
Pseudepyris flavipes Ducke, 1903a: 132. Lectotype male (MNHN) (by inference of “holotype”), designated by Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 85). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 28.v.1902, A. Ducke.
Pseudepyris flavipes; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a2).
Parachrysis metallica Kieffer, 1910: 288. Holotype male (CASC #9688). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, A. Baker. Junior synonym of Pseudepyris flavipes Ducke, according to Ducke (1911a).
Adelphe flavipes; generic combination by Ducke (1911a); Ducke (1913), Krombein (1957), Kimsey (1986a, 2008), Lucena and Almeida (20223).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tefé2, Pará: Belém, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós]1,3.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on two syntypes. We examined the male collected in Belém, Pará state, on May 28th, 1902, housed at MNHN. Kimsey and Bohart (1991) cited this specimen as the holotype. The specimen in the MNHN also has a red lectotype indication labelled by P. Rosa, however, the lectotype designation was never published. The second male syntype from Pará, Itaituba (Rio Tapajós), collected on August 19th, 1902, is housed at MPEG (Nascimento, 1979). Herein, we consider the specimen housed in Paris as the lectotype by inference of “holotype” (ICZN, 1999: Article 74.6), designated by Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 85). Therefore, the specimen housed at MPEG is a paralectotype.
Adelphe lobata Kimsey, 2008
Adelphe lobata Kimsey, 2008: 171. Holotype male (BME). ECUADOR, Napo: Huahua Sumaco, km 45 on Hollin-Loreto Rd., 22.xii.1989, Wasbauer and Real.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Atalaia do Norte [Estirão do Equador, Rio Javari], Rondônia: Ariquemes [62 km E Fazenda Rancho Grande], ECUADOR, Napo: Puerto Napo, Huahua Sumaco, Pichincha, Santo Domingo [Tinalandia].
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Adelphe paradoxa (Ducke, 1902)
(Fig. 7)
Male lectotype of Pseudepyris paradoxa Ducke, 1902a [MNHN], designated by Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Pseudepyris paradoxa Ducke, 1902a: 206. Lectotype male (MNHN #25509), designated by Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 86). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 06.iii.1902, A. Ducke.
Pseudepyris paradoxa; Ducke (1903a, 1904a1b2, 1907a3).
Adelphe paradoxa; generic combination by Ducke (1911a4); Ducke (1913), Krombein (1957), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Kimsey (1993).
Adelphe paradoxa Mocsáry; incorrect species authorship, Kimsey (1986a).
Adelphe paradoxa (Kieffer); incorrect species authorship, Kimsey (2008).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amapá: Oiapoque2, Amazonas: Tefé3, Pará: Belém1, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós]1, GUYANA2, PERU, Loreto: Iquitos4.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on three males, one collected in Belém, Pará state, on March 06th, 1902, and two others on March 08th, 1902. The former was designated as lectotype by Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 86), and it is housed at the MNHN. The whereabouts of the two remaining paralectotypes are unknown.
Adelphe robusta Kimsey, 1986
Adelphe robusta Kimsey, 1986a: 203. Holotype male (BME). PANAMA, Zona del Canal: Barro Colorado Island, 20.ix.1976, R.B. and L.S. Kimsey.
Adelphe robusta; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Kimsey (1993, 2008).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas, Bahia: Encruzilhada, COLOMBIA, Valle del Cauca: 30 km E Buenaventura [Central de Anchicaya], COSTA RICA, Puntarenas: Península de Osa [Sirena Biological Station], ECUADOR, Pichincha, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas: Santo Domingo, PANAMA, Panamá [Barro Colorado Island], Chiriquí [El Hato del Voncán], PERU, Huánuco: Tingo María.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest.
Amisega Cameron, 1888
Amisega Cameron, 1888: 457. Type species: Amisega cuprifrons Cameron, 1888: 457, by monotypy.
Mesitiopterus Ashmead, 1902: 231. Type species: Mesitiopterus kahli Ashmead, 1902: 231, by original designation. Junior synonym of Amisega Cameron, according to Kimsey (1987).
Microsega Krombein, 1960: 31. Type species: Microsega bella Krombein, 1960: 32, by original designation. Junior synonym of Amisega Cameron, according to Kimsey (1990).
Distribution in Brazil. Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.
Comments. This genus constitutes one of the largest and most widespread groups of Amiseginae. Currently, Amisega includes 27 valid species, most are Neotropical (including one species from Chile), and at least three species are recorded in the Nearctic region: A. bella (Krombein), A. kahlii (Ashmead), and A. floridensis (Krombein) (e.g.,Krombein, 1960; Bohart and Kimsey, 1982; Kimsey, 1987, 1990, 1993; Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Lucena et al., 2021). Phasmatodean hosts were reported for only two species: A. kahlii (Ashmead) and A. chilensis Kimsey and include representatives of Diapheromeridae and Phasmatidae (Krombein, 1957; Kimsey, 1990). Eleven species are reported to Brazil, among which four species are restricted to the Amazon Forest, two to the Atlantic Forest, and two to the Caatinga biome. Two species occur in the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, and one species is recorded in the transition zones among Cerrado, Amazon and Atlantic Forest.
Amisega aeneiceps Ducke, 1903
(Fig. 8)
Amisega aeneiceps Ducke, 1903a [MNHN]. A. Female lectotype designated by Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Male paralectotype, dorsal habitus. Not to scale.
Amisega aeneiceps Ducke, 1903a: 130. Lectotype female (not male, see notes below) (MNHN), designated by Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 92). BRAZIL, Pará: Itaituba [Rio Tapajós], 05.ix.1902, A. Ducke.
Amisega aeneiceps; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a2, 1911a3, 1913), Krombein (1957), Kimsey (1987), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Lucena and Melo (2018), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena et al. (2021), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amapá: Oiapoque2, Amazonas: Tefé2,3, Pará: Almeirim [Rio Arraiolos]1, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós], Óbidos, Oriximiná1.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species Amisega aeneiceps and A. aeneiceps var. azurescens (see below) were described based on several specimens collected in Óbidos, Pará state, between July and August 1902; and Itaituba, between August and September 1902. L.S. Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 92) designated a male syntype from Itaituba housed at the MNHN as the lectotype for A. aeneiceps. However, no further data about the specimen was given. In the MNHN collection, there is one syntype collected in Itaituba, on September 05th, 1902, but it is female. We did not locate the lectotype label by L. Kimsey in any other specimen of Amisega in the MNHN. P.Rosa labelled a syntype male collected in Óbidos, on July 25th, 1902, as the lectotype, and two other specimens in the MNHN collection as paralectotypes, including the female collected in Itaituba, on September 05th, 1902 (see Rosa et al., 2020: 24). Our interpretation is that the lectotype designation by L.S. Kimsey is still valid (ICZN, 1999: Article 74.1.1). The correct data for the lectotype of A. aeneiceps Ducke designated by Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 92) is the following: female, collected in Itaituba on September 05th, 1902 (MNHN). Paralectotypes are currently housed at MNHN (two males from Óbidos collected on 24–25 July 1902), NHMB (one male and one female from Óbidos, collected on 25 July 1902, and 31 July 1902, respectively), HNHM (one female from Itaituba, collected on 4 September 1902; five males and two females from Itaituba, collected in 1902; and one male from Óbidos collected on 14 July 1902), and MPEG (one female and one male from Óbidos, collected on 23, 25 July 1902; three males from Itaituba, collected on 16, 17, and 19 August 1902); see Obrecht and Huber (1993) and Rosa et al. (2020).
Amisega azurescens Ducke, 1903
Male lectotype of Amisega aeneiceps var. azurescens Ducke, 1903a [MNHN], designated by Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Female paralectotype of Amisega aeneiceps var. azurescens Ducke, 1903a [MNHN]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Amisega aeneiceps var. azurescens Ducke, 1903a: 131. Lectotype male (MNHN), designated by Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 92). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, July 1902, A. Ducke.
Amisega azurescens; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Rosa et al. (2020).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós].
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was originally described as a variety of Amisega aeneiceps based on an unknown number of male and female specimens collected in Óbidos, Pará state, between July and August 1902, and Itaituba, between August and September 1902. L.S. Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 92) designated a male syntype housed at MNHN from Óbidos in July 1902 as the lectotype for A. aeneiceps var. azurescens Ducke. A female paralectotype from Itaituba [Rio Tapajós], collected in August 1902 is also housed at MNHN. We have examined four specimens deposited in the MPEG, two in the type collection with red label quoted “Syntype?” by L.S. Kimsey (MPEG #11062008, #11062009). The collection data matches the original description; both were collected in Itaituba, Rio Tapajós, on August 17th, 1902. Two other females were found in the MPEG general collection, both from Óbidos, collected on July 20th and 29th, 1902. Therefore, the specimens housed at MPEG should hereinafter be considered paralectotypes. The exact number of paralectotypes is unknown.
Amisega boyi Lucena, 2021
Amisega boyi Lucena, 2021: 62 (in Lucena et al., 2021). Holotype male (RPSP #00008961). BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Norte: Mossoró, Fazenda Santa Júlia, Malaise 1, caatinga; 05°01'10”S, 37°22'56”W, 14.iv.2008, Fernandes, DRR and cols.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Norte: Mossoró [Fazenda Santa Júlia].
Biome. Caatinga.
Amisega cyaniceps Ducke, 1911
(Fig. 11)
Syntype female of Amisega mocsaryi var. cyaniceps Ducke, 1911a [MZSP]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, C), 0.5 mm (B, D).
Amisega mocsaryi var. cyaniceps Ducke, 1911a: 93. Syntypes. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tefé, 06.ix.1904, A. Ducke (1<f> MZSP #04304), 29.ix.1904 (1<f> MPEG), 01.x.1904 (1<f> MPEG), 02.x.1904 (1<f> MPEG), 03.x.1904 (1<m> MPEG); Santo Antônio do Içá, 31.viii.1905, A. Ducke (1<f> MPEG); Rio Javari (unknown depository), Tabatinga, 12.x.1904, A. Ducke (1<f> MPEG), 16.x.1904 (1<f> MPEG); PERU, Loreto: Iquitos, 29.vii.1906, A. Ducke (1<m> MPEG).
Amisega mocsaryi var. cyaniceps; Ducke (1913), Krombein (1957), Kimsey and Bohart (1991, partim, synonymy with A. mocsaryi), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Santos et al. (2017), Lucena et al. (2021, partim, synonymy with A. mocsaryi).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Santo Antônio do Içá, Tabatinga, Tefé, Rio Javari, PERU, Loreto: Iquitos.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on an unknown number of syntypes collected in northeastern Peru (Iquitos), and northwestern Brazil, along the Japurá and Alto Solimões microregions, center-west of the Amazonas state, in Tefé, Santo Antônio do Içá, and Tabatinga municipalities, and an unspecified location in the Rio Javari (no dates were specified in the description). One syntype collected in Tefé, Amazonas state, on September 06th, 1904, is housed at MZSP (#04304) (Santos et al., 2017). Another possible syntype is housed at NHMB (Obrecht and Huber, 1993). Seven specimens collected in Tefé, Tabatinga, and Santo Antônio do Içá, Amazonas state, and one collected in Iquitos, Peru, are housed at the MPEG collection. The exact number of syntypes and their whereabouts are unknown.
Amisega flavipes Kimsey, 1987
Amisega flavipes Kimsey, 1987: 67. Holotype female (USU #3179). BRAZIL, Bahia: Encruzilhada, November 1975, M. Alvarenga.
Amisega flavipes; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20211).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Bahia: Encruzilhada, Jequié1.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga.
Amisega mocsaryi Ducke, 1902
Amisega mocsaryi Ducke, 1902b: 142. Syntypes. BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 22.viii.1901 (1<m> HNHM), 29.viii.1901 (1<m> unknown depository), 29.viii.1901 (1<f> HNHM), 05.ix.1901 (1<f> NHMV).
Amisega mocsaryi; Ducke (1903a1, 1904a2, 1907a3, 1911a, 1913), Krombein (1957), Kimsey (1987), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena et al. (2021).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amapá: Oiapoque3, Amazonas: Barcelos3, Tefé3, Tabatinga3, Pará: Belém2, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós]1, São Francisco do Pará [Vila de Jambu-Açu]2.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on four syntypes collected in Belém, Pará state. A male specimen from Itaituba in the MNHN collection was designated as the lectotype by Kimsey (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 93). However, the specimen does not belong to the type series; thus, it loses its status of lectotype according to Article 74.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999). Rosa et al. (2020: 25) indicated that one syntype is housed at NHMV (1<f> 05.ix.1901) and two at HNHM (1<m> 22.viii.1901; 1<f> 29.viii.1901). The whereabouts of the fourth specimen are unknown.
Amisega rufilateralis Kimsey, 1987
Amisega rufilateralis Kimsey, 1987: 68. Holotype female (USU #3180). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [Represa Rio Grande], April 1966, M. Alvarenga.
Amisega rufilateralis; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (2021).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [Represa Rio Grande], Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Amisega semiflava Kimsey, 1987
Amisega semiflava Kimsey, 1987: 69. Holotype female (CNC #957652). BRAZIL, Goiás: Jataí, November 1972, F.M. Oliveira.
Amisega semiflava; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena and Melo (2018), Lucena et al. (2021).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Goiás: Jataí, Mato Grosso: Sinop, Mato Grosso do Sul: Dourados [Itahum].
Biome. Cerrado, with records from the transition zones between Cerrado and Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado and Amazon Forest.
Amisega sertaneja Lucena, 2021
Amisega sertaneja Lucena, 2021: 67 (in Lucena et al., 2021). Holotype male (RPSP #00008962). BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Norte: Mossoró, Fazenda Santa Júlia, Malaise 1, caatinga, 05°1'10”S, 37°22'56”W, 14.iv.2008, Fernandes, DRR and cols.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Paraíba: Santa Teresinha [Fazenda Tamanduá], Rio Grande do Norte: Mossoró [Fazenda Santa Júlia].
Biome. Caatinga.
Amisega similis Kimsey, 1987
Amisega similis Kimsey, 1987: 70. Holotype male (CNC #957653). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [Represa Rio Grande], March 1972, F.M. Oliveira.
Amisega similis; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (2021).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Bahia: Encruzilhada, Minas Gerais: Pedra Azul, Pernambuco: Caruaru, Rio de Janeiro: Mangaratiba, Rio de Janeiro [Represa Rio Grande].
Biome. Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga.
Amisega tenebrae Kimsey, 1987
Amisega tenebrae Kimsey, 1987: 71. Holotype female (USU #3181). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Teresópolis, 11.iii.1966, H. Townes.
Amisega tenebrae; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (2021).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Teresópolis, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], São Paulo: São José do Barreiro [Serra da Bocaina].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Anadelphe Kimsey, 1987
Anadelphe Kimsey, 1987: 72. Type species: Anadelphe simplifacies Kimsey, 1987: 73, by original designation.
Distribution in Brazil. Mato Grosso do Sul.
Comments. This Neotropical genus includes two valid species. Kimsey (1987) described Anadelphe and provided identification key with illustrations of diagnostic characters. There are no records of hosts for this genus. Anadelphe alvarengai Kimsey is the sole species currently recorded to Brazil. The species is known from a single record in central-west Brazil (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul state), located in a transition zone between Cerrado and Atlantic Forest.
Anadelphe alvarengai Kimsey, 1987
Anadelphe alvarengai Kimsey, 1987: 72. Holotype female (CNC #957610). BRAZIL, Mato Grosso do Sul: Dourado [Itahum], March 1974, M. Alvarenga.
Anadelphe alvarengai; Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Mato Grosso do Sul: Dourados [Itahum].
Biome. Transition zone between Cerrado and Atlantic Forest.
Duckeia Costa Lima, 1936
Duckeia Costa Lima, 1936: 174. Type species: Duckeia cyanea Costa Lima, 1936: 175, by monotypy.
Distribution in Brazil. Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte.
Comments. This Neotropical genus includes four valid species, which have been recorded in Costa Rica, and in southeastern and northeastern Brazil (Costa Lima, 1936; Kimsey, 1987; Lucena et al., 2021). Costa Lima (1936) described Duckeia and documented for the first time the singular developmental stage of the Amiseginae larvae within phasmatodean eggs. The type series of D. cyanea Costa Lima was reared from eggs of Prisopus ohrtmanni (Lichtenstein). Three species are recorded in Brazil, two of them have been recorded in localities along the Atlantic Forest in southeastern Brazil, and one species is known from the Caatinga, in the Rio Grande do Norte state, northeastern Brazil (Lucena et al., 2021).
Duckeia cyanea Costa Lima, 1936
Duckeia cyanea Costa Lima, 1936: 175. Holotype female (CEIOC #25239). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [Horto Botânico], October 1934, A. Silva.
Duckeia cyanea; Krombein (1957, 1983), Kimsey (1987), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena and Melo (2018), Lucena et al. (20211), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Laranja da Terra1, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [Horto Botânico].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Host.Prisopus ohrtmanni (Phasmatidae), according to Costa Lima (1936).
Duckeia dudui Lucena, 2021
Duckeia dudui Lucena, 2021: 72 (in Lucena et al., 2021). Holotype female (RPSP #00008967). BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Norte: Patu, malaise trap in caatinga vegetation, 06°06’S, 37°37’W, September 2008, D.R.R. Fernandes and colls.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Norte: Patu.
Biome. Caatinga.
Duckeia gracile Kimsey, 1987
Duckeia gracile Kimsey, 1987: 74. Holotype female (CNC #957627). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [Represa Rio Grande], July 1972, M. Alvarenga.
Duckeia gracile; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20211), Lucena and Almeida (20222).
Duckeia gracilis; incorrect subsequent spelling, Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Laranja da Terra1,2, Minas Gerais: Marliéria1,2, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Iguaçu1, Rio de Janeiro [Represa Rio Grande].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Chrysidinae
The Chrysidinae include the truly “cuckoo wasps”, a clade composed of the most colorful and familiar groups within Chrysididae (e.g.,Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Pauli et al., 2019, 2021; Lucena and Almeida, 2022). Currently, this subfamily is the only one among Chrysididae with tribal classification. Four tribes are recognized: Allocoeliini (Afrotropical), Chrysidini (cosmopolitan), Elampini (cosmopolitan), and Parnopini (Afrotropical, Holarctic including northern Mexico, and Oriental). The chrysidines are primarily larval parasitoids of solitary wasps and bees. However, some species may act as cleptoparasites, consuming the nest provisions instead of the host progeny (e.g.,Carrilo and Caltagirone, 1970; Rosenheim, 1987; Asís et al., 1994). Many genera are distributed worldwide, being represented in more than one of the world realms. Currently, 128 species are reported to Brazil, distributed in two tribes and 13 genera.
Chrysidini
This group contains the most familiar groups of Chrysididae. The Chrysidini wasps are frequently captured in trap-nesting studies, attacking larvae of solitary bees and wasps (e.g.,Krombein, 1967). Four genera are essentially Neotropical and widely distributed in Brazil: Exochrysis Bohart, Exsecochrysis Linsenamier (=Pleurochrysis Bohart), Ipsiura Linsenmaier, and Neochrysis Linsenmaier. Currently, 108 species are recorded in Brazil, distributed in six genera.
Caenochrysis Kimsey & Bohart, 1981
Caenochrysis Kimsey & Bohart, 1981: 76. Type species: Chrysis tridens Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1825: 495 (in Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau and Audinet-Serville, 1825), by original designation.
Lorochrysis Kimsey & Bohart, 1981: 76. Type species: Chrysis doriaeGribodo, 1874: 359, by original designation. Junior synonym of Caenochrysis Kimsey & Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chaenochrysis; incorrect subsequent spelling, Fernández (2001).
Distribution in Brazil. Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.
Comments. This is the most species-rich and taxonomically challenging group of Chrysidini in the Neotropical region. Currently, the genus comprises roughly 50 valid species widely distributed in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions (including the Andean region and the Mexican transition zone, sensuMorrone, 2014) (Kimsey and Bohart, 1981; Bohart and Kimsey, 1982; Linsenmaier, 1984; Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). Hosts include several Trypoxylini (e.g.,Krombein, 1967; Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; and references therein), and some Pompilidae (Marinho and Vivallo, 2020a, 2020b; Deus et al., 2023). Twenty-five species are reported to Brazil. Six species are restricted to the Amazon Forest, nine to the Atlantic Forest, and two to the Caatinga. One species is recorded from a transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, and another between Atlantic Forest and Pampa. Five species are recorded in two or more biomes. One species is only known from an unspecified location.
Caenochrysis amazonica (Mocsáry, 1889)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) amazonica Mocsáry, 1889: 337. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Amazonas: Parintins [Vila Bela da Imperatriz].
Chrysis amazonica; Dalla Torre (1892), Ducke (1907a1, 1911a).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) amazonica; Bischoff (1910, 1913), Ducke (1913), Linsenmaier (19842).
Trichrysis (Caenochrysis) amazonica; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Caenochrysis amazonica; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Barcelos1, Parintins, SURINAM2, COLOMBIA2, PERU2.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Caenochrysis apposita (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) apposita Linsenmaier, 1984: 210. Holotype male (NMLU). ARGENTINA, Entre Ríos.
Caenochrysis apposita; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19911); Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Entre Ríos, BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul: Guaíba, BOLIVIA, La Paz, PERU1.
Biome. Transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Pampa.
Caenochrysis armata (Mocsáry, 1889)
Chrysogona armata Mocsáry, 1889: 187. Lectotype female (HNHM), designated by Bohart (in Bohart and French, 1986: 341). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Blumenau.
Chrysogona armata; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (19011).
Chrysis ritsemae var. bonariensis Brèthes, 1902: 271. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MACN). ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires [Villa Devoto], 16.iii.1902, M.E. Autran. Junior synonym of Chrysogona armata Mocsáry, according to du Buysson (1909).
Chrysis ritsemae var. elongata Brèthes, 1902: 272. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MACN). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo. Junior synonym of Chrysogona armata Mocsáry, according to du Buysson (1909).
Chrysis schrottkyi Brèthes, 1902: 270. Holotype male (by monotypy) (depository unknown). ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires, January 1902. Junior synonym of Chrysogona armata Mocsáry, according to du Buysson (1909).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) armata; generic combination by du Buysson (1909); Ducke (1913), Linsenmaier (1984).
Chrysis armata; Ducke (1910a,b2, 1911a3).
Chrysidea armata; generic combination by Bischoff (1913).
Trichrysis (Lorochrysis) armata; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) aptata Linsenmaier, 1984: 212. Holotype female (NMLU). ARGENTINA, Entre Ríos. Junior synonym of Chrysogona armata Mocsáry, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) invisa Linsenmaier, 1984: 210. Holotype female (NMLU). ARGENTINA, Tucumán: San Pedro de Colalao. Junior synonym of Chrysogona armata Mocsáry, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Caenochrysis armata; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19914); Zanella and Lucena (2014), Perioto and Lara (20185), Nether et al. (20196), Rosa et al. (2020).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires, Entre Ríos, Mendoza: Pedregal, Tucumán: San Pedro de Colalao, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Barcelos3, Tefé3, Santo Antônio do Içá3, Bahia, Maranhão: Caxias2, Codó2, Minas Gerais: Barbacena3, Pará: Óbidos3, Paraná: Guarapuava6, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, Rio Grande do Sul1, Santa Catarina: Blumenau, São Paulo: São Sebastião5, VENEZUELA4.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado.
Host.Trypoxylon (Trypoxylon) florale Richards (Crabronidae), according to Perioto and Lara (2018); Auplopus rufipes (Banks) (Pompilidae), according to Nether et al. (2019).
Caenochrysis brasiliana (Guérin-Méneville, 1842)
Chrysis brasiliana Guérin-Méneville, 1842: 146. Lectotype female (MSNG), designated by Rosa (2009: 222). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro.
Chrysis producta Brullé, 1846: 44. Holotype female (MNHN?). BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, C.M. Aug. Saint-Hillaire. Junior synonym of Chrysis brasiliana Guérin-Méneville, according to Mocsáry (1889).
Chrysis unicolor Brullé, 1846: 42. Holotype female (MNHN?). FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne, C.M. Leprieur. Junior synonym of Chrysis brasiliana Guérin-Méneville, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis lunigera Dahlbom, 1854: 194. Holotype female (ZMUC #00240255). GUYANA, Essequibo. Junior synonym of Chrysis brasiliana Guérin-Méneville, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis brulleiAbeille de Perrin, 1879: 42. Replacement name for Chrysis unicolor Brullé (junior homonym of C. unicolorDahlbom, 1831). Junior synonym of Chrysis brasiliana Guérin-Méneville, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis gibbosa Mocsáry, 1889: 334. Holotype female (HNHM). MEXICO. Junior synonym of Chrysis brasiliana Guérin-Méneville, according to Linsenmaier (1984).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) brasiliana; Mocsáry (18891), Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913), Linsenmaier (19842).
Chrysis brasiliana; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a3, 1899), Brèthes (19024), Ducke (1907a, 1911a5).
Trichrysis (Caenochrysis) brasiliana; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Caenochrysis brasiliana; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Rosa (2009).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires [Villa Devoto]4, Mendoza4, San Juan4, BOLIVIA2, BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos5, Minas Gerais1, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina: Blumenau1, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne, GUYANA, Essequibo, MEXICO, Veracruz: Orizaba3.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis commilita (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) commilita Linsenmaier, 1984: 220. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Caenochrysis commilita; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], COLOMBIA, Barranquilla.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis compensata (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) compensata Linsenmaier, 1984: 210. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Caenochrysis compensata; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis complementa (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) complementa Linsenmaier, 1984: 213. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Caenochrysis complementa; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis crotonis (Ducke, 1907)
Syntype male of Chrysis crotonis Ducke, 1907a [MPEG]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma,dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Syntype female of Chrysis crotonis Ducke, 1907a [MNHN]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Chrysis crotonis Ducke, 1907a: 10. Syntypes. BRAZIL, Pará: Faro and Óbidos, A. Ducke.
Chrysis crotonis; Ducke (1911a).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) crotonis; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913), Linsenmaier (19841).
Trichrysis (Lorochrysis) crotonis; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) linigera Linsenmaier, 1984: 210. Holotype female (NHMUK). PERU, Junín: Chanchamayo. Junior synonym of Chrysis crotonis Ducke, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) anguifera Linsenmaier, 1984: 215. Holotype male (NMLU). PARAGUAY, Guairá: Villarrica. Junior synonym of Chrysis crotonis Ducke, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Caenochrysis crotonis; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19912); Rasmussen and Asenjo (20093), Rosa (2009), Marinho and Vivallo (2020a4,b), Lucena and Almeida (20225), Deus et al. (20236).
Distribution. ARGENTINA1, BOLIVIA, La Paz, BRAZIL, Pará: Faro, Óbidos, Paraná: Guarapuava5,6, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [Jardim Botânico]4, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]5, MEXICO2, PARAGUAY, Guairá: Villarrica, PERU, Junín: Chanchamayo3, SURINAM1, VENEZUELA1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Auplopus cf. rufipes (Banks) (Pompilidae), according to Marinho and Vivallo (2020a,b); Auplopus subaurarius Dreisbach (Pompilidae), according to Deus et al. (2023).
Notes. The species was described based on an unknown number of syntypes (males and females) collected in Faro and Óbidos, Pará state (no dates were specified in the description). Fourteen specimens in the MPEG collection have been listed as syntypes (Nascimento, 1979), two in the MZSP (Santos et al., 2017), one in the MNHN (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991), and one in the NHMB (Obrecht and Huber, 1993). The specimen in the MNHN (EY 25540) has a red lectotype indication labeled by P. Rosa. However, the lectotype designation was never published.
Caenochrysis denticlypeata (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) denticlypeata Linsenmaier, 1984: 220. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Caenochrysis denticlypeata; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis hyalifoveolata (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) hyalifoveolata Linsenmaier, 1984: 215. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Caenochrysis hyalifoveolata; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], PARAGUAY, Guairá: Villarrica.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis imminenta (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) imminenta Linsenmaier, 1984: 223. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Caenochrysis imminenta; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], PERU.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis immixta (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) immixta Linsenmaier, 1984: 211. Holotype male (NMLU). BRAZIL: Bahia, Itaeté [Iguaçu].
Caenochrysis immixta; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Zanella and Lucena (2014).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Bahia: Itaeté [Iguaçu].
Biome. Caatinga.
Notes. The type material was likely collected by Roman during his collecting trip in Brazil (see Alfken, 1930).
Caenochrysis mathani (Ducke, 1907)
(Fig. 14)
Female lectotype of Chrysis mutica Ducke, 1907a [MPEG], designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991); metasoma missing. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Not to scale.
Chrysis mutica Ducke, 1907a: 12. Lectotype female (MPEG #11061988), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 303). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 21.xii.1904, A. Ducke.
Chrysis mathani Ducke, 1913: 30. Replacement name for Chrysis mutica Ducke (junior homonym of C. muticaFörster, 1853).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) mathani; Ducke (1913), Linsenmaier (1984).
Chrysidea (Chrysogona) boliviana Mocsáry, 1914: 13. Holotype female (HNHM). BOLIVIA, La Paz: Mapiri. Junior synonym of Chrysis mutica Ducke, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Trichrysis (Caenochrysis) mathani; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Caenochrysis mathani; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19911); Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009).
Distribution. BOLIVIA, La Paz: Mapiri, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tefé, Pará: Óbidos, COLOMBIA1, ECUADOR1, PERU1.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on two females. One was collected in Óbidos, Pará state, on December 21st, 1904; and another in Tefé, Amazonas state, on November 7th, 1904. R.M. Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 303) designated the female from Óbidos as the lectotype. Bohart erroneously cited “Amazonas state” to refers to the type locality and mentioned the MZSP as the repository. The correct depository for the lectotype is the MPEG (Nascimento, 1979). The whereabouts of the paralectotype collected in Tefé, Amazonas state are unknown.
Caenochrysis nigropolita (Bischoff, 1910)
Trichrysis nigropolita Bischoff, 1910: 458. Holotype female (MFN). ECUADOR, Palmar.
Chrysis (Trichrysis) nigropolita; Bischoff (1913), Linsenmaier (1984).
Trichrysis (Caenochrysis) nigropolita; Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) mucronata meridionalis Linsenmaier, 1984: 210. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann. Junior synonym of Trichrysis nigropolita Bischoff, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Caenochrysis nigropolita; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19911); Cosme et al. (20192), Lucena et al. (20193), Nether et al. (20194), Rocha-Filho et al. (20195, 20206), Lucena and Almeida (20227).
Distribution. ARGENTINA1, BRAZIL, Bahia: Jequié3, Mato Grosso: Barra do Garças7, Minas Gerais: Araguari7, Uberlândia4, Pará: Belém3, Paraíba: Santa Teresinha3, Paraná: General Carneiro3, Guarapuava4, Pernambuco: Brejão2, Rio Grande do Norte: Serra Negra do Norte [ESEC Seridó]3, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]3, Ribeirão Preto6, ECUADOR, Santa Helena: Palmar, MEXICO1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, with records from the transition zones among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado.
Host.Trypoxylon lactitarse Saussure and T. nitidum Smith (Crabronidae), according to Rocha-Filho et al. (2019, 2020); T. opacum Brèthes (Crabronidae), according to Nether et al. (2019).
Caenochrysis paraca (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) paraca Linsenmaier, 1984: 211. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém.
Caenochrysis paraca; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Pará: Belém.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes.Linsenmaier (1984: 211) states that this taxon was based on a specimen identified by Ducke as Chrysis saussurei Mocsáry. Probably, the specimen was collected in Belém, Pará state, and withdrawn from some European collection.
Caenochrysis paranaca (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) paranaca Linsenmaier, 1984: 206. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Paraná.
Caenochrysis paranaca; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19911); Menezes et al. (20172).
Distribution. BOLIVIA1, BRAZIL, Paraná, São Paulo: Ribeirão Preto2, VENEZUELA1.
Biome. Transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Caenochrysis parvula (Fabricius, 1804)
(Fig. 15)
Holotype female of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, 1804 [ZMUC]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis parvula Fabricius, 1804: 176. Holotype female (ZMUC #00241222). GUYANA, Essequibo, Smidt.
Chrysis truncatella Dahlbom, 1854: 195. Holotype female (MRSN). BRAZIL. Junior synonym of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis parvula; Dahlbom (1854), Aaron (1885, partim, synonymy with C. mucronata), Dalla Torre (1892).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) parvula; Mocsáry (1889, partim, synonymy with C. tridens), Bischoff (1910, partim, synonymy with C. truncatella, 1913), Ducke (19131, partim, synonymy with C. truncatella), Linsenmaier (1984).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) aliena Mocsáry, 1889: 332. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Blumenau. Junior synonym of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) ritsemae Mocsáry, 1889: 338. Holotype female (NBCL). SURINAM. Junior synonym of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Trichrysis ritsemae var. barticensis Bischoff, 1910: 458. Syntypes (males and females) (MFN). GUYANA, Cuyuni-Mazaruni: Bartica. Junior synonym of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Holochrysis) reticulata Mocsáry, 1911: 470. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina. Junior synonym of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysidea (Chrysogona) peruensis Mocsáry, 1914: 14. Holotype female (HNHM). PERU, Cusco: Vilcanota. Junior synonym of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Trichrysis (Caenochrysis) parvula; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) chrysofacialis Linsenmaier, 1984: 221. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Maranhão: São Luís, A. Ducke. Junior synonym of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) scyphiphora Linsenmaier, 1984: 223. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann. Junior synonym of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) turmalina Linsenmaier, 1984: 221. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Bahia. Junior synonym of Chrysis parvula Fabricius, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Caenochrysis parvula; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19912); Rasmussen and Asenjo (20093), Rosa (2009), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Rosa and Xu (2015), Lucena and Melo (2018), Nether et al. (20194), Rocha-Filho et al. (20205), Lucena and Almeida (20226).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires [Villa Devoto], Mendoza, Salta: San Ramón de la Nueva Orán, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tefé1, Rio Japurá1, Bahia: Jequié4, Ceará: Baturité1, Caridade1, Maranhão: São Luís, Pará: Belém1, Óbidos1, Rio Arraiolos1, Rio Trombetas1, São Francisco do Pará [Vila de Jambu-Açu]1, Paraná: General Carneiro6, Guarapuava4, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo: Itatiba6, Ribeirão Preto5, Santa Catarina: Blumenau1, COLOMBIA, Distrito Capital: Bogotá1, COSTA RICA2, GUYANA, Cuyuni-Mazaruni: Bartica, PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción [Villa Morra], PERU, Ucayali: Cordillera Azul3, Cusco: Vilcanota, SURINAM, VENEZUELA.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, with records from the transition zones among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado.
Host.Trypoxylon opacum Brèthes (Crabronidae), according to Nether et al. (2019); Trypoxylon nitidum Smith (Crabronidae), according to Rocha-Filho et al. (2020).
Caenochrysis plaumanni (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) plaumanni Linsenmaier, 1984: 216. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Caenochrysis plaumanni; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis quadriramosa (Mocsáry, 1911)
Chrysogona quadriramosa Mocsáry, 1911: 464. Holotype female (HNHM). PERU, Cusco: Vilcanota.
Chrysidea quadriramosa; generic combination by Bischoff (1913).
Trichrysis (Lorochrysis) quadriramosa; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) quadriramosa; generic combination by Linsenmaier (19841).
Caenochrysis quadriramosa; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19912); Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009).
Distribution. ARGENTINA2, BRAZIL, Mato Grosso1, COLOMBIA1, PERU, Cusco: Vilcanota.
Caenochrysis saussurei (Mocsáry, 1889)
Chrysogona saussurei Mocsáry, 1889: 187. Lectotype female (MNH), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 304). MEXICO, Veracruz: Cordoba.
Chrysogona saussurei; Dalla Torre (1892), Ducke (1907a1), du Buysson (19092), Bischoff (1910).
Chrysidea saussurei; generic combination by Bischoff (1913).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) saussurei; Ducke (1911a, 1913, partim, synonymy with C. armata), Linsenmaier (1984).
Trichrysis (Lorochrysis) saussurei; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) pseudaptata Linsenmaier, 1984: 213. Holotype male (NMLU). ARGENTINA, Santiago del Estero: Rio Salado, November 1979, C. and U. Vardy. Junior synonym of Chrysogona saussurei Mocsáry, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) richardsi Linsenmaier, 1984: 215. Holotype female (NHMUK). BRAZIL, Mato Grosso: Ribeirão Cascalheira [“base camp”], O.W. Richards. Junior synonym of Chrysogona saussurei Mocsáry, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Caenochrysis saussurei; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza: Pedregal2, Santiago del Estero [Rio Salado], BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos1, Mato Grosso: Ribeirão Cascalheira [“base camp”], MEXICO, Veracruz: Cordoba.
Biome. Amazon Forest, with records from transition zone between Amazon Forest and Cerrado.
Notes. The type specimen of Chrysis (Trichrysis) richardsi Linsenmaier from Mato Grosso was collected by O.W. Richards during the Royal Geographical Society Expedition (1967-1969). The specimen origin is likely what was named the “base camp” (coordinates 12°49'S 51°46'W, Ribeirão Cascalheira municipality, see Richards, 1978: 31).
Caenochrysis sericalineata (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) sericalineata Linsenmaier, 1984: 213. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Caenochrysis sericalineata; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis silvestrii (Ducke, 1904)
Chrysogona silvestriiDucke, 1904a: 32. Holotype female (by monotypy). BRAZIL, Pará: Rio Arraiolos, 18.iv.1903, A. Ducke (MPEG #HHY11061989).
Chrysis silvestrii; generic combination by Ducke (1907a1, 1911a).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) silvestrii; Ducke (1913), Linsenmaier (19842).
Chrysidea silvestrii; generic combination by Bischoff (1913).
Caenochrysis silvestrii; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19913); Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Rio Japurá1, Pará: Faro1, [Rio Arraiolos], Santarém [Vila Franca]1, PERU, Coronel Portillo: Iparía2, VENEZUELA3.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Caenochrysis striatidorsa (Linsenmaier, 1984)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) striatidorsa Linsenmaier, 1984: 206. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Caenochrysis striatidorsa; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19911).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Santiago del Estero, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], ECUADOR1, VENEZUELA1.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Caenochrysis taschenbergi (Mocsáry, 1889)
Chrysis (Dichrysis) taschenbergi Mocsáry, 1889: 316. Holotype male (MLUH). ARGENTINA, Mendoza.
Chrysis taschenbergi; Dalla Torre (1892), Brèthes (1902), du Buysson (19061).
Chrysis jheringi du Buysson 1904: 260. Holotype female (depository unknown). BRAZIL, São Paulo. Junior synonym of Chrysis taschenbergi Mocsáry, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Dichrysis taschenbergi; du Buysson (1909).
Chrysis (Dichrysis) taschenbergi; Bischoff (1913).
Trichrysis (Caenochrysis) taschenbergi; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) taschenbergi; Linsenmaier (1984).
Caenochrysis taschenbergi; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19912); Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009), Torretta (20153), Lucena and Almeida (20224).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Entre Ríos [Colonia Elia]3, Mendoza: Chacras de Coria1, BOLIVIA2, BRAZIL, Paraíba: Patos4, Rio Grande do Norte: Serra Negra do Norte [ESEC Seridó]4, São Paulo, PERU2.
Biome. Caatinga.
Host.Trypoxylon sp. (Crabronidae), according to Torretta (2015).
Notes.Kimsey and Bohart (1991) synonymized Chrysis jheringi du Buysson under C. taschenbergi Mocsáry and cited that the holotype of C. jheringi was deposited in the MZSP. However, the specimen was not located in that collection (Santos et al., 2017). Currently, the whereabouts of the holotype of C. jheringi du Buysson are unknown.
Caenochrysis triangulifera (Mocsáry, 1890)
Chrysis (Trichrysis) triangulifera Mocsáry, 1890: 55. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Piauí.
Chrysis triangulifera; Dalla Torre (1892), Ducke (1904a1, 1907a, 1911a2), Bischoff (19103).
Chrysis (Trichrysis) triangulifera; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913), Linsenmaier (19844).
Trichrysis (Caenochrysis) triangulifera; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Caenochrysis triangulifera; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19915); Zanella and Lucena (2014).
Distribution. BOLIVIA5, BRAZIL, Piauí, Pará: Belém1, Óbidos1, [Rio Trombetas]2, COLOMBIA5, GUYANA4, SURINAM3.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes.Rosa & Melo (2014: 294–295) discuss on the contentious type locality of several Brazilian bee and wasp species described from material supposedly collected in Piauí state and deposited at the HNHM collection. Future examination of holotype labels of C. triangulifera among other species reported from the same locality will prove essential to confirm the likely geographic origin of these specimens.
Chrysis Linnaeus, 1761
ChrysisLinnaeus, 1761: 414. Type species: Sphex ignita Linnaeus, 1758: 571, designated by Latreille (1810: 437).
Several synonyms. Summarized by Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Rosa (2018a,b), and Rosa et al. (2023).
Distribution in Brazil. Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.
Comments. This genus constitutes the most species-rich group in the family worldwide (ca. 1,000 species). Linsenmaier (1959) first introduced the concept of species-groups to improve the taxonomy of Chrysis, mostly focused on the Palearctic fauna. His taxonomic proposals had a profound impact on the taxonomy of the genus and is still adopted by many taxonomists, especially in Europe. Kimsey and Bohart (1991) followed Linsenmaier’s (1959) species-group proposal and expanded its scope by including representatives of all biogeographical regions. Seventy species-groups were recognized by Kimsey and Bohart (1991), which were thoroughly cataloged, diagnosed, and vastly illustrated (including male genitalia of several species). A wide range of hosts have been listed for this genus, particularly for the Holarctic fauna (e.g.,Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Pauli et al., 2019). Little is known about the biology of the Neotropical species. Some species in South America reared from nests of bees (Apoidea: Megachilidae) (Vitale et al., 2017, 2020) and wasps (Vespidae: Eumeninae) (Krombein, 1958; Rocha-Filho et al., 2017, 2019; Brozoski et al., 2022). Comparatively, the Neotropical region harbors fewer species than the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. Roughly 12 species have been reported to Brazil, but it is expected that this number may increase in the future since the local fauna was never systematically revised. Three species are restricted to the Amazon Forest, and one to the Atlantic Forest. Six species are widely distributed, occurring in two or more biomes. Two other species are only known from unspecified locations.
Chrysis brachypyga Ducke, 1911
Chrysis brachypyga Ducke, 1911a: 100. Lectotype male (MPEG HHY11061990), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 391). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 05.i.1905, A. Ducke.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) brachypyga; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis brachypyga; Nascimento (1979), Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, PERU1.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Chrysis brasiliensis Brullé, 1846
Chrysis brasiliensis Brullé, 1846: 35. Holotype female (MNHN). BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, C.M. Auguste de Saint-Hilaire.
Chrysis reichei Dahlbom, 1854: 218. Holotype female (MRSN). BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Coromandel. Junior synonym of Chrysis brasiliensis Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) brasiliensis; Mocsáry (1889), Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis chlorata Mocsáry, 1889: 397. Lectotype female (HNHM), designated by Bohart (in Bohart and French, 1986). BRAZIL. Junior synonym of Chrysis brasiliensis Brullé, according to du Buysson (1898a).
Chrysis brasiliensis; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a, 1899, 19011, 19062), Ducke (1911a3), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Rosa and Xu (2015), Brozoski et al. (20224), Lucena and Almeida (20225).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) costaricana Mocsáry, 1912: 567. Lectotype female (HNHM), designated by Bohart (in Bohart and French, 1986: 341). COSTA RICA, San José. Junior synonym of Chrysis brasiliensis Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza: Santa Rosa2, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Barbacena3, Coromandel, Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]5, Paraná: General Carneiro5, Guarapuava4, Rio Grande do Sul1, São Paulo: Ribeirão Preto5, COSTA RICA, San José.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Ancistrocerus flavomarginatus (Brèthes) (Vespidae: Eumeninae), according to Brozoski et al. (2022).
Chrysis carinulata Mocsáry, 1889
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) carinulata Mocsáry, 1889: 402. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Piauí.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) carinulata; Bischoff (19101, 1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis carinulata; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (19012, 19043), Ducke (1907a4, 1911a5), Kimsey and Bohart (19916), Zanella and Lucena (2014).
Distribution. ARGENTINA6, BRAZIL, Goiás3, Pará: Belém4, Óbidos1,4, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul2, PARAGUAY6, PERU, Loreto: Iquitos5.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. See notes provided under Caenochrysis triangulifera (Mocsáry) about the type locality of the species described from Piauí state and deposited at the HNHM collection.
Chrysis distinctissima Dahlbom, 1854
Chrysis distinctissima Dahlbom, 1854: 211. Syntypes (whereabouts unknown). “Habitat in America meridionali”.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) distinctissima; Mocsáry (18891), Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Trichrysis distinctissima; du Buysson (1909).
Chrysis distinctissima; Dalla Torre (1892), Brèthes (19022, partim, synonymy with C. intricans Spinola, 19083), Ducke (1904a4, 1911a5), du Buysson (19066), Kimsey and Bohart (19917), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Rosa and Xu (2015).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires2,3, Mendoza: Chacras de Coria6, El Pedregal3, [Potrerillos]2, Santa Rosa6, Salta2, San Juan2, BRAZIL, Amapá [Rio Vila Nova]4, Amazonas: São Paulo de Olivença1, Ceará [Serra de Baturité]5, Pará: Alenquer4, Belém4, Faro4, Óbidos4, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo2, ECUADOR1, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne1, GUYANA1, MEXICO7, PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción3.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga.
Notes.Rosa and Xu (2015) clarified the contentious status of the type specimens studied by Dahlbom and Spinola supposedly housed at the MRSN collection. The material examined by Mocsáry (1889) and deposited in the HNHM is probably from São Paulo de Olivença, in Amazonas state northern Brazil (not São Paulo state nor the city of São Paulo in southeastern Brazil). Several insects from São Paulo de Olivença, Amazonas state, were acquired by and are housed at the HNHM (see Nogueira et al., 2017: 124–125).
Chrysis excavata Brullé, 1846
Chrysis excavata Brullé, 1846: 33. Holotype male (MNHN). BRAZIL, C.M. Gaudichaud.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) excavata; Mocsáry (1889), Bischoff (19101, 1913), du Buysson (1910b2), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) fraterna Mocsáry, 1889: 399. Holotype female (NHMV). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Blumenau. Junior synonym of Chrysis excavata, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis diana Mocsáry, 1889: 401. Holotype male (HNHM). BRAZIL, Piauí. Junior synonym of Chrysis excavata, according to du Buysson (1904).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) binominata Mocsáry, 1889: 628. Replacement name for Chrysis fraterna Mocsáry (junior homonym of C. fraternaMocsáry, 1889). Junior synonym of Chrysis excavata Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis excavata; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a, 1899, 19013, 1904), Ducke (1904a4, partim, synonymy with C. diana, 1907a, 1911a5), Kimsey and Bohart (19916), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Rosa and Xu (2015), Lucena et al. (20197), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena and Almeida (20227).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) roseni Mocsáry, 1912: 571. Holotype female (ZSM?). COLOMBIA. Junior synonym of Chrysis excavata Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) pleuretica Mocsáry, 1912: 582. Lectotype male (HNHM), designated by Bohart (in Bohart and French, 1986: 342). ARGENTINA, Mendoza. Junior synonym of Chrysis excavata Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza1, BRAZIL, Amapá: Macapá4, Bahia: Jequié7, Mato Grosso [Chapada dos Guimarães]8, Minas Gerais: Araxá8, Barbacena5, Passos7, Pará: Belém4, Faro5, Óbidos1,4, Paraíba: Santa Teresinha [Fazenda Tamanduá]7, Piauí: Canto do Buriti7, Rio Grande do Sul3, Santa Catarina: Blumenau, São Paulo: Pirassununga8, São Carlos7, COLOMBIA, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne1, PANAMA6, PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción [Villa Morra]2.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado, with records from the transition zones between Caatinga and Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Minixi suffusum (Fox) (Vespidae: Eumeninae), cited in Auko et al. (2014) as Chrysis sp., later identified as C. excavata (DAAL, person. observations).
Notes. See notes provided under Caenochrysis triangulifera (Mocsáry) about type locality of the species described from Piauí state and deposited at the HNHM collection.
Chrysis fabricii Mocsáry, 1882
(Fig. 16)
Holotype female of Chrysis fabricii Mocsáry, 1882 (=Chrysis sexdentata Fabricius, 1798 necChrist 1791) [ZMUC]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis sexdentataFabricius, 1798: 258. Holotype female (ZMUC #00242054). FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne.
Chrysis sexdentata; Dahlbom (1854), Aaron (18851).
Chrysis fabricii Mocsáry, 1882: 46. Replacement name for Chrysis sexdentata Fabricius (junior homonym of C. sexdentataChrist, 1791).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) fabricii; Mocsáry (18892), du Buysson (1910b), Bischoff (19103, 1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis dromeda du Buysson, 1898a: 541. Holotype female (MNHN). “Amerique”. Junior synonym of Chrysis fabricii Mocsáry, according to du Buysson (1901).
Chrysis fabricii; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (19014, 19045), Brèthes (19026, 19087), Ducke (1904a8, 1907a), Bohart (1962), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Madl and Rosa (2012), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena and Almeida (20229).
Hexachrysis fabricii; du Buysson (1909).
Chrysis (Pyria) fabricii; Krombein (195810).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza6, Santa Fé [Rio Las Garzas] 5, BOLIVIA3, BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Itapemirim9, Linhares9, Minas Gerais: Passa Quatro5, Passos9, Pará: Almeirim8, Belém8, Óbidos8, São Francisco do Pará [Vila de Jambu-Açu]8, [Rio Arraiolos]8, Piauí2, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo2,6, Rio Grande do Sul: Porto Alegre2,3,4, São Paulo: Rio Claro9, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne2, GUYANA2, MEXICO3, PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción4,7, SURINAM2, U.S.A., Georgia1, North Carolina: Kill Devil Hills10.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, with records from the transition zones between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest and Pampa.
Host.Euodynerus megaera (Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau) (Vespidae: Eumeninae), according to Krombein (1958).
Chrysis florisomnis Mocsáry, 1912
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) florisomnis Mocsáry, 1912: 576. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) florisomnis; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis florisomnis; Bohart (1985a), Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Chrysis fossulata Smith, 1874
Chrysis fossulata Smith, 1874: 459. Holotype female (NHMUK). CHINA, Shangai. (distributed by commerce to east China, west Mexico, east South Africa, north South America, and Australia).
Chrysis intrudens, Smith 1874: 458. Holotype female (NHMUK). AUSTRALIA.
Chrysis versutaMocsáry, 1887: 15. Replacement name for Chrysis intrudens Smith (junior homonym of C. intrudensSmith, 1865). Junior synonym of Chrysis fossulata Smith, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) fossulata; Mocsáry (1889), Dalla Torre (1892), Bischoff (1913).
Chrysis fossulata; Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Madl and Rosa (2012), Rosa et al. (2014).
Distribution. AUSTRALIA1, BRAZIL1, CHINA, Shangai, MEXICO1, SOUTH AFRICA1, VENEZUELA1.
Chrysis intricata Brullé, 1846
Chrysis intricata Brullé, 1846: 25. Syntypes (whereabouts unknown, presumably lost). FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne.
Chrysis smidti Dahlbom, 1854: 317. Syntype male (MZLU). South America “America Meridionali”. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Bohart (1962).
Chrysis aequinoctialis Dahlbom, 1854: 330. Syntype male (MRSN). BRAZIL. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis anceps Gribodo, 1879: 327. Lectotype male (ZMUC), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 425). BRAZIL. Junior synonym of Chrysis smidti Dahlbom, according to du Buysson (1904).
Chrysis cognata Gribodo, 1879: 328. Holotype female (IRSNB). “sed sine dubio America”. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Bohart (1962).
Chrysis intricata; Aaron (1885), Bohart (19621), Krombein (1979), Bohart and Kimsey (19822), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Tooker and Hanks (2000), Rosa and Xu (2015), Rocha-Filho et al. (20173, 20194), Lucena and Melo (2018), Lucena et al. (20195), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena and Almeida (20226).
Chrysis proxima Cameron, 1888: 465. Holotype female (NHMUK). PANAMA. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Bohart (1962).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) intricata; Mocsáry (1889), Dalla Torre (1892), Bischoff (1910, 1913).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) schulthessi Mocsáry, 1889: 572. Lectotype male (NHMV), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 425). MEXICO, Morelos: Cuernavaca. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Bohart (1962).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) aenescens Mocsáry, 1889: 577. Holotype female (NHMV). FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Bohart (1962).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) henrici du Buysson, 1891: 44. Holotype female (MNHN?). MEXICO. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) peruviana du Buysson, 1898a: 540. Holotype male (MNHN). PERU. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) aperta du Buysson, 1898a: 559. Holotype male (MNHN). MEXICO, Veracruz. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Bohart (1962).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) hexodontophora Bischoff, 1910: 491. Holotype female (MFN). PARAGUAY. Junior synonym of Chrysis intricata Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. ARGENTINA2, BOLIVIA2, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus6, Bahia: Ilhéus6, Jequié5, Ceará: Baturité5, Mato Grosso2, Minas Gerais: Araguari4, Passos6, Uberlândia4, Pará: Belém5, Óbidos6, Paraíba: Juazeirinho5, Santa Teresinha5, Paraná: General Carneiro6, Guarapuava6, Rio Grande do Norte: Serra Negra do Norte [ESEC Seridó]5, Santa Catarina2, São Paulo: Alvilândia3, Gália3, Ribeirão Preto5, São Paulo6, COLOMBIA2, COSTA RICA2, ECUADOR2, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne, HONDURAS2, PANAMA2, PARAGUAY2, PERU, MEXICO, Chiapas2, Chihuahua2, Hidalgo2, Guerrero2, Sinaloa2, Yucatán2, San Luis Potosi2, Morelos: Cuernavaca2, Veracruz: Veracruz2, NICARAGUA2, TRINIDAD and TOBAGO2, URUGUAY2, U.S.A., Texas: Cameron [Brownsville]1, Hidalgo2, VENEZUELA2.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado, with records from the transition zones between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Pachodynerus guadulpensis (Saussure) and P. nasidens (Latreille) (Vespidae: Eumeninae), according to Rocha-Filho et al. (2017, 2019).
Chrysis longirostris Gribodo, 1879
(Fig. 17)
Holotype male of Chrysis longirostris Gribodo, 1879 [ZMUC]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis longirostris Gribodo, 1879: 334. Holotype female (ZMUC #00240250). BRAZIL, Minas Gerais.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) longirostris; Mocsáry (1889), Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis longirostris; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (19041), Bohart (1985a), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Goiás1, Minas Gerais, ECUADOR, Guayas: Guayaquil1.
Chrysis nisseri Dahlbom, 1845
Chrysis nisseri Dahlbom, 1845: 14. Holotype male (MZLU). COLOMBIA, Antioquia: Remedios.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) nisseri; Mocsáry (1889), du Buysson (1910b1), Bischoff (19102, 1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) propinqua Mocsáry, 1889: 343. Lectotype female (NHMV), designated by Bohart and Kimsey (1982: 93). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Blumenau. Junior synonym of Chrysis nisseri Dahlbom, according to du Buysson (1904).
Chrysis nisseri; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a,b3, 1899, 19044, 19065), Brèthes (19086, partim, synonymy with C. propinqua Mocsáry), Ducke (1904a7, partim, synonoymy with C. propinqua, 1907a8, partim, synonoymy with C. propinqua, 1911a9), Krombein (1979), Bohart and Kimsey (198210), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Madl and Rosa (2012), Rosa and Vårdal (2015), Campbell et al. (201711), Rocha-Filho et al. (201712), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena and Almeida (202213).
Chrysis boutheryi Brèthes, 1902: 278. Holotype female (MACN). ARGENTINA, San Juan. Junior synonym of Chrysis propinqua Mocsáry, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis mattogrossensis Brèthes, 1902: 279. Holotype male (MACN). BRAZIL, Mato Grosso. Junior synonym of Chrysis propinqua Mocsáry, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Trichrysis nisseri; du Buysson (190914).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) laminifera Bischoff, 1910: 460. Holotype female (MFN). U.S.A., Texas: Dallas. Junior synonym of Chrysis nisseri Dahlbom, according to Bohart (in Krombein, 1979: 1230).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) chiriquensis Bischoff, 1910: 461. Holotype female (MFN). PANAMA, Chiriqui. Junior synonym of Chrysis nisseri Dahlbom, according to Bohart (in Krombein, 1979: 1230).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) palifera Bischoff, 1910: 461. Holotype male (MFN). MEXICO, Nayarit: Tepic [Hacienda el Cora]. Junior synonym of Chrysis nisseri Dahlbom, according to Bohart (in Krombein, 1979: 1230).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) burmeisteri Mocsáry, 1912: 583. Holotype female (HNHM). ARGENTINA, Mendoza. Junior synonym of Chrysis propinqua Mocsáry, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires6, Jujuy6, Mendoza: Pedregal14, Santa Rosa5, Salta [Rio Salado]4, San Juan, BOLIVIA2, BRAZIL, Amazonas [Rio Japurá]8, Pará: Óbidos7, Paraná: Guarapuava13, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais: Barbacena9, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina: Blumenau, São Paulo: Alvilândia12, Gália12, Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]13, COLOMBIA, Antioquia: Remedios, Meta: San Martín, GUYANA2, PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción [Villa Morra]1, MEXICO, Nayarit: Tepic [Hacienda el Cora], Veracruz: Orizaba3, PANAMA, Chiriquí: Chiriquí, U.S.A., Arizona, Florida: Alachua11, Dixie11, Indiana: Harrison10, New Jersey: Clifton, Ohio: Wooster10, Pennsylvania: Cumberland10, Texas: Dallas10, Palestine10, Nacogdoches10, VENEZUELA, Distrito Federal: Caracas3.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Pachodynerus guadulpensis (Saussure), according to Rocha-Filho et al. (2017).
Notes.du Buysson (1904) was the first to recognize C. propinqua as the junior synonym of C. nisseri, subsequently followed by others (Bischoff, 1913; Ducke, 1913; Krombein, 1979; Bohart and Kimsey, 1982). Some years later, Kimsey and Bohart (1991) treated these two as distinct species in the C. nisseri species group (they also validated C. laminifera in the same species group). Herein, we assumed a conservative treatment considering C. nisseri as the valid species and all other as their junior synonyms. In the original description of C. propinqua Mocsáry, both the heading and the index give the name as “C. propingua” (incorrect spelling), but Mocsáry himself explains the etymology when comparing C. propinqua (correct form) with C. nisseri, the species he considered the closest one (see Mocsáry, 1889: 344).
Chrysis striatula Bohart, 1985
Chrysis striatula Bohart, 1985a: 94. Holotype male (BME). ARGENTINA, Salta: Cafayate, 11.xii.1976, R.M. Bohart.
Chrysis striatula; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Vitale et al. (20171, 20202).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Tandil, Jujuy: Purmamarca, San Francisco de Tilcara, La Pampa: Toay [Anquilóo]2, La Rioja: Ángulos, Cuesta de Miranda, Mendoza: Central Monte Desert [Villavicencio Nature Reserve]1, Tupungato, [Potrerillos], Salta: Cachi, Cafayate, Tacuil, Yacochuya, Tucumán: Amaicha del Valle, BOLIVIA, Cochabamba: Toralapa, BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Host.Anthidium decaspilum Moure, A. rubripes Friese, and A. vigintipunctatum Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae), according to Vitale et al. (2017, 2020).
Exochrysis Bohart, 1966
Exochrysis Bohart, 1966: 141. Type species: Chrysis panamensis Cameron, 1888: 464, by original designation.
Distribution in Brazil. Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.
Comments. This genus is primarily Neotropical, with most of its twelve valid species recorded across Central and South America (except Chile), reaching as far north as the southeastern coast of the U.S.A. (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Lucena et al., 2019). According to Krombein (1967), Exochrysis panamensis (Cameron) is a larva parasitoid of the cockroach-storing wasp Podium rufipes (Fabricius) (Sphecidae: Sceliphrinae) in North America. Additionally, one female of E. panamensis was collected on a dead tree trunk inside which P. luctuosum Smith nested (Krombein, 1967). Currently, eight valid species are recorded in Brazil. Interestingly, this genus is comparatively rarer than other neotropical chrysidines, with the specimens being more frequently captured in forested habitats. Three species are restricted to the Amazon Forest, three to the Atlantic Forest, and two species are widespread being recorded in two or more biomes.
Exochrysis imperforata (Gribodo, 1879)
Chrysis imperforata Gribodo, 1879: 330. Lectotype female (MSNG), designated by Rosa (2009: 236). FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) spinigera var. imperforata; Mocsáry (1889), Dalla Torre (1892), Bischoff (19101, 1913).
Chrysis imperforata; Ducke (1907a2, 1911a).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) imperforata; Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Exochrysis) imperforata; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) imperforata; Linsenmaier (19853, partim, synonymy with E. spinigera).
Exochrysis imperforata; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19914); Rosa (2009), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20195).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amapá: Oiapoque2, Amazonas: Manaus5, Tefé2, Bahia1, Pará: Belém2, Santarém5, COSTA RICA, Cartago: La Selva5, FRENCH Guyana, Cayenne, PANAMA4,5, PERU3.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Exochrysis lemniscata Kimsey, 1985
Exochrysis lemniscata Kimsey, 1985: 272. Holotype male (BME). BRAZIL, São Paulo, 01.i.1965, V.N. Alin.
Exochrysis lemniscata; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20191).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Acre: Rio Branco1, Minas Gerais: Ibiraci, São Paulo: São Paulo, PANAMA: Canal Zone [Barro Colorado Island]1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Exochrysis leucostigma (Mocsáry, 1889)
(Fig. 18)
Female lectotype of Chrysis nitens Ducke, 1907a [MPEG], designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Not to scale.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) leucostigma Mocsáry, 1889: 410. Lectotype female (HNHM), designated by Bohart (in Bohart and French, 1986: 342). BRAZIL, Amazonas: Fonte Boa.
Chrysis leucostigma; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a1, 1899, 1904, partim, synonymy with C. spinigera), Ducke (1911a2, partim, synonymy with C. spinigera).
Chrysis nitens Ducke, 1907a: 15. Lectotype female (MPEG HHY 11062018), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 503). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 03.i.1905, A. Ducke. Junior synonym of Chrysis leucostigma Mocsáry, according to Ducke (1911a).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) leucostigma; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913, partim, synonymy with C. spinigera).
Neochrysis (Exochrysis) leucostigma; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) leucostigma; Linsenmaier (19853).
Exochrysis leucostigma; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19914), Lucena et al. (20195), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Acre: Senador Guiomard5, Amazonas: Boa Vista do Ramos [Massauari]2, Fonte Boa2, Manaus5, Tefé2, Mato Grosso: Sinop5, Pará: Óbidos, COLOMBIA3, GUYANA3, MEXICO1, PANAMA: Canal Zone [Barro Colorado Island]4,5.
Biome. Amazon Forest, with records from the transition zone between Amazon Forest and Cerrado.
Exochrysis panamensis (Cameron, 1888)
Chrysis panamensis Cameron, 1888: 464. Holotype female (NHMUK). PANAMA, Chiriquí: Volcán de Chiriquí.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) panamensis; Mocsáry (1889), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis panamensis; du Buysson (19041), Dalla Torre (1892).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) pannamensis; incorrect subsequent spelling, Bischoff (1913).
Neochrysis (Exochrysis) panamensis; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Krombein (19672, 1979), Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Bohart and Kimsey (1982).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) panamensis; Linsenmaier (19853).
Exochrysis panamensis; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20194).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [Floresta da Tijuca]1, COLOMBIA, Valle del Cauca4, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas4, MEXICO3, PANAMA, Chiriquí: Volcán de Chiriquí, U.S.A., Florida: Lake Placid2, Maryland: Plummers Island2, North Carolina: Kill Devil Hills2, VENEZUELA, Zulia3,4.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Host.Podium rufipes (Fabricius) and potentially P. luctuosum Smith (Sphecidae: Sceliphrinae), according to Krombein (1967).
Exochrysis plaumanni (Linsenmaier, 1985)
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) plaumanni Linsenmaier, 1985: 453. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Exochrysis plaumanni; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Exochrysis prospinigera (Linsenmaier, 1985)
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) prospinigera Linsenmaier, 1985: 451. Holotype female (NMLU). ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires.
Exochrysis prospinigera; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires, BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], PARAGUAY.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Exochrysis silvanus Kimsey, 1985
Exochrysis silvanus Kimsey, 1985: 274. Holotype male (BME). COSTA RICA.
Exochrysis silvanus; Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Lucena et al. (2019).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amapá, COSTA RICA, EL SALVADOR San Salvador1, PANAMA: Canal Zone [Barro Colorado Island].
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Exochrysis spinigera (Spinola, 1840)
Chrysis spinigera Spinola, 1840: 201. Holotype female (MRSN). FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne.
Chrysis spinigera; Dahlbom (1854), Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (19011, 1904), Ducke (1904a2, 1907a, 1911a, partim, synonymy with C. imperforata and C. leucostigma).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) spinigera; Mocsáry (1889), du Buysson (1910b3), Bischoff (19104, 1913), Ducke (1913, partim, synonymy with C. imperforata and C. leucostigma).
Neochrysis (Exochrysis) spinigera; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) spinigera; Linsenmaier (19855).
Exochrysis spinigera; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19916), Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009), Rosa (2009), Rosa and Xu (2015), Lucena et al. (20197), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Misiones6,7, BRAZIL, Pará: Belém2, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro7, Rio Grande do Sul1: Caçapava do Sul4, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]7, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne, MEXICO6, PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción [Villa Morra]3, PERU5.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Pampa.
Exsecochrysis Linsenmaier, 1985 stat. nov.
Pleurocera Guérin-Méneville, 1842: 149. Type species: Pleurocera viridis Guérin-Méneville, 1842: 149 (= Chrysis bruchi Brèthes, 1903), by monotypy. Junior homonym of Pleurocera Rafinesque, 1818.
Pleurochrysis Bohart, 1966: 144. Replacement name for Pleurocera Guérin-Méneville nec Rafinesque (1818). Junior homonym of Pleurochrysis Pringsheim, 1955, according to Rosa et al. (2023).
Brethesia Linsenmaier, 1985: 461. Type species: Chrysis ameghinoi Brèthes, 1902: 274, by original designation. Junior homonym of Brethesia Schrottky, 1909. Junior synonym of Pleurochrysis Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Exsecochrysis Linsenmaier, 1985: 462. Type species: Neochrysis (Exsecochrysis) gracilia Linsenmaier, 1985: 463 (= Chrysogona alfkeniDucke, 1902c), by original designation. Junior synonym of Pleurochrysis Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
BrethesiellaLinsenmaier, 1987: 144. Replacement name for Brethesia Linsenmaier necSchrottky (1909). Junior homonym of BrethesiellaPorter, 1920. Junior synonym of Pleurochrysis Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Rhipidochrysis Rosa and Pavesi, 2023: 31 (in Rosa et al., 2023). Replacement name unnecessarily proposed for Pleurochrysis Bohart necPringsheim (1955), n. synonym.
Distribution in Brazil. Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo
Comments. This genus has received diverse names and treated differently by several authors since its description by Guérin-Méneville (1842). Recently, Rosa et al. (2023) proposed Rhipidochrysis as a replacement name for the rejected junior homonym Pleurochrysis Bohart, 1966 nec Pringsheim, 1955. We agree with Rosa et al.’s (2023) arguments regarding this homonymy and the necessity of fixing this nomenclatural problem. However, Pleurochrysis has an available and valid synonym, as recounted in the synonymic list of Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 523). The oldest available synonym of Pleurochrysis Bohart, 1966 is Exsecochrysis Linsenmaier, 1985. In this case, Article 60.2 of the Code (ICZN, 1999) is applicable to amend the homonymy, because an invalid name “must be replaced by the next oldest available name from among its synonyms” (Article 23.3.5). This interpretation applies to the 17 species recorded in Brazil and listed below, as well as to the following species previously treated as Pleurochrysis by Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 524–528) and Neochrysis (Exsecochrysis) by Linsenmaier (1997: 265–266), all of them as new combinations: Exsecochrysis acclinata (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. adnexa (Linsenmaier, 1997), E. ameghinoi (Brèthes, 1902), E. atacamae (Kimsey, 1985), E. bruchi (Brèthes, 1902), E. chilicola (Mocsáry, 1914), E. distincta (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. feensis (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. indistincta (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. latilateralis (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. limaca (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. longitarsis (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. lynchi (Brèthes, 1902), E. nigridorsa (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. paraguaya (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. parviapicalis (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. peruana (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. sulcipleuralis (Linsenmaier, 1985), E. sur (Kimsey, 1985), E. uruguayensis (Kimsey, 1985), and E. venezuelensis (Linsenmaier, 1985). It is worth remarking that the changes proposed here are limited to resolving a nomenclatural issue, but the taxonomy of Exsecochrysis and related taxa will undoubtedly require future adjustments to make their generic circumscriptions more congruent with phylogenetic relationships (Lucena et al., 2016; Lucena and Almeida, 2022).
Like other Neotropical chrysidines (i.e., Exochrysis, Ipsiura, and Neochrysis), Exsecochrysis is primarily Neotropical, with most of its 36 valid species recorded across Central and South America (including Chile), reaching as far north as southern Mexico (e.g.,Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Lucena et al., 2019). Hosts include species of Trypoxylon (Crabronidae), Sceliphron (Sphecidae), and potter-wasps (Vespidae: Eumeninae) (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Garcia and Adis, 1995; Nether et al., 2019). Seventeen species are recorded in Brazil. Three species are restricted to the Atlantic Forest, and two to the Amazon Forest. Three species are only known from localities inserted in the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado. Six species are widely distributed, occurring in two or more biomes, and three are only known from unspecified locations.
Exsecochrysis acuta (Brèthes, 1908) new comb.
Chrysis acuta Brèthes, 1908: 10. Holotype male (MACN). ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires [San Martín], 13.iii.1903.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) acuta; Bischoff (1913).
Neochrysis (Pleurochrysis) acuta; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Pleurochrysis acuta; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Lucena and Almeida (20222).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) acuta; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires [San Martín], BRAZIL, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]2, VENEZUELA1.
Biome. Transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Exsecochrysis adnexa (Linsenmaier, 1997) new comb.
Neochrysis (Exsecochrysis) adnexa Linsenmaier, 1997: 265. Holotype female (NHMB). BRAZIL, Pará: Itaituba [Rio Tapajós], 23.viii.1902, A. Ducke.
Pleurochrysis adnexa; generic combination by Lucena et al. (2019).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Pará: Itaituba [Rio Tapajós].
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Exsecochrysis alfkeni (Ducke, 1902) new comb.
Chrysogona alfkeniDucke, 1902c: 97. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MPEG HHY 11062024). BRAZIL, Pará: São Francisco do Pará [Vila de Jambu-Açu], railroad 113 km E of Pará, near Bragança, 26.ix.1901, A. Ducke.
Chrysogona alfkeni; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a), Obrecht and Huber (1993).
Chrysis alfkeni; generic combination by Ducke (1911a2).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) alfkeni; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Pleurochrysis) alfkeni; generic combination Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Pleurochrysis alfkeni; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19913), Lucena et al. (20124), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20195), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Neochrysis (Exsecochrysis) gracilia Linsenmaier, 1985: 463. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann. Junior synonym of Chrysogona alfkeni Ducke, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Neochrysis (Exsecochrysis) alfkeni; Linsenmaier (1985, 1997).
Distribution. BELIZE2, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Borba5, Manaus [Reserva Ducke]5, Santo Antônio do Içá2, Bahia: Jequié4, Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa, Minas Gerais5, Pará: Belém1, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós]1, Óbidos1, São Francisco do Pará [Vila de Jambu-Açu], Paraíba: Santa Teresinha [Fazenda Tamanduá]5, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]5, MEXICO3, URUGUAY3.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Notes. R.M. Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 524) designated a female from “near Bragança” as the lectotype and indicated the MZSP as repository. The specimen housed at the MZSP was collected in Itaituba [Rio Tapajós], on September 06th, 1902. This specimen does not belong to the type series; thus, it loses its status of lectotype (ICZN, 1999: Article 74.2). Ducke (1902c) described C. alfkeni based on a single female (holotype by monotypy) (see Nascimento, 1979; Rosa et al., 2020). The holotype is housed at MPEG collection (HHY 11062024).
Exsecochrysis allotria (Linsenmaier, 1985) new comb.
Neochrysis (Exsecochrysis) allotria Linsenmaier, 1985: 463. Holotype male (NMLU). BRAZIL, São Paulo.
Pleurochrysis allotria; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Lucena et al. (20191), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]1.
Biome. Transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Exsecochrysis ancilla (du Buysson, 1898) new comb.
(Fig. 19)
Holotype female of Chrysis ancilla du Buysson, 1898 [MNHN]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis ancilla du Buysson, 1898a: 553. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MNHN EY25545). ARGENTINA, Santa Fé [“La Plata”].
Chrysis ancilla; du Buysson (1899, 19041, 19062), Brèthes (19023), Ducke (1911a4).
Trichrysis lagopus var. ancilla; du Buysson (19095).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) lagopus var. ancilla; Bischoff (19106, 1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Pleurochrysis) ancilla; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Pleurochrysis ancilla; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19917), Torretta (20158), Lucena et al. (2019).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) ancilla; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: La Plata, Chubut3, La Pampa: Toay8, Mendoza: Pedregal5, Santa Rosa2, Santa Fé [“Rio Las Garzas”]1, BOLIVIA7, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Barbacena4, São Paulo6.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Host.Hypodynerus sp. (Vespidae: Eumeninae), according to Torretta (2015).
Exsecochrysis cavifrons (Brullé, 1846) new comb.
Chrysis cavifrons Brullé, 1846: 34. Lectotype female (MNHN EY 25542), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 525). ARGENTINA, Corrientes, 1834, D’Orgbigny.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) cavifrons; Mocsáry (1889), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) inclyta Mocsáry, 1889: 398. Holotype male (MLUH). BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Lagoa Santa. Junior synonym of Chrysis cavifrons Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis cavifrons; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a, 1899).
Chrysis missionera Brèthes, 1902: 273. Holotype female (MACN). ARGENTINA, Misiones. Junior synonym of Chrysis cavifrons Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis missionera var. inermis Brèthes, 1902: 273. Holotype female (MLP). PARAGUAY. Junior synonym of Chrysis cavifrons Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Trichrysis cavifrons; du Buysson (19091).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) brèthesi Bischoff, 1910: 459. Holotype female (MFN). PARAGUAY, Cordillera: San Bernardino, June 1903, Fiebrig. Junior synonym of Chrysis cavifrons Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Neochrysis (Pleurochrysis) cavifrons; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Pleurochrysis cavifrons; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20192), Lucena and Almeida (20223).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) cavifrons; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: San Bernardo del Tuyú3, Chaco3, Corrientes, Mendoza1, Misiones, San Tiago del Estero: Termas de Rio Hondo2, Tucumán: Las Cejas2, BOLIVIA, Chuquisaca: Luis Calvo3, BRAZIL, Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá2, Minas Gerais: Lagoa Santa, Paraíba: Juazeirinho2, Santa Luzia3, Soledade2, Paraná: Castro [Parque Estadual Caxambu]3, Ponta Grossa [Parque Vila Velha]3, PARAGUAY, Cordillera: San Bernardino, VENEZUELA, Distrito Federal: Caracas [Antímano]2.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Pantanal, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Exsecochrysis charruana (Brèthes, 1902) new comb.
Chrysis charruana Brèthes, 1902: 283. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MACN). ARGENTINA.
Trichrysis charruana; du Buysson (19091).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) charruana; Bischoff (1913).
Neochrysis (Pleurochrysis) charruana; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Pleurochrysis charruana; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19912).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) charruana angulimacula Linsenmaier, 1985: 442. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul. Junior synonym of Chrysis charruana Brèthes, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) charruana; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza1, BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul, PARAGUAY2.
Exsecochrysis dolosa (du Buysson, 1898) new comb.
(Fig. 20)
Holotype female of Chrysis dolosa du Buysson, 1898 [MNHN]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis dolosadu Buysson, 1898b: 135. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MNHN EY 25543). MEXICO, Sonora: Córdova.
Chrysis dolosa; du Buysson (1898a1, 1899, 19042).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) dolosa; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (19133).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) dolosa; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1985).
Pleurochrysis dolosa; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19914).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Santa Fé [“Rio Las Garzas”]2, BRAZIL3, COLOMBIA4, MEXICO, Sonora: Córdova, VENEZUELA1.
Exsecochrysis fasciifera (Bischoff, 1910) new comb.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) fasciifera Bischoff, 1910: 464. Holotype (by monotypy) (MFN). ARGENTINA, Mendoza, 27.xi.1906, Jensen Haarup.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) fasciifera; Bischoff (1913).
Neochrysis (Pleurochrysis) fasciifera; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Pleurochrysis fasciifera; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Lucena and Almeida (20222).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) fasciifera; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza, BRAZIL, São Paulo: Teodoro Sampaio2, PARAGUAY1, URUGUAY1.
Biome. Transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Exsecochrysis imbecilla (Mocsáry, 1889) new comb.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) imbecilla Mocsáry, 1889: 344. Lectotype female (NHMV), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 526). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Blumenau.
Chrysis imbecilla; Dalla Torre (1892).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) imbecilla; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Pleurochrysis imbecilla; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009), Zanella and Lucena (20142), Rosa et al. (2020).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) imbecilla; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Bahia: Jequié2, Santa Catarina: Blumenau, PERU1.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga.
Exsecochrysis jenseni (du Buysson, 1906) new comb.
Chrysis jenseni du Buysson, 1906: 18. Holotype male (by monotypy) (ZMUC). ARGENTINA, Mendoza.
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) mendozana Mocsáry, 1913: 15. Holotype female (HNHM). ARGENTINA, Mendoza. Junior synonym of Chrysis jenseni du Buysson, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) jenseni; Bischoff (1913).
Neochrysis jenseni; generic combination by Kimsey (1985).
Pleurochrysis jenseni; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Lucena et al. (20191), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) jenseni; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza, Tucumán: Las Cejas1, BRAZIL, Bahia: Milagres1, Mato Grosso [Serra do Roncador]1, Minas Gerais: Passos1, Paraíba: Santa Teresinha [Fazenda Tamanduá]1, Rio Grande do Sul: Quaraí1.
Biome. Caatinga, Cerrado, Pampa.
Exsecochrysis lagopus (du Buysson, 1891) new comb.
(Fig. 21)
Holotype male of Chrysis lagopus du Buysson, 1891 [MNHN]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) lagopus du Buysson, 1891: 41. Holotype male (MNHN EY 25544). ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires.
Trichrysis lagopus; du Buysson (19091).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) lagopus; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (19132).
Pleurochrysis lagopus; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19913).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) lagopus; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires, Mendoza1, BRAZIL2, PARAGUAY3.
Exsecochrysis leucophrys (Mocsáry, 1889) new comb.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) leucophris Mocsáry, 1889: 409. Holotype male (HNHM). BRAZIL, Amazonas: Fonte Boa.
Chrysis leucophrys; emendation, corrected to the original intended name by Dalla Torre (1892); Ducke (1911a1).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) leucophrys; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Pleurochrysis leucophris; incorrect subsequent spelling, generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009), Lucena et al. (20192), Lucena and Almeida 20223.
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) leucophrys; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, San Tiago del Estero: Termas de Rio Hondo2, BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz: Buena Vista2, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Fonte Boa, Tefé1, [Rio Japurá]1, COSTA RICA, Heredia: Puerto Viejo [La Selva, 4 km SE Puerto Viejo]3, PERU, Huánuco: Tingo María2.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Exsecochrysis morosa (du Buysson, 1901) new comb.
Chrysis (quadridentatae) morosa du Buysson, 1901: 102. Holotype female (NHMV). BRAZIL, 1853, Helmreich.
Trichrysis morosa; du Buysson (19091).
Chrysis morosa; Ducke (1911a2).
Chrysis sampaioi Ducke, 1911a: 100. Holotype female (MPEG HHY 11061987). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, A. Ducke. Junior synonym of Chrysis morosa du Buysson, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) adolphi Mocsáry, 1912: 574. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos. Junior synonym of Chrysis morosa du Buysson, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) morosa; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Pleurochrysis morosa; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Garcia and Adis (19953), Lucena et al. (20194), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena and Almeida (20225).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Catamarca: Belén4, Copacabana4, Córdoba4, Mendoza1, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus4 [Ilha da Marchantaria, Rio Solimões]3, Tefé2, Pará: Óbidos, Paraíba: Patos5, Rio Grande do Norte: Serra Negra do Norte [ESEC Seridó]4, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]4, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas: Palmar4.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga.
Host.Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) rogenhoferi Kohl (Crabronidae), according to Garcia and Adis (1995).
Exsecochrysis postica (Brullé, 1846) new comb.
Chrysis postica Brullé, 1846: 36. Holotype female (MNHN EY 25568). BRAZIL, Minas Gerais, C.M. Auguste de Saint-Hilaire.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) postica; Mocsáry (1889), Bischoff (19101, 1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) albomarginata Mocsáry, 1889: 409. Holotype male (NHMV). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro. Junior synonym of Chrysis postica Brullé, according to du Buysson (1901).
Chrysis postica; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a, 1899, 19012, 1904), Ducke (1904a3, 1907a4, 1911a5).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) hyalinata Mocsáry, 1912: 568. Lectotype female (HNHM), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 527). COSTA RICA. Junior synonym of Chrysis postica Brullé, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Neochrysis (Pleurochrysis) postica; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Pleurochrysis postica; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19916), Garcia and Adis (19957), Torretta (2015), Lucena et al. (20198), Nether et al. (20199), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena and Almeida (202210).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) postica; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Acre: Rio Branco8, Amapá: Macapá3, Amazonas: Manaus8, [Ilha da Marchantaria, Rio Solimões]7, Bahia: Feira de Santana [Distrito de São José, Pomar Dona Aurelina]10, Maranhão: Caxias [Fazenda Frexeira]8, Minas Gerais: Barbacena5, Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]10, Sete Lagoas10, Pará: Faro4, Óbidos1, Paraíba: Patos10, Paraná: Guarapuava9, São José dos Pinhais [Morro do Meio]10, Rio Grande do Norte: Santana do Seridó8, Rio Grande do Sul2, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]8, São Paulo: Ribeirão Preto [campus da USP]10, COLOMBIA, Valle del Cauca: Cali8, COSTA RICA, Guanacaste: Cañas, Heredia: Puerto Viejo [La Selva, 4km SE Puerto Viejo]8, MEXICO6, PARAGUAY, Amambay: Pedro Juan Caballero8, PERU, Huánuco: Tingo María8, VENEZUELA, Zulia: Carrasquero8.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, with records from the transition zones between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Ancistrocerus flavomarginatus Brèthes (Vespidae: Eumeninae), according to Nether et al. (2019); Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) rogenhoferi Kohl (Crabronidae), according to Garcia and Adis (1995).
Exsecochrysis simulator (Kimsey, 1985) new comb.
Pleurochrysis simulator Kimsey, 1985: 283. Holotype male (BME). BRAZIL, Bahia: Vitória da Conquista, 25–27.v.1961, F.M. Oliveira.
Pleurochrysis simulator; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena and Almeida (20221).
Distribution. ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Moreno, Catamarca: Belén, Entre Rios: Feliciano, La Rioja, Misiones: Puerto Iguazú, Río Negro: Lamarque, Salta: Cafayate, Yacochuya, San Tiago del Estero: Termas de Rio Hondo, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, Bahia: Vitória da Conquista, Paraíba: Juazeirinho, São Paulo1, VENEZUELA, Zulia: La Concepción.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, Caatinga.
Exsecochrysis ypirangensis (du Buysson, 1904) new comb.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) ypirangensis du Buysson, 1904: 265. Holotype female (MZSP #04384). BRAZIL, São Paulo: São Paulo [Ipiranga], R.V. Iheringi.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) ypirangensis; Bischoff (1913).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) ypiranguensis; incorrect subsequent spelling, Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Pleurochrysis) ypirangensis; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Pleurochrysis ypirangensis; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Santos et al. (2017).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) ypirangensis; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. BRAZIL, São Paulo: São Paulo [Ipiranga].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Ipsiura Linsenmaier, 1959
Ipsiura Linsenmaier, 1959: 74. Type species: Chrysis marginalis Brullé, 1846: 41, by original designation.
Distribution in Brazil. Acre, Alagoas, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe.
Comments. This genus is one of the most species-rich groups of Chrysidini in South America. Ipsiura currently contains 41 valid species (Lucena et al., 2016). This genus is primarily Neotropical, with most species occurring in Central and South America (except Chile), reaching as far north as the southeastern U.S.A. (Bohart, 1985b; Linsenmaier, 1985; Lucena et al., 2016, 2019). Some species are larval parasitoids of solitary wasps of the following genera: Ancistrocerus Wesmael, Ancistroceroides de Saussure, Eumenes Latreille, Pachodynerus de Saussure, Parancistrocerus Bequaert, Stenodynerus de Saussure (Vespidae: Eumeninae), Trypoxylon Latreille (Crabronidae), and Sceliphron Klug (Sphecidae) (Bohart, 1985b; Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Lucena et al., 2016; Nether et al., 2019; Rocha-Filho et al., 2019, 2020; Abrego et al., 2022). Thirty-tree valid species are recorded in Brazil, eight of which are restricted to the Amazon Forest, and six to the Atlantic Forest. Seventeen species are widely distributed, occurring in two or more biomes. Two species are only known from unspecified locations.
Ipsiura affinissima (Ducke, 1903)
Chrysis affinissimaDucke, 1903b: 229. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MPEG # 11062010). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 17.vi.1902, A. Ducke.
Chrysis affinissima; Ducke (1904a, 1907a, 1911a), Nascimento (1979).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) affinissima; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Ipsiura affinissima; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009), Lucena et al. (20162, 2019).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) affinissima; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, Minas Gerais: Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]2, PERU1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest.
Ipsiura assecia (Linsenmaier, 1997)
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) assecia Linsenmaier, 1997: 268. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], September 1965, F. Plaumman.
Ipsiura assecia; generic combination by Lucena et al. (2016).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Ipsiura bisulcata (Ducke, 1902)
Chrysis bisulcataDucke, 1902c: 100. Syntypes (whereabouts unknown). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 14.ix.1901, 19.x.1901, A. Ducke.
Chrysis bisulcata; Ducke (1904a).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) bisulcata; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) bisulcata; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981); Linsenmaier (1985).
Ipsiura bisulcata; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20161, 2019).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Acre: Senador Guiomard [Reserva Catuaba]1, Amazonas: Manicoré [Cachoeira]1, Pará: Belém, Óbidos1.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on two females collected in Belém, Pará state. The whereabouts of the syntypes are unknown.
Ipsiura bohartiana Lucena, 2016
Ipsiura bohartiana Lucena, 2016: 11 (in Lucena et al., 2016). Holotype female (BME). COSTA RICA, Heredia: La Selva 3 km S Puerto Viejo, 02.iv.1985, H.A. Hespenheide.
Ipsiura bohartiana; Lucena et al. (2019), Almeida et al. (2020).
Distribution. COSTA RICA, Heredia: Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui [Estación Biológica La Selva], BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce], São Paulo: Salesópolis [Estação Biológica de Boraceia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Ipsiura boliviana Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura boliviana Bohart, 1985b: 711. Holotype female (NHMUK #969433). BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz: Puerto Grether, 230 m, 25.ix.1981, M. Cooper.
Ipsiura boliviana; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20161, 2019).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) boliviana; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1997).
Distribution. BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz: Puerto Grether, BRAZIL, Rondônia: Ouro Preto D’Oeste1, Vilhena1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, with records from the transition zone between Amazon Forest and Cerrado.
Ipsiura brevispina (Ducke, 1911)
Chrysis brevispinaDucke, 1911a: 102. Lectotype male (MZSP #04400) (by inference of “holotype”), designated by Kimsey & Bohart (1991: 508). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 02.i.1907, A. Ducke.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) brevispina; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis brevispina; Nascimento (1979).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) brevispinosa; incorrect subsequent spelling, generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Ipsiura brevispina; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Rosa (2009), Lucena et al. (2016, 2019), Santos et al. (2017).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) brevispina; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on an unknown number of syntypes, collected in Óbidos, Pará state, in January 1907. Kimsey and Bohart (1991) cited the specimen housed at the MZSP as the holotype (see also Lucena et al., 2016; Santos et al., 2017). Herein, we consider the specimen housed at the MZSP collection as the lectotype by inference of “holotype” (ICZN, 1999: Article 74.6), designated by Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 508). Two paralectotypes are housed at MPEG, one male collected on January 1st, 1907, and a female collected on January 2nd, 1907. Another male collected on January 2nd, 1907, is housed at MSNG. The exact number of paralectotypes is unknown.
Ipsiura catamarcae Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura catamarcae Bohart, 1985b: 713. Holotype female (FML). ARGENTINA, Catamarca: Los Nacimientos de Abajo, 15.i.1969, A. Willink et al.
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) sobrina Linsenmaier, 1985: 474. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, São Paulo. Junior synonym of Ipsiura catamarcae Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Ipsiura catamarcae; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (2016, 2019).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) catamarcae; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1997).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Catamarca: Los Nacimientos de Abajo, BRAZIL, São Paulo.
Ipsiura cooperi Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura cooperi Bohart, 1985b: 714. Holotype female (USNM). COSTA RICA, Cartago: Turrialba, K.W. Cooper.
Ipsiura cooperi; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20161, 2019), Nether et al. (20192).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Paraná: Guarapuava2, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]1, Teodoro Sampaio1, COSTA RICA, Cartago: Turrialba.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Ancistrocerus flavomarginatus (Brèthes), according to Nether et al. (2019).
Ipsiura covillei Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura covillei Bohart, 1985b: 714. Holotype male (BME). COSTA RICA, Heredia: 4 km SE Puerto Viejo, La Selva Biological Station, emerged from Trypoxyllon cocoon 18.iv.1980, R. Coville.
Ipsiura covillei; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009), Lucena et al. (20161, 2019).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tefé, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]1, COSTA RICA, Heredia: Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui [4 km SE Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui, Estación Biológica La Selva], MEXICO, Tamaulipas: Ciudad Victoria [50 mi S Ciudad Victoria], Veracruz: Veracruz, PERU, Jaén: Jaén, VENEZUELA, Aragua: Ocumare de la Costa [21 km N Ocumare de la Costa].
Biome. Amazon Forest, and transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Trypoxylon sp., according to Bohart (1985b).
Ipsiura duckeana Lucena, 2016
Ipsiura duckeana Lucena, 2016: 21 (in Lucena et al., 2016). Holotype female (MPEG). BRAZIL, Rondônia: Ouro Preto D’Oeste, 13–15.xi.1984.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Rondônia: Ouro Preto D’Oeste.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Ipsiura ellampoides (Ducke, 1902)
Chrysis ellampoides Ducke, 1902b: 98. Syntypes (females). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 14.ix.1901 (whereabouts unknown), 19.x.1901, A. Ducke (1<f> NHMB).
Chrysis ellampoides; Ducke (1904a1, 1911a2, partim, synonymy with C. marginalis).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) ellampoides; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913, partim, synonymy with C. marginalis).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) ellampoides; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Linsenmaier (1985).
Ipsiura ellampoides; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Lucena et al. (20163, 2019).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Parintins2, Ceará: Barbalha3, Maranhão: Bom Jardim [Reserva Biológica Gurupi]3, Mato Grosso: Pimentel Barbosa [Rio das Mortes]3, Mato Grosso do Sul: Maracajú3, Pará: Belém1, Óbidos1, Santarém3, São Paulo3, PARAGUAY, Amambay: Pedro Juan Caballero3, SURINAM, Wanica: Lelydorp3, VENEZUELA, Bolivar [“Rio Cuchivero Mantecal”]3.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado, with records from the transition zone between Amazon Forest and Cerrado.
Notes. The species was described based on two syntypes collected in Belém, Pará state, on September 14th, and October 19th, 1901. A female specimen housed at the MNHN collected on July 1st, 1902, from Belém, Pará state, was designated as the lectotype by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 509). However, the specimen does not belong to the type series, thus, it loses its status of lectotype (ICZN, 1999: Article 74.2). According to Obrecht and Huber (1993), one syntype is housed at the NHMB. The whereabouts of the other syntype are unknown.
Ipsiura frieseana (Ducke, 1902)
(Fig. 22)
Male lectotype of Chrysis frieseana Ducke, 1902c [MNHN], designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Not to scale.
Chrysis frieseanaDucke, 1902c: 99. Lectotype male (MNHN), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 509). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 19.viii.1899, A. Ducke.
Chrysis frieseana; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a, 1911a2), Obrecht and Huber (1993).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) frieseana; Bischoff (1910, 1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) friesiana; incorrect subsequent spelling, generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Ipsiura friesiana; incorrect subsequent spelling, generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19913), Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) frieseana; Linsenmaier (19854).
Ipsiura frieseana; Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20165, 2019).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Acre: Senador Guiomard [Reserva Catuaba]5, Amapá: Macapá1, Amazonas: Manaus [EMBRAPA, Reserva Ducke]5, Tefé2, Bahia: Jequié [campus UESB]5, Maranhão: Igarapé Grande [Aldeia Araçu]5, Minas Gerais: Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]5, Pará: Belém1, Bujaru5, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós]1, Óbidos1, Santarém5, São Francisco do Pará [Vila de Jambu-Açu]1, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]5, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]5, Ribeirão Preto [campus da USP]5, Teodoro Sampaio [Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo]5, ECUADOR, Morona-Santiago [Cutucú]3, FRENCH GUYANA, Kourou5, GUAYANA4, PERU4 SURINAM, Paramaribo5.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zones between Amazon Forest and Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Ipsiura genbergi (Dahlbom, 1854)
Chrysis genbergi Dahlbom, 1854: 319. Holotype male (by monotypy) (MZLU). BRAZIL.
Chrysis genbergi; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a,b, 1899, 19011, 1904), Ducke (1901, 1902c, 1904a2, 1907a3, 1911a4).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) genbergi; Mocsáry (18895), Bischoff (1910, 1913), du Buysson (1910b6), Ducke (1913).
Pleurocera (Ipsiura) genbergi; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1959).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) genbergi; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Krombein (1979), Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Bohart and Kimsey (1982), Linsenmaier (1985, 1997).
Ipsiura genbergi; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19917), Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20168, 20199), Evelin et al. (2019), Rocha-Filho et al. (201910).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Chaco: Parque Nacional Del Chaco9, Formosa: Ibarreta8, Tucumán: Trancas8, BOLIVIA, Tarija [Tigüipa]8. BRAZIL, Acre: Rio Branco8, Alagoas: Olho D’água do Casado8, Amapá: Macapá2, Mazagão2, [“Rio da Vila Nova”]2, Amazonas: Barcelos [Vila Carvoeiro]8, Benjamin Constant8, Carauari8, [Rio Japurá]3, São Gabriel da Cachoeira [Serra dos Porcos]8, Tefé3, Bahia: Santa Rita de Cássia8, Goiás4, Maranhão: São Luís4, Mato Grosso: Rondonópolis8, Minas Gerais: Barbacena4, Campos Gerais8, Ituiutaba [Fazenda Experimental UEMG]8, Juiz de Fora8, Passa Quatro8, Uberlândia10, Pará: Alenquer8, Almeirim2 [Rio Arroiolos], Alter do Chão8, Belém2, Bragança8, Bujaru8, Faro8, Fordlândia8, Ilha de Marajó8, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós] 8, Óbidos2, Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque8, Peixe-Boi8, Prainha2, Santarém8, São Francisco do Pará [Vila de Jambu-Açú]2, Tracuateua8, Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia8, Nova Friburgo5, Rio Grande do Sul1, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]8, São Paulo: Araçatuba8, Cajuru [Fazenda Santa Carlota]8, Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]8, Onda Verde [Fazenda São João]8, Paulo de Faria [Estação Ecológica de Paulo de Faria]8, Patrocínio Paulista [Fazenda Santa Cecília]8, Ribeirão Preto [campus USP]8, COLOMBIA [Llanos orientales]8, ECUADOR7, GUYANA8, PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción6, San Pedro [Cororo]8, PERU, Cusco: Cusco8, Loreto: Iquitos4, VENEZUELA, Zulia: La Concepción8.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, with records from the transition zones between Amazon Forest and Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, and Caatinga and Cerrado.
Host.Trypoxylon spp. (label records) (Crabronidae), according to Lucena et al. (2016); Parancistrocerus areatus (Fox) (Vespidae: Eumeninae), according to Rocha-Filho et al. (2019).
Ipsiura goeldii (Ducke, 1907)
Chrysis goeldiiDucke, 1907a: 17. Lectotype male (NHMUK #970910), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 509). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 05.i.1905, A. Ducke.
Chrysis lateralis goeldii; Ducke (1911a).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) albibasalis Mocsáry, 1913: 14. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Amazonas: São Paulo de Olivença. Junior synonym of Chrysis goeldii Ducke, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) goeldii; Bischoff (1913).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) lateralis goeldii; Ducke (1913).
Ipsiura goeldi; incorrect subsequent spelling, generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) goeldi; incorrect subsequent spelling, Linsenmaier (1985).
Chrysis goeldii; Obrecht and Huber (1993), Rosa (2009).
Ipsiura goeldii; Lucena et al. (20161, 2019).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Formosa: Formosa1, Santa Fé: Santa Fé de la Vera Cruz1, BRAZIL, Amazonas: São Paulo de Olivença, Espírito Santo: Santa Tereza1, Minas Gerais: Barbacena1, Passos1, Pará: Faro, Óbidos, Paraná: Araucária1, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]1, São Paulo: Teodoro Sampaio [Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo]1, PARAGUAY, San Pedro: Cororo1, Alto Paraguay1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Notes. The type material of C. albibasalis Mocsáry is probably from São Paulo de Olivença, Amazonas state. This is the same type locality of several bee species described by Friese and deposited at the HNHM (see Nogueira et al., 2017: 124–125).
Ipsiura klugi (Dahlbom, 1854)
(Fig. 23)
Holotype male of Chrysis klugi Dahlbom, 1854 [ZMUC]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis klugi Dahlbom, 1854: 321. Holotype male (ZMUC #0024028). BRAZIL.
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) klugii; incorrect subsequent spelling, Mocsáry (18891), Bischoff (1913).
Chrysis klugi; du Buysson (1898a2, 1899, 1904), Ducke (1901, 1902c, 1907a, 1911a), Brèthes (19023).
Chrysis klugii; incorrect subsequent spelling, Ducke (1904a4).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) cristata Mocsáry, 1913: 13. Holotype male (HNHM). BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande. Junior synonym of Chrysis klugi Dahlbom, according to Linsenmaier (1985).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) klugi; Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) klugi; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Linsenmaier (19855).
Ipsiura klugi; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20166, 2019).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Chaco [“S. Venturi”]3, Jujuy6, Mendoza3, Misiones3, Salta: Tartagal6, Santiago del Estero: Abra Grande6, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Passos6, Poços de Caldas6, Pará: Almeirim4, Belém4, Faro6, Óbidos1, Paraná: Ponta Grossa6, Piauí1, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo6, Rio Grande do Sul: Rio Grande, Santa Catarina: Blumenau1, São Paulo: São Paulo [Ipiranga]6, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne2, PARAGUAY, Caaguazú: Caaguazú6, San Pedro: Cororo [Rio Ypane]6, PERU5, VENEZUELA, Zulia: Machiques de Perijá [El Tucuco]6.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Ipsiura lata Bohart, 1985
Chrysis lateralis Brullé, 1846: 26. Lectotype female (MNHN), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 510). BRAZIL, Paraná: Guaratuba.
Ipsiura lata Bohart, 1985b: 716. Holotype male (MZSP #04396). BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus, 07.ii.1976, R.M. Bohart. Senior synonym of Chrysis lateralis Brullé (junior homonym of C. lateralisDahlbom, 1845), according to Bohart (1985b).
Chrysis lateralis; Mocsáry (18891), du Buysson (1899), Ducke (1901, 1902c, 1903b, 1904a2, 1907a, 1908b, 1911a3, 1913), Brèthes (19024).
Hexachrysis lateralis; du Buysson (1909).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) lateralis; Bischoff (19105).
Pleurocera (Ipsiura) lateralis; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1959).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) lateralis; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Linsenmaier (1985, 1997).
Ipsiura lata; Bohart (1985b6), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20127), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20168, 2019), Santos et al. (2017), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires4, Catamarca: Belén6, Chaco6, Córdoba: Dique Los Molinos [26 km W Dique Los Molinos]6, Córdova: Bialet Massé6, Cosquin6, Entre Ríos: Colón6, Mendoza: Pedregal6, Salta: Cachi6, Tartagal6, San Juan: Pocito6, Santa Fé: Estancia La Noria [Rio San Javier]6, Rosario6, Tucumán: Dique El Cadillal6, Famaillá6, BRAZIL, Alagoas: Olho D’Água do Casado8, Amapá: Macapá6, Amazonas: Manaus6, Bahia: Jequié [campus UESB]7, Milagres8, Ceará: Baturité [Serra de Baturité]3, Pará: Alenquer2, Almeirim2, Belém2, Faro2, Óbidos2, Prainha2, Santarém8, São Francisco do Pará [Vila de Jambu-Açú]2, Paraíba: João Pessoa8, Juazeirinho8, Santa Teresinha [Fazenda Tamanduá]8, Soledade6, Paraná: Guaratuba, Pernambuco: Chã Grande8, Piauí1, Maranhão: Caxias3, Codó3, Mato Grosso6, Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá6, Três Lagoas8, Minas Gerais: Barbacena3, Campos Gerais1, Passos8, Rio Grande do Norte: Serra Negra do Norte [ESEC-Seridó]8, São Paulo: Barueri8, Ibirá8, Ribeirão Preto [campus USP]8, São Paulo6, Sergipe: Canindé de São Francisco8, COLOMBIA1, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne5, PARAGUAY, San Pedro: Cororo [Rio Ypane]6.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, Pantanal, with records from the transition zones between Amazon Forest and Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Ipsiura leucobasis (Mocsáry, 1913)
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) leucobasis Mocsáry, 1913: 12. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Blumenau [“Santa Cruz”].
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) leucobasis; Bischoff (1913).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) leucobasis; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Linsenmaier (1985, 1997).
Ipsiura leucobasis; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20162, 2019).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Córdoba: Córdoba2, Corrientes: Las Marías2, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus2, Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra2, Minas Gerais: Barbacena2, Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]2, Tapira2, Paraná: Curitiba2, Santa Catarina: Blumenau [“Santa Cruz”], Seara [Nova Teutônia]2, São Paulo: Campinas2, São José do Barreiro [Serra da Canastra]2, São Paulo [Ipiranga]2, COSTA RICA, Puntarenas [Parque Nacional Corcovado]2, San José [Parque Nacional Carara]2, MEXICO1, PANAMA Colón2, PARAGUAY, Caaguazú: Caaguazú2, Guairá: Paso Yobai2, Ñeembucú: Tacuaras2.
Biome. Amazon and Atlantic Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on material collected near Blumenau, Santa Catarina state (see Friese, 1899: 138; and Moure et al., 2007: 237).
Ipsiura leucocheila (Mocsáry, 1889)
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) leucocheila Mocsáry, 1889: 408. Lectotype female (HNHM), designated by Bohart in (Bohart and French, 1986: 342). MEXICO.
Chrysis leucocheila; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a1, 1899, 19012), Ducke (1901, 1902c, 1904a3, 1904b, 1907a, 1908b4, 1911a5).
Chrysis leucocheilis; incorrect subsequent spelling or misprint, Ducke (1903b).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) leucocheila; Bischoff (19106, 1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) leucocheila; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Linsenmaier (19857, 1997).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) leucochila; incorrect subsequent spelling or misprint, Bohart (1966).
Ipsiura leucocheila; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20169, 2019).
Distribution. BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz de la Sierra [Jardim Botânico]9, BRAZIL, Amapá: Calçoene3, Amazonas: Tefé5, Ceará: Baturité [Serra de Baturité]4, Quixadá4, Minas Gerais: Barbacena5, Chapada9, Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]9, Pará: Belém3, Faro3, Itaituba3, Óbidos3, Rio de Janeiro: Cantagalo9, Nova Friburgo, Rio Grande do Sul2, Rondônia: Ouro Preto D’Oeste9, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]9, São Paulo: Araçatuba [Rio Jacaritinga]9, Jundiaí [Serra do Japi]9, Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]9, Nazaré Paulista9, Tabatinga [Fazenda Itaquerê]9, COLOMBIA, Distrito Capital: Bogotá9, Meta: San Martín1, COSTA RICA, Heredia: Puerto Viejo de Sarapiqui [La Selva Biological Station]9, GUYANA3, MEXICO, PARAGUAY6, VENEZUELA7.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Ipsiura leucocheiloides (Ducke, 1903)
(Fig. 24)
Female lectotype of Chrysis leucocheiloides Ducke, 1903b [MNHN], designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Not to scale.
Chrysis leucocheiloides Ducke, 1903b: 226. Lectotype female (MNHN), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 510). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 25.ix.1901, A. Ducke.
Chrysis leucocheiloides; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a2, 1911a3), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Rosa et al. (2020).
Chrysis leucochiloides; misprint, Ducke (1907a, 1911a).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) leucocheiloides; Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) leucochiloides; incorrect subsequent spelling, generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) leucocheiloides; Linsenmaier (19854).
Ipsiura leucochiloides; incorrect subsequent spelling, generic combination by Bohart (1985b).
Ipsiura leucocheiloides; Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19915), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Rasmussen and Asenjo (2009), Lucena et al. (20166, 2019), Rosa et al. (2020).
Distribution. BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz: Buena Vista6, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Estirão do Equador [Rio Javari]6, Manicoré [Cachoeira]6, Tefé3, Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra6, Pará: Belém1, Faro6, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós]1, Óbidos2, GUYANA4, PARAGUAY5, PERU, Coronel Portillo: Pucallpa6, Maynas: Iquitos6, Tambopata: Puerto Maldonado6.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest.
Ipsiura lilloi Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura lilloi Bohart, 1985b: 717. Holotype female (FML). ARGENTINA, Tucumán: El Cadillal Reserva Florestal, 20.vi.1973, C. Porter and E. Demarest.
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) aemula Linsenmaier, 1985: 477. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann. Junior synonym of Ipsiura lilloi Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Ipsiura lilloi; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20161, 2019).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) lilloi; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1997).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Misiones: Cataratas del Iguazú, Tucumán [near El Cadillal Reserva Florestal], BRAZIL, Amazonas: Estirão do Equador, Paraná: General Carneiro1, Piraquara1, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]1, Teodoro Sampaio [Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo]1, PARAGUAY, Itapúa: Pirapó.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Ancistrocerus flavomarginatus (Brèthes) (Vespidae: Eumeninae), according to Lucena et al. (2016).
Ipsiura longiventris (Ducke, 1907)
Chrysis longiventris Ducke, 1907a: 17. Lectotype female (MZSP #04471), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 510). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 11.i.1905, A. Ducke.
Chrysis longiventris; Ducke (1911a), Obrecht and Huber (1993).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) longiventris; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) longiventris; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Linsenmaier (1985).
Ipsiura longiventris; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Lucena et al. (2016, 2019), Santos et al. (2017).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Ipsiura marginalis (Brullé, 1846)
Chrysis marginalis Brullé, 1846: 41. Holotype female (MNHN). FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne, C.M. Leprieur.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) marginalis; Mocsáry (18891), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis marginalis; du Buysson (1898a, 1899), Ducke (1911a).
Pleurocera (Ipsiura) marginalis; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1959).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) marginalis; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Bohart and Kimsey (1982), Linsenmaier (1985).
Ipsiura marginalis; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19912), Lucena et al. (20163, 2019), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Parintins [Vila Bela da Imperatriz]1, Pará: Óbidos3, Oriximiná [Boca do Cuminá-Mirim]3, Santarém3, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne, PARAGUAY, Itapúa: Alto Verá3, Paraguarí: Sapucai3, SURINAM2.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Ipsiura myops (du Buysson, 1904)
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) myops du Buysson, 1904: 264. Holotype female (MNHN). ARGENTINA, Tucumán, P. Girard.
Chrysis myops; Ducke (1911a1).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) subtruncata Mocsáry, 1912: 577. Holotype female (HNHM). BRAZIL, Minas Gerais. Junior synonym of Chrysis myops du Buysson, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) myops; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) myops; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981); Linsenmaier (1985).
Ipsiura myops; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19912), Lucena et al. (20163, 2019), Nether et al. (20194), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) dehyalinata Linsenamier, 1985: 470. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann. Junior synonym of Chrysis myops du Buysson, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Corrientes: Ituzaingó3, Jujuy: San Pedro de Jujuy3, Salta: Pocitos3, San Juan: Pocito3, Tucumán, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Araxá3, Barbacena1, Paraná: General Carneiro3, Guarapuava4, Palmeira3, Santa Catarina: Porto União3, Seara [Nova Teutônia]3, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]3, Nova Europa [Fazenda Itaquerê]3, PANAMA2, URUGUAY, Tacuarembó3.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Ancistrocerus flavomarginatus (Brèthes) (Vespidae: Eumeninae), according to Lucena et al. (2016), and Nether et al. (2019); Trypoxylon agamemnon (Richards), T. lactitarse (Saussure) (Crabronidae), according to Lucena et al. (2016).
Ipsiura nigriventer Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura nigriventer Bohart, 1985b: 717. Holotype male (BME). MEXICO, Oaxaca: 23 mi S Matías Romero, 14.viii.1963, F.D. Parker and L.A. Stange.
Ipsiura nigriventer; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20161, 2019), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Iranduba [Ramal do Caldeirão]1, Mato Grosso do Sul: [Rio Caraguatá], Minas Gerais: Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]1, Pará: Óbidos1, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]1, COSTA RICA, Guanacaste: Cañas1, MEXICO, Michoacán: Apatzingán [11 mi E Apatzingán], Oaxaca: Matías Romero [23 mi S Matías Romero], Yucatán: Chichén-Itzá, U.S.A., Texas: McAllen Hidalgo [Botanical Garden]1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Notes. The geographic record previously cited as “Rio Caraguana”, Mato Grosso state (Bohart, 1985b; Lucena et al., 2016), corresponds to Rio Caraguatá, Mato Grosso do Sul state. Several insects collected by F. Plaumann were obtained from this location (see Marinoni et al., 1992).
Ipsiura oaxacae Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura oaxacae Bohart, 1985b: 718. Holotype male (BME). MEXICO, Oaxaca: 23 mi S Matías Romero, 14.viii.1963, F.D. Parker and L.A. Stange.
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) dissedidentata Linsenmaier, 1985: 478. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL. Junior synonym of Ipsiura oaxacae Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Ipsiura oaxacae; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (2016, 2019).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) oaxacae; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1997).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], MEXICO, Oaxaca: Matías Romero [23 mi S Matías Romero].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Ipsiura obidana Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura obidana Bohart, 1985b: 718. Holotype female (BME). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 17.xii.1907, A. Ducke.
Ipsiura obidana; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20161, 2019).
Distribution. BOLIVIA, Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz de la Sierra [Jardim Botânico], BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus1, Pará: Canaã dos Carajás1, Óbidos, Rondônia: Ouro Preto D’Oeste1, Roraima [Ilha de Maracá Rio Uraricoera]1.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Ipsiura obidensis (Ducke, 1903)
(Fig. 25)
Male lectotype of Chrysis obidensis Ducke, 1903b [MNHN], designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Not to scale.
Chrysis obidensis Ducke, 1903b: 231. Lectotype male (MNHN), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 511). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 29.vii.1902, A. Ducke.
Chrysis obidensis; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a, partim, synonymy with C. lateralis, 1911a, partim, synonymy with C. lateralis), du Buysson (1904, 19062), Obrecht and Huber (1993).
Chrysis anisitsii Brèthes, 1908: 09. Lectotype female (MACN), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 511). PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción, January 1906, Anisits. Junior synonym of Chrysis obidensis Ducke, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Hexachrysis anisitsi Bischoff, 1910: 486. Lectotype female (MFN), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 511). PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción, Anisits. Junior synonym of Chrysis obidensis Ducke, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) lateralis obidensis; Ducke (1913).
Chrysis (Hexachrysis) obidensis; Bischoff (1913).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) obidensis; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981); Linsenmaier (1985).
Ipsiura obidensis; generic combination by Bohart (1985b); Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19913), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Lucena et al. (20164, 2019).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza: Chacras de Coria2, Salta: Tartagal4, Santa Fé4, BOLIVIA3, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus4, Bahia: Jequié [campus UESB]4, Ceará: Baturité4, Maranhão: Caxias4, Codó4, Minas Gerais: Barbacena4, Pará: Alenquer1, Almeirim4, Faro4, Óbidos, Prainha4, Rio Grande do Norte: Mossoró [Fazenda Santa Júlia]4, Rondônia [Madeira-Mamoré]4, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]4, Paulo de Faria [Estação Ecológica Paulo de Faria]4, Teodoro Sampaio [Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo]4, EL SALVADOR3, PARAGUAY, Distrito Capital: Asunción, Guairá: Villarrica4.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Ipsiura prolixa Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura prolixa Bohart, 1985b: 718. Holotype male (BME). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 03.i.1907, A. Ducke.
Ipsiura prolixa; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20161, 2019).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Conceição da Barra1, Minas Gerais: Alpinópolis1, Pará: Óbidos, Paraná: Telêmaco Borba1, São Paulo: São Paulo, GUYANA, Cuyuni-Mazaruni: Bartica1, PERU, Leoncio Prado: Tingo María [Rio Huallaga]1, SURINAM, Paramaribo [Ma Retraite]1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest.
Host.Eumenes spp. (label records), according to Lucena et al. (2016).
Ipsiura spiculella Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura spiculella Bohart, 1985b: 719. Holotype male (BME). BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Barbacena, 25.x.1905, A. Ducke.
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) superleucocheila Linsenmaier, 1985: 470. Holotype female (NMLU). BOLIVIA, Santiago. Junior synonym of Ipsiura spiculella Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Ipsiura spiculella; Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Lucena et al. (20162, 2019).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) spiculella; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1997).
Distribution. BOLIVIA [“Santiago”], BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Barbacena, PARAGUAY, Guairá: Villarrica1.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Ipsiura surinamensis (Linsenmaier, 1985)
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) surinamensis Linsenmaier, 1985: 468. Holotype female (NMLU). SURINAM: Brokopondo, Afobaka, Schneble.
Ipsiura surinamensis; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19911); Lucena et al. (2016, 2019).
Distribution. BRAZIL1, SURINAM, Brokopongo: Affobakka, VENEZUELA1.
Ipsiura teutoniaca (Linsenmaier, 1985)
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) teutoniaca Linsenmaier, 1985: 469. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], Plaumann.
Ipsiura teutoniaca; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Lucena et al. (2016).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Ipsiura tropicalis Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura tropicalis Bohart, 1985b: 719. Holotype male (BME). MEXICO, Morelos: 5 mi E Cuernavaca, 28.iii.1962, L.A. Stange.
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) amaurotica Linsenmaier, 1985: 470. Holotype male (NMLU). BRAZIL, Pará. Junior synonym of Ipsiura tropicalis Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Ipsiura tropicalis; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20161, 2019), Menezes et al. (20172), Rocha-Filho et al. (20203).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) tropicalis; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1997).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) tropicalis amaurotica; Linsenmaier (1997).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Jujuy: La Soledad1, Salta: Tartagal1, San Juan: Pocito1, Santa Fé: Soledad1, Santiago del Estero: Abra Grande [“Orãn”]1, Tucumán1, BOLIVIA [“Sunchal”]1, BRAZIL, Amazonas [Rio Tarumã Mirim]1, Tefé1, Bahia: Jequié [campus UESB]1, Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa1, Mato Grosso: Cáceres1, Minas Gerais: Barbacena1, Patrocínio1, Pará: Faro1, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós]1, Óbidos1, Santarém [Lago Grande da Vila Franca]1, Paraná: Ponta Grossa1, Roraima [Ilha de Maracá]1, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]1, São Paulo: Araçatuba1, Juquiá1, Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]1,2, Ribeirão Preto3 [campus USP]1, Teodoro Sampaio [Parque Estadual Morro do Diabo]1, Sergipe: Canindé de São Francisco1, COLOMBIA, Distrito Capital: Bogotá [El Porvenir]1, Meta1, COSTA RICA, San José, Guanacaste: Cañas [Hacienda Pacífica], ECUADOR, Sucumbíos: Reserva Biológica Limoncocha1, Santa Cecilia1, PANAMA [Rio Trinidad], MEXICO, Morelos: Cuernavaca [5 mi E Cuernavaca], Oaxaca: Matías Romero Avendaño [Palomares], Veracruz: Córdoba, Minatitlán, SURINAM, Paramaribo1, Wanica: Lelydorp1, VENEZUELA, Aragua: Cagua1, El Limon1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, with records from the transition zones between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Ancistroceroides cf. atripes (Fox) (Vespidae: Eumeninae), according to Rocha-Filho et al. (2020).
Ipsiura venezuelae Bohart, 1985
Ipsiura venezuelae Bohart, 1985b: 720. Holotype male (USNM). VENEZUELA, Zulia: 6 km W La Concepción, 18.vi.1976, A. Menke and D. Vincent.
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) schlaeflei Linsenmaier, 1985: 474. Holotype female (NMLU). VENEZUELA, Carabobo: San Joaquín, Schlaefle. Junior synonym of Ipsiura venezuelae Bohart, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Neochrysis (Ipsiura) venezuelae; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1997).
Ipsiura venezuelana; incorrect subsequent spelling, Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Ipsiura venezuelae; Lucena et al. (20161, 2019).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus [Reserva Ducke]1, Pará: Belém1, Roraima: [Ilha de Maracá]1, COSTA RICA, Limón: Limón [Hacienda Tapezco], Tortuguero [29 km W Tortuguero], ECUADOR, Guayas: Balao Chico [near Guayaquil], VENEZUELA, Aragua: Cagua, Ocumare de la Costa, Carabobo: San Joaquín, Zulia: La Concepción [6 km W La Concepción], Machiques [31 km SW Machiques], Maracaibo.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Neochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959
Neochrysis Linsenmaier, 1959: 73. Type species: Chrysis punctatissima Spinola, 1840: 200 (= Chrysis carinaBrullé 1846: 35), by original designation. Junior homonym of C. punctatissimaVillers, 1789.
Distribution in Brazil. Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.
Comments. Like other closely related Neotropical chrysidines (i.e., Exochrysis and Ipsiura), this genus is primarily Neotropical, with most of its twenty valid species recorded across Central and South America (except Chile), reaching as far north as southern Arizona (e.g.,Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Lucena et al., 2019). Hosts include species of Trypoxylon (Crabronidae) and Sceliphron (Sphecidae) (Ducke, 1903a; Coville, 1981; Garcia and Adis, 1995; Nether et al., 2019). Currently, 13 valid species are recorded in Brazil. Three species are restricted to the Amazon Forest, and three to the Atlantic Forest. Five other species are widely distributed, occurring in two or more biomes, and two are only known from unspecified locations.
Neochrysis argentina (Brèthes, 1908)
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) argentina Brèthes, 1908: 08. Holotype female (MACN). ARGENTINA, Misiones.
Chrysis argentina; Ducke (1910b1, 1911a2).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) argentina; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) argentina; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Linsenmaier (1985).
Neochrysis argentina; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Zanella and Lucena (2014).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Misiones, BRAZIL, Ceará: Caridade1, Maranhão: Codó2, Minas Gerais: Barbacena2.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado.
Host.Ducke (1911a) cited three females collected while flying nearby nests aggregation of solitary bee Acamptopoeum prinii (Holmberg) (Andrenidae).
Neochrysis bubba Kimsey, 1985
Neochrysis bubba Kimsey, 1985: 278. Holotype female (BME). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], February 1974, F. Plaumann.
Neochrysis bubba; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Favretto et al. (2013), Lucena and Almeida (20221).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Paraná: Curitiba, Piraquara, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], São Paulo: Itirapina1.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Neochrysis cameroni (du Buysson, 1900)
(Fig. 26)
Holotype female of Chrysis cameroni du Buysson, 1900 [MNHN]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis cameroni du Buysson, 1900: 144. Holotype female (MNHN EY25541). BRAZIL, Bahia, 1899, Donckeir.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) duckei Mocsáry, 1902: 343. Holotype male (HNHM). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 26.iv.1899, A. Ducke. Junior synonym of Chrysis cameroni du Buysson, according to Ducke (1907a).
Chrysis cameroni; du Buysson (1904), Ducke (1904a1, partim, synonymy with C. duckei, 1907a2, 1911a).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) cameroni; Bischoff (1910, 1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) cameroni; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1981); Linsenmaier (1985).
Neochrysis cameroni; Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19913), Rasmussen and Asenjo (20094), Zanella and Lucena (2014).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) striafoveata Linsenmaier, 1985: 438. Holotype female (NMLU). PERU, Huánuco: Tingo María, Weyrauch. Junior synonym of Chrysis cameroni du Buysson, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tefé2, Bahia, Pará: Belém, Óbidos1, PANAMA3, PARAGUAY3, PERU, Huánuco: Tingo María, Junín4.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Neochrysis carina (Brullé, 1846)
(Fig. 27)
Holotype female of Chrysis fasciata Fabricius, 1804 nec Olivier, 1790 [ZMUC]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis fasciata Fabricius, 1804: 175. Syntypes (ZMUC). GUYANA, Essequibo, Smidt. Junior homonym of Chrysis fasciata Olivier, 1790.
Chrysis punctatissima Spinola, 1840: 200. Syntypes (MRSN). FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne. Junior homonym of Chrysis punctatissima Villers, 1789. Junior synonym of Chrysis fasciata Fabricius, according to Dahlbom (1854).
Chrysis carina Brullé, 1846: 35. Syntypes (whereabouts unknown). FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne. Junior synonym of Chrysis fasciata Fabricius, according to Mocsáry (1889).
Chrysis fasciata; Dahlbom (1854), Aaron (1885), Cameron (18881).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) punctatissima; Mocsáry (18892), Bischoff (19103, 1913), Ducke (1913).
Chrysis punctatissima; Dalla Torre (1892), du Buysson (1898a4,b, 18995, 1901, 1904, 19066), Ducke (1904a7, 1907a, 1911a).
Chrysis carina; du Buysson (1898a), Brèthes (19028, 19089).
Chrysis guedesi Ducke, 1903a: 135. Syntypes (males and females) (MPEG, NHMB). BRAZIL, Amapá: Calçoene, November 1901, A. Ducke; Pará, Ilha do Marajó [Campos], January 1899; Ilha de Mexiana, September 1901, M. Guedes and G. Hagmann. Junior synonym of Chrysis carina Brullé, according to Ducke (1904a).
Trichrysis punctatissima; du Buysson (1909).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) punctatissima; generic combination by Linsenmaier (1959, 1985, 1997), Krombein (1979).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) carina; generic combination by Bohart (1966), Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Bohart and Kimsey (1982).
Neochrysis carina; Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Rosa (2009), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Rosa and Xu (2015), Lucena et al. (201910), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: La Plata4,8, Chaco [“S. Venturi”]8, Córdoba: Córdoba10, Corrientes: Ituzaingó10, Entre Ríos: Chajarí10, Jujuy9, Mendoza: Chacras de Coria6, Santa Rosa6, Misiones9, Salta: Rosário de Lerma10, San Juan: Zonda10, San Tiago del Estero: San Tiago del Estero10, Santa Fé4, Tucumán3, BOLIVIA, El Beni: Moxos5, Santa Cruz: Chiquitos, BRAZIL, Amapá: Calçoene7, Amazonas10, Goiás10, Minas Gerais: Araçuaí10, Mato Grosso: Corumbá10, Pará: Alenquer7, Almeirim [Rio Arraiolos]7, Belém10, Ilha do Marajó7, Ilha de Mexiana7, Óbidos3,7, Santarém2, Paraíba: Santa Teresinha [Fazenda Tamanduá]10, Paraná2, Pernambuco2, Rio de Janeiro: Resende10, Rio de Janeiro [Instituto Oswaldo Cruz]10, Rio Grande do Sul: Pelotas10, Santa Catarina: Blumenau2, Seara [Nova Teutônia]10, São Paulo: Juquiá10, FRENCH GUYANA, Cayenne, GUATEMALA, San Jerónimo1, GUYANA, Essequibo, MEXICO1, PANAMA1, PARAGUAY6, URUGUAY, Montevideo2.
Biome. Recorded in all six Brazilian biomes.
Host.Sceliphron fistularium (Dahlbom) (Sphecidae), according to Ducke (1903a, 1904a).
Notes.Chrysis fasciata Fabricius necOlivier (1790) was described based on an unknown number of syntypes (type locality cited as “America meridionali”). A couple was located at the ZMUC collection. The male (ZMUC #00241220) was collected by Smidt in Essequibo province, Guyana. The female (ZMUC #00241221) has no location label. The male was labeled by R.M. Bohart as the lectotype. The lectotype designation though was never published. Chrysis carina Brullé was described based on an unknown number of syntypes collected in Cayenne, French Guyana. Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 515) cited the MSNG as the depository, although no specimen was found in that collection (Rosa, 2009). Chrysis guedesi Ducke was described based on an unknown number of syntypes (males and females), collected in diverse localities and dates across Amapá and Pará states, northern Brazil (collectors A. Ducke, M. Guedes, and G. Hagmann). We located four syntypes at the MPEG collection (HHY 11062004, HHY 11062005, HHY 11062006, HHY 11062007), and another female syntype is deposited in the NHMB (Obrecht and Huber, 1993).
Neochrysis catarinensis Linsenmaier, 1985
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) catarinensis Linsenmaier, 1985: 441. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Neochrysis catarinensis; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Nether et al. (20191).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Paraná: Guarapuava1, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Host.Trypoxylon agamemnon (Richards), according to Nether et al. (2019).
Neochrysis confusa (Ducke, 1911)
(Fig. 28)
Lectotype male of Chrysis confusa Ducke, 1911a [MNHN], designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Chrysis confusa Ducke, 1911a: 103. Lectotype male (MNHN EY25550), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 515). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 02.vii.1907, A. Ducke.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) confusa; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis confusa; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19911).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) confusa; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA1, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Rio Japurá, Pará: Óbidos, MEXICO1.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on an unknown number of syntypes (males and females), collected by A. Ducke, in the Rio Japurá, Amazonas state, and Óbidos, Pará state (no dates were specified). R.M. Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 515) designated a male syntype housed at MNHN as lectotype. The specimen was collected in Óbidos on July 02nd, 1907. A female paralectotype from Óbidos, collected in 1904 is housed at MPEG (Nascimento, 1979).
Neochrysis deuteroleuca (Mocsáry, 1912)
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) deuteroleuca Mocsáry, 1912: 578. Holotype male (HNHM). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Blumenau [“Santa Cruz”].
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) deuteroleuca; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis deuteroleuca; generic combination by Kimsey (1985); Kimsey and Bohart (19911).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) deuteroleuca; Linsenmaier (1985).
Distribution. ARGENTINA1, BOLIVIA1, BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Blumenau [“Santa Cruz”], URUGUAY1.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on material collected near Blumenau, Santa Catarina state (see Friese, 1899: 138; and Moure et al., 2007: 237).
Neochrysis goyasensis (du Buysson, 1904)
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) goyasensis du Buysson, 1904: 264. Holotype male (MNHN EY25548). BRAZIL, Goiás, 1900, E. André.
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) goyasensis; Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis goyasensis; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Goiás.
Neochrysis inseriata (Mocsáry, 1902)
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) inseriata Mocsáry, 1902: 342. Holotype male (HNHM). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 17.vi.1899, A. Ducke.
Chrysis glabriceps Ducke, 1903b: 227. Holotype female (MNHN). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, 30.iii.1900, A. Ducke. Junior synonym of Chrysis inseriata Mocsáry, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Chrysis inseriata; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a2, 1911a).
Trichrysis glabriceps; du Buysson (19093).
Chrysis glabriceps; Ducke (1911a4).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) inseriata; Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) inseriata; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Linsenmaier (1985).
Neochrysis inseriata; Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19915), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20196), Lucena and Almeida (20227).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Entre Ríos: Pronunciamiento6, Mendoza3, Salta: El Gólgota6, BOLIVIA, Beni: Rio Iténez6, BRAZIL, Amapá6, Amazonas: Manaus6, Rio Japurá2, Bahia6, Ceará: Quixadá4, Minas Gerais: Barbacena4, Pará: Belém1, Faro2, Óbidos2, Paraíba: Patos6, Santa Teresinha [Fazenda Tamanduá]6, Paraná: Guarapuava7, São Paulo: São Sebastião [Parque Estadual de Ilha Bela]7, COSTA RICA, Guanacaste: Cañas6, EL SALVADOR, La Libertad: Quezaltepeque6, MEXICO5, PARAGUAY, San Pedro: Cororo6.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga.
Neochrysis lecointei (Ducke, 1907)
Chrysis lecointei Ducke, 1907a: 13. Syntypes (MPEG, MSNG). BRAZIL, Pará: Óbidos, December 1904 and January 1905, A. Ducke; Pará: Santarém [Lago Grande de Vila Franca], February 1905, P. Le Cointe.
Chrysis lecointei; Ducke (1911a, partim, synonymy with C. punctatissima Spinola).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) lecointei; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Linsenmaier (1985).
Neochrysis lecointei; Coville (19811), Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Garcia and Adis (19952), Rosa (2009), Torretta (20153), Lucena et al. (20194), Lucena and Almeida (20225).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) consectata Linsenmaier, 1985: 439. Holotype female (NMLU). ARGENTINA, Entre Ríos. Junior synonym of Chrysis lecointei Ducke, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Hortensia3, Córdoba: Alta Gracia4, Entre Ríos, Santiago del Estero [Rio Salado]4, Tucumán [Horco Molle]4, BRAZIL, Acre: Rio Branco4, Amazonas: Manaus4 [Ilha da Marchantaria, INPA, Rio Solimões]2, Pará: Óbidos, Santarém [Lago Grande de Vila Franca], Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro4, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]4, São Paulo: Cajuru [Fazenda Santa Carlota]4, COSTA RICA, Guanacaste: Cañas1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) nitidum schulthessi Richards (Crabronidae), according to Coville (1981); Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) rogenhoferi Kohl, according to Garcia and Adis (1995); Trypoxylon sp., according to Torretta (2015).
Notes.Ducke (1907a) described the species based on an unknown number of syntypes (males and females), collected by him between December 1904 and January 1905 in Óbidos, Pará state. Other specimens were collected by P. Le Cointe, in February 1905 at Lago Grande de Vila Franca (Santarém municipality, Pará state). We found three syntypes from Óbidos at the MPEG collection (HHY 11062019, HHY 11062020, HHY 11062021). Additionally, a couple is housed at MSNG (Rosa, 2009).
Neochrysis paraensis (Ducke, 1903)
(Fig. 29)
Male lectotype of Chrysis paraensis Ducke, 1903b [MZSP], designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Metasoma, dorsal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Head, frontal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Chrysis paraensis Ducke, 1903b: 227. Lectotype male (MZSP # 04483), designated by Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 516). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 06.vi.1902, A. Ducke.
Chrysis paraensis; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a2, 1911a).
Chrysis (Tetrachrysis) paraensis; Ducke (1913).
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) paraensis; generic combination by Bohart (1966); Kimsey and Bohart (1981), Linsenmaier (1985).
Neochrysis paraensis; Kimsey (1985), Kimsey and Bohart (19913), Obrecht and Huber (1993), Rosa (2009), Santos et al. (2017), Rosa et al. (2020).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tefé2, Pará: Belém1, SURINAM3.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on an unknown number of syntypes (males), collected by A. Ducke, in Belém, Pará state (no dates were specified). R.M. Bohart (in Kimsey and Bohart, 1991: 516) designated a male syntype housed at MZSP as the lectotype. Paralectotypes with same collection information are housed at MPEG (Nascimento, 1979), NHMB (Obrecht & Huber, 1993), and NHMV and HNHM (Rosa et al. 2020).
Neochrysis planidorsa Linsenmaier, 1985
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) planidorsa Linsenmaier, 1985: 440. Holotype female (NMLU). BRAZIL, São Paulo.
Neochrysis planidorsa; Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. BRAZIL, São Paulo.
Neochrysis tysis Kimsey, 1985
Neochrysis tysis Kimsey, 1985: 278. Holotype female (USNM). VENEZUELA, Aragua: Ocumare de la Costa, 12.vi.1976, Menke and Vincent.
Neochrysis (Neochrysis) transstriata Linsenmaier, 1985: 454 (NMLU). SURINAM, Paramaribo, Schneble. Junior synonym of Neochrysis tysis Kimsey, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Neochrysis tysis; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20191), Lucena and Almeida (20222).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amazonas: Manaus1, Minas Gerais1, São Paulo: Cajuru1, Rio Grande do Norte: Martins [Serra de Martins]2, Patu2, COLOMBIA, Antioquia: Medellín, SURINAM, Paramaribo, VENEZUELA, Aragua: Ocumare de la Costa.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Caatinga, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Elampini
These wasps are mostly larval parasitoids of ground-nesting aculeate hymenopterans (e.g.,Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). Although these wasps are found worldwide, the highest diversity is recorded in the arid parts of the Nearctic and Palearctic regions. The Elampini are comparatively rarer than Chrysidini, usually with fewer specimens in the Brazilian collections. Currently, 20 species are recorded in Brazil, distributed in seven genera.
Elampus Spinola, 1806
ElampusSpinola, 1806: 10. Type species: Chrysis panzeri Fabricius, 1804: 172, designated by Latreille (1810: 437).
EllampusAgassiz, 1847: 135. Unjustified emendation of ElampusSpinola, 1806.
Notozus Förster, 1853: 351. Type species: Notozus frivaldszkii Förster, 1853: 332, designated by Ashmead (1902: 228). Junior synonym of Elampus Spinola, according to Huber and Pengelly (1978).
Distribution in Brazil. Bahia, Ceará, Minas Gerais, Pará, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.
Comments.Elampus roughly comprise 60 valid species in the world, with the highest diversity found in the Nearctic and Palearctic regions (e.g.,Huber and Pengelly, 1978; Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). Little is known about the biology of these minute wasps, but some species were recorded as nest-parasites of ground-nesting Crabronidae (e.g.,Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). Although widespread in the world, the diversity of Elampus is comparatively low in the Neotropical region, with most species rarely represented in the collections (Lucena and Gomes, 2016; Lucena et al., 2022). Three species are recorded in Brazil: one is widespread in the country, one is restricted to the Amazon Forest, and another is known from a single record in the Atlantic Forest.
Elampus aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901
Ellampus (Notozus) aequinoctialis Ducke, 1901: 359. Lectotype female (MPEG HHY 11062003), designated by Lucena and Gomes (2016: 560). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 25.vii.1901, A. Ducke.
Ellampus aequinoctialis; Ducke (1904a1).
Elampus gayi Spinola; partim, synonymy with E. aequinoctialis, Ducke (1910b2, 1911a, 1913), Lucena and Gomes (20163).
Notozus aequinoctialis; Bischoff (1910, 1913).
Elampus aequinoctialis; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena et al. (20224).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Bahia: Jequié3, Ceará: Baturité4, Caridade2, Minas Gerais: Passa Quatro3, São Gonçalo do Rio das Pedras3, Santa Vitória4, Pará: Belém1, Itaituba1, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]4, São Paulo: Itirapina [Estação Ecológica de Itirapina]4, Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]3, Teodoro Sampaio3,4.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zones among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado.
Elampus macuxi Lucena, 2016
Elampus macuxi Lucena, 2016: 560 (in Lucena and Gomes, 2016). Holotype male (MZSP #04675). BRAZIL, Roraima: Pacaraima [Surumu], September 1966, M. Alvarenga and F.M. Oliveira.
Elampus macuxi; Santos et al. (2017).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Roraima: Pacaraima [Surumu].
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Elampus pulchricollis Ducke, 1911
Ellampus pulchricollis Ducke, 1911a: 113. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MPEG HHY 11062002). BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Barbacena, 24.x.1905, A. Ducke.
Ellampus pulchricollis; Ducke (1913), Nascimento (1979).
Notozus pulchricollis; generic combination by Bischoff (1913).
Elampus pulchricollis; Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Lucena and Gomes (2016), Lucena et al. (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Barbacena.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Exallopyga French, 1985
Exallopyga French, 1985: 620. Type species: Hedychrum jenseni du Buysson, 1909: 196, by original designation.
Distribution in Brazil. Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Distrito Federal, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo.
Comments. This Neotropical genus includes three valid species (French, 1985). There are no records of hosts for this genus. Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron) is the most widespread species in South America and is the sole one recorded in Brazil; it is found in the Amazon Forest, along the east coast in the Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado (Lucena et al., 2022).
Exallopyga guatemalensis (Cameron, 1888)
Hedychridium guatemalense Cameron, 1888: 459. Lectotype female (NHMUK), designated by French (1985: 623). GUATEMALA, Alta Verapaz [Panzós], “Zapote”.
Chrysis andrei Mocsáry, 1889: 215. Holotype male (MNHN). BRAZIL. Junior synonym of Hedychridium guatemalense Cameron, according to French (1985).
Holopyga guatemalensis; Mocsáry (1889), Dalla Torre (1892).
Holopyga kohli du Buysson, 1901: 100. Holotype female (MNHN). BRAZIL. Junior synonym of Hedychridium guatemalense Cameron, according to French (1985).
Holopyga (Hedychridium) pallidolimbata Ducke, 1903a: 133. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MNHN EY25530). BRAZIL, Pará: Itaituba [Rio Tapajós], 17.viii.1902, A. Ducke. Junior synonym of Hedychridium guatemalense Cameron, according to French (1985).
Hedychridium guatemalense; Bischoff (1913).
Exallopyga guatemalensis; generic combination by French (19851); Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Zanella and Lucena (20142), Lucena and Almeida (20223), Lucena et al. (20224).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires: Moreno1, Entre Ríos: Pronunciamiento1, Misiones: San Antonio1, Iguazu National Park1, Tucumán: San Miguel de Tucumán [Horco Molle]1, Salta: San Ramón de la Nueva Orán [“Río Pescado”]1, BRAZIL, Amapá: Macapá [São Joaquim do Pacuí]4, Amazonas: Barcelos [Parque Nacional do Jaú]4, Manaus [Embrapa Ocidental, Reserva Adolpho Ducke]4, Bahia: Ilhéus4, Ceará: Baturité4, Distrito Federal: Planaltina4, Maranhão: Bom Jardim [Reserva Biológica do Gurupi]4, Mato Grosso: Sinop1, Minas Gerais: Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]3, Pará: Alenquer4, Belém1, Itaituba [Rio Tapajós], Tucuruí1, Paraíba: Santa Teresinha [Fazenda Tamanduá]2, Rio de Janeiro: Rio de Janeiro [Floresta da Tijuca, Represa Rio Grande]1, Mangaratiba [Ilha de Jaguanum]1, São Paulo: Cosmópolis1, Itirapina [Estação Ecológica de Itirapina]3,4, Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]3,4, Rio Claro [Horto Florestal]4, COSTA RICA, Cartago: Turrialba1, Heredia: Puerto Viejo [La Selva, 4 km SE Puerto Viejo]1, Guanacaste: Santa Rosa1, COLOMBIA, Meta: La Macarena1, GUATEMALA, Alta Verapaz: Panzós, San Francisco: Finca Moca Grande1, PANAMA, Panama: Barro Colorado1, PARAGUAY, San Pedro: Cororo (Río Ypané)1, SURINAM, Nickerie: Stondansi1, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO1, VENEZUELA, Bolívar: Paraitepuy1.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, with records from the transition zones between Amazon Forest and Cerrado, and among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado.
Hedychridium Abeille de Perrin, 1878
HedychridiumAbeille de Perrin, 1878: 03. Type species: Hedychrum minutumLepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1806: 122 (= Chrysis ardensCoquebert de Mombret, 1801), designated by Ashmead (1902).
Several synonyms. See Kimsey and Bohart (1991), and Rosa et al. (2023).
Distribution in Brazil. São Paulo.
Comments. This genus constitutes the second most species-rich group within Chrysididae in a world basis, roughly with more than 260 valid species distributed worldwide, except for the Australian region (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). The biology of Hedychridium wasps is poorly known, with only few reliable host records (see the commented list by Pauli et al., 2019; their Online Supplementary Material). The highest diversity of this genus is found in the arid parts of the Holarctic region and southern Africa (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). Currently, one species is recorded in southeastern Brazil in a transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado (Lucena, 2018).
Hedychridium periotoi Lucena, 2018
Hedychridium periotoi Lucena, 2018: 353. Holotype female (RPSP #00003044). BRAZIL, São Paulo: Itirapina [Estação Ecológica de Itirapina], 26–28.xi.2016, Almeida, Porto, Lucena, Gibran and Yoshida.
Hedychridium periotoi; Almeida et al. (2020), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, São Paulo: Itirapina [Estação Ecológica de Itirapina], Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí].
Biome. Transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Lucena (2018) cited some females collected while flying near nest aggregations of Oxybelus sp. (Crabronidae), but no incursions were visualized.
Hedychrum Latreille, 1802
HedychrumLatreille, 1802: 317. Type species: Chrysis lucidulaFabricius, 1775: 358 (= Sphex nobilisScopoli, 1763), by monotypy.
Cymura Dahlbom, 1845: 04. Type species: Cymura splendida Dahlbom, 1845: 04 (= Hedychrum coelestinumSpinola 1838), by monotypy. Junior synonym of Hedychrum Latreille, according to Dahlbom (1854).
WollmanniaMocsáry, 1909: 02. Type species: Wollmannia concinnaMocsáry, 1909: 02, by original designation. Junior synonym of Hedychrum Latreille, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution in Brazil. Ceará, Maranhão, Pará, Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo.
Comments. This genus contains more than 150 described species worldwide. Like other Elampini, the highest diversity of Hedychrum is found in the Palearctic region (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). Some species are known as nest parasites of beewolves (Crabronidae: Philantinae) (e.g.,Strohm et al., 2008; and references therein). There is no record of hosts for the Neotropical species. Currently, three species are recorded in Brazil. One species is known from an unspecified location in Brazil; another species is apparently widespread across South America; and a third species is known from the Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Lucena et al., 2022).
Hedychrum brasilianum Dahlbom, 1854
Hedychrum brasilianum Dahlbom, 1854: 59. Holotype male (MRSN). BRAZIL, D. Buquet.
Hedychrum brasilianum; Mocsáry (1889), Dalla Torre (1892), Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Rosa and Xu (2015), Lucena et al. (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL.
Hedychrum neotropicum Mocsáry, 1889
Hedychrum neotropicum Mocsáry, 1889: 164. Holotype female (MLUH). BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo.
Hedychrum neotropicum; du Buysson (18911, 1898a2, 1899, 19093), Dalla Torre (1892), Ducke (1904a4, 1907a5,b, 1911a6,b, 1913), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena and Melo (2018), Lucena et al. (20227).
Hedychridium neotropicum; generic combination by Bischoff (1910); Bischoff (1913).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza3, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tabatinga5, Maranhão: Codó6, Pará: Alenquer4, Itaituba4, Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo4, São Paulo: Caraguatatuba7, Ubatuba7, MEXICO, Guanajuato1, Veracruz: Orizaba2, PERU, Maynas: Iquitos6.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado.
Hedychrum oxente Lucena & Zanella, 2022
Hedychrum oxente Lucena & Zanella, 2022: 212 (in Lucena et al., 2022). Holotype female (UFMG #1201713). BRAZIL, Paraíba: Prata, PA Zé Marcolino/Anselmo, 07°38′3.74″S 37°1′24.98″W, 17.ix.2010, A. Silva.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Ceará: Baturité, Ubajara, Paraíba: Prata.
Biome. Caatinga.
Holophris Mocsáry, 1890
Holophris Mocsáry, 1890: 51. Type species: Ellampus (Holophris) marginellus Mocsáry 1890: 51, by original designation.
Distribution in Brazil. Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio Grande do Sul, São Paulo.
Comments. Species of this genus are mostly found in tropical portions of Afrotropical, Australian, Neotropical, and Oriental regions (e.g.,Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Rosa et al., 2016). Nothing is known about their biology. Six species are found in the Neotropical region, and half of those are recorded to Brazil (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). One species is known from northern Brazil in the Amazon Forest; another species is widespread in Brazil, from Rio Grande do Sul state in southmost Brazil reaching the northern region in the Amazonas and Pará states; and a third species has been recorded in an unspecified location.
Holophris albolimbatus (Ducke, 1908)
(Fig. 30)
Syntype female of Ellampus (Ellampus) albolimbatus Ducke, 1908a [MNHN]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Ventral habitus; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Ellampus (Ellampus) albolimbatusDucke, 1908a: 52. Syntypes (females). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, C.F. Baker (1<f> MNHN #25538); Óbidos, i.1907 (whereabouts unknown); BELIZE, C.F. Baker (whereabouts unknown).
Ellampus albolimbatus; Ducke (1911a, 1913), Bischoff (1913).
Holophris albolimbatus; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (1991); Lucena et al. (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, Óbidos, BELIZE.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on an unknown number of specimens collected in Belize and Brazil. According to Ducke (1908a), two specimens collected by C.F. Baker and sent to him were collected in an unspecified location in Belize and Belém, Pará state (dates of collection were not specified). One specimen is listed as collected in Óbidos in January 1907. One syntype is housed at MNHN. The exact number of syntypes and their whereabouts are unknown.
Holophris huberi (Ducke, 1901)
Ellampus (Ellampus) huberi Ducke 1901: 356. Holotype female (by monotypy) (MNHN EY25537). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 23.vii.1901, A. Ducke.
Ellampus huberi; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a2, 1911a3, 1913), Bischoff (1913), Obrecht and Huber (1993).
Holophris huberi; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19914); Lucena and Almeida (20225), Lucena et al. (20226).
Distribution. ARGENTINA4, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Japurá2, Manaus [Fazenda Esteio]6, Bahia: Jequié6, Espírito Santo: Linhares [Reserva Biológica Sooretama]6, Minas Gerais: Barbacena3, Belo Horizonte [campus UFMG Pampulha]6, Pará: Belém1, Óbidos2, Rio Grande do Sul: Viamão [Parque Estadual de Itapuã]6, São Paulo: Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]5, Itirapina [Estação Ecológica de Itirapina]6, Ribeirão Preto [campus USP]6, Teodoro Sampaio6, PARAGUAY4, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO4, VENEZUELA4.
Biome. Amazon Forest, Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zones among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Pampa.
Holophris punctatifrons (Bischoff, 1910)
Philoctetes punctatifrons Bischoff, 1910: 437. Holotype male (MFN, destroyed). COLOMBIA, Cundinamarca: “Bogotá”, A. Lindig .
Philoctetes punctatifrons var. scutellaris Bischoff, 1910: 438. Holotype male (MFN, destroyed). PARAGUAY, San Bernadino, 23.ii., K. Fiebrig. Junior synonym of Philoctetes punctatifrons Bischoff, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Holophris punctatifrons; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19911).
Distribution. ARGENTINA1, BRAZIL1, COLOMBIA, Cundinamarca: “Bogotá”, PARAGUAY, Cordillera [San Bernadino], PERU1.
Notes.Kimsey and Bohart (1991) interpreted H. punctatifrons as a widespread species, occurring in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Paraguay, and Peru, but no specific locations were indicated. According to Kimsey and Bohart (1991), the Bischoff’s holotypes housed at MFN were destroyed during the World War II.
Holopyga Dahlbom, 1845
Holopyga Dahlbom, 1845: 04. Type species: Holopyga amoenula Dahlbom, 1845: 04, designated by Ashmead (1902).
Pseudhedychrum Abeille de Perrin, 1879: 27. Type species: Chrysis fervidaFabricius 1781: 456, designated by Bodenstein (1939). Junior synonym of Holopyga Dahlbom, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Oar Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1954 (in Semenov-Tian-Shanskij and Nikol’skaya, 1954: 142). Type species: Oar globulus Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1954: 144, by original designation. Junior synonym of Holopyga Dahlbom, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Psacas Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1954 (in Semenov-Tian-Shanskij and Nikol’skaya, 1954: 143). Type species: Psacas meda Semenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1954: 143, by original designation. Junior synonym of Holopyga Dahlbom, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Halopyga; incorrect subsequent spelling, Tournier (1878).
Distribution in Brazil. Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Sul, Sergipe.
Comments. This genus roughly contains 100 valid species distributed worldwide. Usually, its species are large heavy-bodied wasps (few exceptions), which attack ground-nesting Crabronidae (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). The sole confirmed host record for the Brazilian species is Solierella minarum Ducke attacked by Holopyga wagnerella du Buysson (Rocha-Filho et al., 2019). Currently, seven species are cited with occurrence in Brazil (Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Lucena et al., 2022). One species is known from northeastern Brazil in the Caatinga, two species are widespread occurring in two or more biomes, two are known from transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, and two have been reported from unspecified locations.
Holopyga boutheryi Brèthes, 1902
Holopyga boutheryi Brèthes, 1902: 267. Holotype male (MACN). ARGENTINA, San Juan.
Holopyga respublicana Mocsáry, 1914: 03. Holotype male (NHMUK). NICARAGUA. Junior synonym of Holopyga boutheryi Brèthes, according to Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Holopyga boutheryi; du Buysson (19091), Bischoff (1913), Kimsey and Bohart (19912).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Mendoza1, San Juan, BOLIVIA2, BRAZIL2, NICARAGUA, URUGUAY2.
Holopyga iheringi du Buysson, 1901
Holopyga iheringi du Buysson, 1901: 99. Holotype female (NHMW). BRAZIL, Rio Grande do Sul, Ihering.
Holopyga iheringi; du Buysson (19041, 1910a2), Bischoff (1913), Ducke (1913), Bohart and Kimsey (1982, partim, synonymy with H. luzulina), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena et al. (20223).
Holopyga iheringia; incorrect subsequent spelling, Lucena and Melo (2018).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Santiago del Estero [Chaco]2, BRAZIL, Goiás: Jataí1, Minas Gerais: Passos3, Pernambuco: Igarassu [Usina São José]3, Rio Grande do Sul: Candiota [Chácara da Hortec]3, Pântano Grande3, Tenente Portela [Parque Turvo]3, Quaraí [Estância S. Roberto]3, COLOMBIA1.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, Pampa, with records from the transition zones among Atlantic Forest, Caatinga, and Cerrado.
Holopyga lunae Lucena, 2022
Holopyga lunae Lucena, 2022: 222 (in Lucena et al., 2022). Holotype male (RPSP #00012449). BRAZIL, Sergipe: Canindé de São Francisco [Santa Maria], 20.vi.2005, Debora Moura.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Alagoas: Piranhas [Poço da Ingazeira], Sergipe: Canindé de São Francisco [Cana Brava, Poço Verde, Santa Maria].
Biome. Caatinga.
Holopyga lazulina Dahlbom, 1854
Holopyga luzulina Dahlbom, 1854: 49. Lectotype male (MNHU), designated by Rosa and Xu (2015: 61). BRAZIL.
Hedychrum cressoniNorton, 1879: 239. Holotype female (by monotypy) (ANSP #10388). MEXICO. Junior synonym of Holopyga luzulina Dahlbom, according to Bohart and Kimsey (1982).
Hedychridium miliare Cameron, 1888: 459. Holotype female (NHMUK #970962). GUATEMALA, San Jerónimo, Champion. Junior synonym of Holopyga luzulina Dahlbom, according to Bohart and Kimsey (1982).
Holopyga torosa Mocsáry, 1889: 139. Holotype female (MFT, destroyed). BRAZIL. Junior synonym of Holopyga luzulina Dahlbom, according to Bohart and Kimsey (1982).
Holopyga lazulina; emendation, corrected to the original intended name by Mocsáry (18891); Dalla Torre (1892), Brèthes (19022, 1908), Ducke (1913), Krombein (1979).
Holopyga luzulina; incorrect subsequent spelling, Bohart and Kimsey (19824), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Rosa and Xu (2015), Lucena and Almeida (20225), Lucena et al. (20226).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Buenos Aires1,2, La Pampa2, Mendoza1,2, BRAZIL, São Paulo: Ribeirão Preto5,6, CUBA4, GUATEMALA, Baja Verapaz: San Jerónimo, MEXICO, Guanajuato4, Jalisco4, Nayarit4, Zacatecas4, U.S.A., Arizona: Santa Cruz [14 mi sw. Sonoita]4, Illinois: Jackson [Carbondale]4, Maryland: Montgomery [Colesville]4, Texas: Brazos4, Brewster [Big Bend National Park]4, Starr [5 mi n. Roma]4, VENEZUELA4.
Biome. Transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Notes.du Buysson (1898a, 1899, 1901, 1910a) cited H. lazulina Dahlbom from Chile. These records do not correspond to H. lazulina but a yet undescribed species (DAAL, person. observation).
Holopyga piliventris Ducke, 1907
Holopyga piliventris Ducke, 1907b: 95. Lectotype male (MZSP #04578), designated by Lucena et al. (2022: 225). BRAZIL, Maranhão: Codó, 22.vi.1907, A. Ducke.
Holopyga piliventris; Ducke (1908b1, 1910b2), Mocsáry (1914), Kimsey and Bohart (19913), Zanella and Lucena (2014), Lucena et al. (20224).
Holopyga kohli var. piliventris; du Buysson (1910a), Ducke (1913).
Holopyga wagnerella var. piliventris; Ducke (1914).
Distribution. ARGENTINA3, BOLIVIA3, BRAZIL, Bahia: Jequié [campus UESB]4, Ceará: Baturité [Serra de Baturité]1,4, Caridade2,4, Crateús4, Maranhão: Caxias, Codó4, Paraíba: Sumé [Sítio Pitombeira]4, COLOMBIA3, PARAGUAY3.
Biome. Caatinga, Cerrado.
Holopyga ujhelyiana Mocsáry, 1914
Holopyga ujhelyiana Mocsáry, 1914: 07. Lectotype female (HNHM), designated by French (in Bohart and French, 1986: 341). COLOMBIA, Baranquilla, iii.1912, J. Ujhelyi.
Holopyga ujkelyiana; incorrect subsequent spelling, Kimsey and Bohart (19911), Lucena et al. (2022).
Distribution. ARGENTINA1, BRAZIL1, COLOMBIA, Atlântico: Barranquilla, Magdalena: Aracataca, VENEZUELA1.
Holopyga wagnerella du Buysson, 1904
Holopyga wagneriella du Buysson 1904: 255. Syntypes. ARGENTINA, Santiago del Estero: La Palisa 5 km N Brucho, 1903, E.R. Wagner (MNHN?).
Holopyga wagnerella; emendation, corrected to the original intended name by du Buysson (19061, 1909, 1910a); Ducke (19142), Rocha-Filho et al. (20193), Lucena and Almeida (20224), Lucena et al. (2022).
Holopyga wagneriella; incorrect subsequent spelling, Bischoff (1913), Kimsey and Bohart (1991).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Santiado del Estero: La Palisa [5 km N Brucho], Mendoza: Chacras de Coria1, Santa Rosa1, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Passa Quatro2,4, Uberlândia3.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, with record from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Host.Solierella minarum Ducke (Crabronidae), according to Rocha-Filho et al. (2019).
Notes. The name “Holopyga Wagneriella” appears just once on the heading of the species description. No other mention to this name is presented in the original work. Thereafter, the name “Holopyga Wagnerella” was recurrently cited by du Buysson (1906, 1909, 1910a), clearly indicating an emendation to original intended name. The species was described based on an unknown number of specimens collected in Argentina, Santiago del Estero (La Palisa 5 km N Brucho, 1903, E.R. Wagner). One specimen housed at MNHN, collected in Brazil, Minas Gerais, Passa Quatro (1903, E.R. Wagner) has a handwritten label “Type” by R. Du Buysson (MNHN #3400). However, this specimen does not belong to the original type series, thus, it has no status of type.
Muesebeckidium Krombein, 1969
Muesebeckidium Krombein, 1969: 352. Type species: Hedychrum obsoletumSay, 1836: 284, by original designation.
Distribution in Brazil. Amapá, Pará, Paraíba.
Comments. This genus contains four valid species solely known from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions (Krombein, 1969; Bohart and Kimsey, 1982; Lucena et al., 2022). Nothing is known about their biology. Two species are recorded in Brazil, one is known from the Amazon Forest, and another is known from northeastern Brazil in the Caatinga biome (Lucena et al., 2022).
Muesebeckidium clemensi Lucena & Zanella, 2022
Muesebeckidium clemensi Lucena & Zanella, 2022: 229 (in Lucena et al., 2022). Holotype female (RPSP #00012453). BRAZIL, Paraíba: São José do Sabugi, Serra do Brejinho, 29.iv.2001, F.C.V. Zanella.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Paraíba: São José do Sabugi.
Biome. Caatinga.
Muesebeckidium paraense (Ducke, 1901)
(Fig. 31)
Syntype female of Ellampus (Holophris) paraensis Ducke, 1901 [MNHN]; head and other body parts detached from the specimen but glued to a label associated with it. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Pieces of the specimen glued to a pinned card; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Metasoma, dorsal view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Ellampus (Holophris) paraensis Ducke, 1901: 358. Syntypes (females). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 08.vii.1901, A. Ducke (whereabouts unknown), 10.vii.1901, A. Ducke (MNHN), and 22.vii.1901, A. Ducke (NHMB).
Ellampus paraensis; Ducke (1904a1, 1907a2, 1911a, 19133).
Holopyga paraensis; generic combination by du Buysson (1910a).
Muesebeckidium paraense; generic combination by Kimsey and Bohart (19914); Lucena et al. (2022).
Muesebeckidium paraensis; incorrect subsequent spelling, Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amapá: Oiapoque2, Pará: Belém1, Bragança3, FRENCH GUYANA4.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on three females collected in Belém, Pará state (08, 10, and 22 July 1901). One syntype is housed at MNHN (#25529), and another at the NHMB (Obrecht and Huber, 1993; Lucena et al., 2022). The whereabouts of the third syntype are unknown.
Cleptinae
This small subfamily is composed of enigmatic and rarely collected wasps. Cleptinae are parasitoids of prepupal larvae of Tenthredinoidea sawflies (e.g.,Kimsey and Bohart, 1991). Three genera are recognized: Cleptes (widespread, with single species recorded in South America), Cleptidea (Neotropical), and Lustrina (Oriental). Currently, only Cleptidea is recorded in Brazil.
Cleptidea Mocsáry, 1904
Cleptidea Mocsáry, 1904: 567. Type species: Cleptes aurora Smith, 1874: 452, by original designation.
Distribution in Brazil. Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraná, Santa Catarina, São Paulo.
Comments. This Neotropical genus comprises twenty valid species (Kimsey, 1981, 1986b; Kimsey and Bohart, 1991; Móczár 1996a, b; Lucena et al., 2021). Little is known about this taxon. There is no record of hosts published for this genus, though Ducke (1904a) reported several specimens of C. mutilloides (Ducke) flying around cacao crops infested by unidentified tenthredinids. Kimsey (1986b) also reported females of C. panamensis Kimsey flying around bushes heavily infested with the sawfly Erythraspides interstitialis (Cameron) (Tenthredinidae). Eight species are known to Brazil, half are restricted to the Amazon Forest, two to Atlantic Forest, and two species have been found in the transition zones between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Cleptidea aurora (Smith, 1874)
(Fig. 32)
Male lectotype (by inference of “holotype”) of Cleptes aurora var. robustior Ducke, 1913 [MZSP]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Cleptes aurora Smith, 1874: 452. Lectotype female (NHMUK #970933), designated by Kimsey (1986b: 106). BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tefé [“Ega”].
Cleptes aurora; Dalla Torre (1892), Ducke (1911a1, 1913).
Cleptidea aurora; generic combination by Mocsáry (19042); Ducke (1907a), Kimsey (19813, 1986b), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Móczár (1996a, 1996b4).
Cleptes aurora var. robustior Ducke, 1913: 30. Lectotype male (by inference of “holotype”) (MZSP #04582), designated by Kimsey & Bohart (1991: 69). Junior synonym of Cleptes aurora Smith, according to Kimsey (1986b).
Distribution. BOLIVIA, La Paz: Mapiri2, BRAZIL, Amazonas: Tefé [Rio Japurá]1, Pará: Faro1, Óbidos3,4, COLOMBIA: Putumayo: Mocoa3, ECUADOR3.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes.Ducke (1913) described Cleptes aurora var. robustior based on an unknown number of syntypes, collected in Faro, Pará state (no dates were specified). We found four specimens in the MPEG, one female and two males collected on February 08th, 1910, and a female collected on February 20th, 1910. Another male collected on February 08th, 1910 is housed at the MZSP collection (MZSP #04582). Kimsey and Bohart (1991) cited the specimen housed at the MZSP as the holotype (see also Santos et al., 2017). Herein, we consider the specimen housed at the MZSP as the lectotype by inference of “holotype” (ICZN, 1999: Article 74.6), designated by Kimsey and Bohart (1991: 69). Therefore, the specimens housed at MPEG are hereinafter to be considered as paralectotypes. The exact number of paralectotypes is unknown.
Cleptidea dubuyssoni (Ducke, 1904)
Cleptes aurora var. buyssoni Ducke, 1904b: 99. Holotype male (by monotypy) (MNHN). BRAZIL, Amapá: Oiapoque, 18.i.1904, A. Ducke.
Cleptidea buyssoni; generic combination by Ducke (1907a); Kimsey (1981).
Cleptes buyssoni; Ducke (1911a).
Cleptes aurora var. dubuyssoni Ducke, 1913: 12. Replacement name for Cleptes buyssoni Ducke, 1904b. Junior homonym of Cleptes buyssoniSemenov-Tian-Shanskij, 1892.
Mesitius neotropicusBrues, 1914: 119. Holotype male (MCZ #28775). GUYANA, Bartica. Junior synonym of Cleptes buyssoni Ducke, according to Móczár (1996a).
Cleptidea dubuyssoni; Kimsey (1986b1), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Móczár (1996a, 1996b2).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amapá: Oiapoque, Amazonas: Tabatinga1, Pará: Óbidos1, GUYANA, Cuyuni-Mazaruni: Bartica2, SURINAM, Marowijne: Moengo [Cottica River, Saramacca River]1, [“Kwadoegron”, “Doven”]1, VENEZUELA, Aragua: El Limón [Pozo del Diablo]2, Maracay2, Carabobo: Canoabo2.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Cleptidea fasciata (Dalman, 1823)
Cleptes fasciataDalman, 1823: 90. Lectotype female (NHRS #000001082), designated by Móczár (1996b: 136). BRAZIL.
Cleptes fasciata; Dahlbom (1845, 1854).
Cleptes fasciatus Dahlbom; description according to Dahlbom, Smith (1874), Mocsáry (1889).
Cleptes fasciatus Dalman; Dalla Torre (1892), Ducke (1913).
Cleptes fasciata Dahlbom; description according to Dahlbom, Ducke (1911a).
Cleptidea fasciata; generic combination by Mocsáry (1904); Ducke (1907a), Kimsey (19811, 1986b2), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Móczár (1996a, 1996b3), Rosa and Vårdal (2015), Lucena et al. (20214), Lucena and Almeida (20225).
Cleptidea propodealis Kimsey, 1986b: 322. Holotype female (BME). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], November 1957, F. Plaumman. Junior synonym of Cleptes fasciata Dalman, according to Móczár (1996b).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Tucumán: San Miguel de Tucumán [Horco Mole]1,2, BRAZIL, Minas Gerais: Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]4, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia]1,2,3,4,5.
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Cleptidea magnifica Ducke, 1904
(Fig. 33)
Holotype male of Cleptidea magnifica Ducke, 1904b [MNHN]. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, C), 0.5 mm (B).
Cleptidea magnifica Ducke, 1904b: 99. Holotype male (by monotypy) (MNHN #25512). BRAZIL. Amapá: Oiapoque, 05.vi.1904, A. Ducke.
Cleptidea magnifica; Ducke (1907a1), Kimsey (19812, 1986b), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Móczár (1996a, 1996b3).
Cleptes magnificus; generic combination by Ducke (1911a2); Ducke (1913).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Amapá: Oiapoque, Amazonas: Tabatinga1,2, Pará: Óbidos2, FRENCH GUIANA, Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni [Bas Maroni]2,3.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Cleptidea mutilloides (Ducke, 1902)
(Fig. 34)
Syntype male of Cleptes mutilloides var. minor Ducke, 1913 [MPEG]; metasoma missing. A. Lateral habitus, left view; B. Head, frontal view; C. Dorsal habitus; D. Labels associated with the specimen. Not to scale.
Cleptes mutilloides Ducke, 1902a: 204. Lectotype male (NHMV), designated by Rosa et al. (2020: 85). BRAZIL, Pará: Belém, 28.v.1901, A. Ducke.
Cleptidea mutilloides; generic combination by Mocsáry (1904); Ducke (1904a1, 1907a), Kimsey (19813, 1986b), Kimsey and Bohart (1991), Móczár (1996a, 1996b), Lucena and Melo (2018), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena and Almeida (2022).
Cleptes mutilloides; Ducke (1911a2, 1913).
Cleptes mutilloides var. minor Ducke, 1913: 12. Syntypes. BRAZIL, Pará: Faro, A. Ducke. Junior synonym of Cleptes mutilloides Ducke, according to Kimsey (1986b).
Distribution. ARGENTINA, Tucumán: San Miguel de Tucumán [Horco Mole]3, BRAZIL, Pará: Belém1, Faro2,3.
Biome. Amazon Forest.
Notes. The species was described based on two males collected in Belém, Pará state (cacao crops) on March 20th, 1900, and May 28th, 1901. The second was designated by Rosa et al. (2020) as the lectotype. The whereabouts of the paralectotype are unknown. Additional comments on the Ducke’s type materials and images of the lectotype for C. mutilloides Ducke were provided by Rosa et al. (2020). Ducke (1913) described Cleptes mutilloides var. minor based on an unknown number of syntypes (males and females) collected in Faro, Pará state (no dates were specified). We located a male at the MPEG collection, collected in Faro on February 19th, 1910 (HYM 11061986). The whereabouts and the exact number of syntypes are unknown.
Cleptidea nordestina Lucena, 2021
Cleptidea nordestina Lucena, 2021: 76 (in Lucena et al., 2021). Holotype female (RPSP #00008960). BRAZIL, Bahia: Jequié, campus II UESB, Malaise III, 11.v.2007, Silva-Jr JC and cols.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Bahia: Jequié [campus UESB].
Biome. Transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Caatinga.
Notes.Lucena et al. (2021: 78) reported three unidentified males from Maranhão state (collected on July 06th, 1987, lacking collector’s name and specific location). These specimens represented new records of the genus Cleptidea for northeastern Brazil. However, they could not assign these males neither to C. nordestina or other species because the specimens were poorly preserved (lacking appendices, altered coloration, and their collapsed metasomae).
Cleptidea xantha Kimsey, 1986
Cleptidea xantha Kimsey, 1986b: 323. Holotype female (BME). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia], November 1974, F. Plaumann.
Distribution. BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Seara [Nova Teutônia].
Biome. Atlantic Forest.
Cleptidea xanthomelas (Mocsáry, 1889)
Cleptes xanthomelas Mocsáry, 1889: 36. Lectotype female (HNHM), designated by Kimsey (1981: 806). BRAZIL, Santa Catarina: Blumenau.
Cleptes xanthomelas; Dalla Torre (1892), Ducke (1904a, 1911a, 1913).
Cleptidea xanthomelas; generic combination by Mocsáry (1904); Ducke (1907a), Kimsey (1981, 1986b1), Móczár (1996a, 1996b2), Lucena and Melo (2018), Rosa et al. (2020), Lucena et al. (20213), Lucena and Almeida (20224).
Distribution. BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa [Estação Biológica de Santa Lúcia]3,4, Minas Gerais: Marliéria [Parque Estadual do Rio Doce]3,4, Santa Bárbara3,4, São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo3,4, Paraná: Campina Grande do Sul1, Virmond2, Rio de Janeiro: Teresópolis1, Santa Catarina: Blumenau, Seara [Nova Teutônia]1,2,4, São Paulo: São Roque4, Luiz Antônio [Estação Ecológica Jataí]3,4.
Biome. Atlantic Forest, with records from the transition zone between Atlantic Forest and Cerrado.
Concluding remarks
Since Ducke’s (1913) catalog, no other comprehensive work focused on the Brazilian cuckoo wasp fauna has been produced. The present catalog lists more than 260 species-group names, including 159 valid species (with great amount of detailed taxonomic and bibliographic information to each species). This catalog is expected to be a major source for everyone working directly with systematics, taxonomy, and biology of cuckoo wasps in Brazil. Future sampling of different regions is expected to raise the number of species currently recorded in Brazil and will help to refining the geographic range of species. An electronic version of the catalog is under preparation and frequently updated (Lucena, 2023: http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/fauna/faunadobrasil/2132), with most species already being searchable online. We are the first to agree that there is still controversy regarding synonyms, as there are still numerous new chrysidid species to be described. We expect that this work will serve as a basis and inspiration for further detailed revisions, particularly for taxonomically challenging groups in the Neotropical region.
Acknowledgments
We are genuinely grateful to all curators of the depositories listed in the Material and Methods who kindly gave us access to type-specimens information, loaned specimens under their stewardship or allowed us to study type-specimens in their collections. We are particularly grateful to Seán G. Brady (National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., U.S.A.) and Lynn S. Kimsey (University of California, Davis, U.S.A.) for hosting and supervising DAAL during his internships. We are grateful to Gabriel A. R. Melo and André S. Martins for critically reviewing the manuscript and providing constructive suggestions that greatly improved this work. We are thankful to Nelson R. Sanjad and Rodrigo O. de Paiva (MPEG), and to Heloisa M. B. Domingues (Museum of Astronomy and related Sciences - MAST/MCTI) for sharing literature on Ducke’s scientific contributions. We are greatly indebted to Agnièle Toure-Alby and Claire Villemant (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France) and Lars Vilhelmsen (University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark) for providing access to the Hymenoptera collections and provided assistance and access to the type-material deposited there. We are thankful to Gabriela Camacho, Alvaro Doria dos Santos, and Henrique Pereira Moleiro (Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil) for their assistance to locate specimens in the MZSP collection.
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Funding
This work was primarily funded by São Paulo Research Foundation: FAPESP grant numbers 2013/01195-0, 2014/12407-0, 2015/12326-3, 2017/25081-4, 2022/00251-2, 2018/09666-5, 2019/09215-6. Additional funding for this research came from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq (fellowship #150593/2022-8 to DAAL); ITV/MPEG/FADESP/Pará (fellowship #23013/2023 to RSG); and the support by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. We are thankful to the REFAUNA Program that made available important information and photos of types deposited at MNHN.
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Edited by
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Associate Editor:
Rodrigo Gonçalves
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
11 Nov 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
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Received
26 Apr 2024 -
Accepted
12 Aug 2024
