Key to the Australasian and Oceanian genera of Muscidae (Diptera)

Chave para os gêneros de Muscidae da Australásia e da Oceania (Diptera)

SYSTEMATICS, MORPHOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY

Key to the Australasian and Oceanian genera of Muscidae (Diptera)

Chave para os gêneros de Muscidae da Australásia e da Oceania (Diptera)

Márcia Souto Couri¹

Departamento de Entomologia, Museu Nacional, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brazil

ABSTRACT

A key to 51 Australasian and Oceanian genera of Muscidae is given. The Catalogue of Australasian and Oceanian Diptera and its on line version last reviewed in May 2007 were used as taxonomic guides. Some more recently synonyms and taxonomic changes were updated. For each genus, a brief diagnosis, number of valid species in these regions and comments, when pertinent, are also included. Some morphological diagnostic characteres are illustrated in order to help the use of the key.

Keywords: Australasian and Oceanian regions; identification; taxonomy.

RESUMO

Uma chave para 51 gêneros de Muscidae (Diptera) da Australásia e Oceania é apresentada. O catálogo de Diptera da Australásia e da Oceania e sua versão online com última revisão em maio de 2007 foram utilizados como guias taxonômicos. Alguns sinônimos e mudanças taxonômicas mais recentes foram acrescentados. Para cada gênero são incluídos uma breve diagnose, o número de espécies válidas para estas regiões e comentários, quando pertinentes. Alguns caracteres morfológicos diagnósticos são ilustrados para facilitar a utilização da chave.

Palavras-Chave: Australasia e Oceania; identificação; taxonomia.

The taxonomic knowledge of the Australasian and Oceanian muscids can be found both in individual revisions as in synoptic contributions. Pont (1989) summarized these contributions, which are herein updated: keys to genera (Malloch 1925 and Emden 1965); key to Coenosiini genera and revision of Pygophora Schiner (Crosskey 1962); key and revision of Mydaeinae genera (Vockeroth 1972), revison of the tribe Dichaetomyiini (Pont 1969a), key and revision of the genera with a facial carina (Pont 1969b), revision of Pectiniseta Stein (Pont 1972) and revision of Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve (Pont 1974a). Other contributions for restricted areas are: Australia (many contributions by Malloch and Pont; see Pont 1989); Fiji (Bezzi 1928); Hawaii (Hardy 1981); Lord Howe and Norfolk Islans (Pont 1973b); Maluku (Malloch 1929a), Marquesas (Malloch 1932); Micronesia (Snyder 1965); Papua New Guinea (Shinonaga & Kano 1984; Shinonaga & Pont 1988), Samoa (Malloch 1929b) and New Caledonia (list of species by Shinonaga et al. 1991). More recently, Shinonaga (2005) studied the Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy of New Guinea; Couri et al. (2010) revised the muscids from New Caledonia; and revisions of the muscids from Vanuatu and Fiji are in final preparation by Pont & Couri and by Couri, Pont & Daugeron, respectively.

The printed version of the Australasian catalogue (Pont 1989) listed 640 species in 51 genera, totalizing almost 910 names. The on line version of the catalogue last reviewed in May 2007 (Pont 2007) listed 728 (plus nine unplaced species) species in 52 genera, totalizing almost the same number of names. One of the genus listed, Mesembrina Meigen was unsuccessfully introduced to Fiji and no longer occurs in the region (Pont 1989: 677) and the genus Pectinseta Stein was synonymized with Lispocephala Pokorny by Couri & Pont (2000), so the total number of genera recorded from the regions is 50. Certainly much still remains to be known on the muscid fauna of these regions, especially because of their known richness and endemism. Presently, about 65% of the recorded genera are represented for less than 10 species, while Limnophora and Lispocephala Pokorny are represented for more than 100 species, because of the recent revisions, respectively of Hardy (1981) and Shinonaga (2005) where many new species were described.

For the present key, the Catalogue of Australasian and Oceanian Diptera (Evenhuis 1989) and its on-line version last reviewed in May 2007 (to family Muscidae) were used as taxonomic guides, to which, the more recently synonyms and taxonomic changes were updated. Table I summarizes the valid muscid genera recorded from the Australasian and Oceanian regions by subfamily and the number of valid species. Carvalho et al. (2005) was used for general classification. As a result, the 50 recorded genera are keyed. For each genus, a brief diagnosis, number of valid species in these regions and comments, when pertinent, are also included. Some morphological diagnostic characters are illustrated in order to help the use of the key. The key is based (parts modified) on previous keys, descriptions and diagnosis as Vockeroth (1972), Pont (1969b, 1973a, 1974b,), Couri & Pont (1999); Carvalho & Couri (2002); Couri & Carvalho (2002), Couri et al. (2006), Nihei & Carvalho (2009) and Couri et al. (2010).

The morphological terminology follows McAlpine (1981); special characters of Atherigona, such as the trifoliate process, follows Pont (1986) and Pont & Magpayo (1995). "Postpedicel" is used for "antennal flagellomere", following Stuckenberg (1999).

Key to the Australasian and Oceanian genera of Muscidae

1.

Proboscis usually elongated, strongly sclerotized; labela reduced; mouth-parts modified into a piercing organ; prosternum and anepimeron setulose; arista with long hairs on the dorsal surface and bare on ventral or, at most with 3-4 ventral cilia (except in Haematobosca, with hairs in both surfaces) .......................... 2

Proboscis retractile, not modified into a piercing organ, faintly or moderately sclerotized; prosternum and anepimeron setulose or bare; arista bare, with short hairs or plumose ................................................................................... 4

2.

Palpus about as long as proboscis (Fig. 1) ................................................. 3

Palpus shorter than half the length of proboscis; 2 species ... Stomoxys Geoffroy

3.

Arista with dorsal and ventral hairs; notopleuron with covering setulae; proepisternal depression setulose or bare; general body color from yellow to black; body length between 3.5-9.0 mm; 1 species ........... Haematobosca Bezzi

Arista with dorsal hairs only; notopleuron without covering setulae (but setae present); proepisternal depression bare; general body color with dense grey and olive pollinosity; body length between 2.0-5.0 mm; 2 species .................................................. Haematobia Le Peletier and Serville

4.

Head angular in profile; antenna long; antennal insertion above mid-level of eye (Fig. 2); presutural dorsocentral setae very short and fine, almost indistinct from the covering setulae; 55 species ...................................... Atherigona Rondani

Head shape not as above; antennal insertion below mid level of eye; presutural dorsocentral setae developed or not differentiated from the covering setulae ... 5 5. Inferior calypter enlarged, subtruncate posteriorly and with the anteromedian angle extending below base of scutellum (Fig. 3) ........................................ 6 Inferior calypter glossiform, at most a litlle enlarged, not extending below base of scutellum ........................................................................................... 11 6.

Body black or bluish-black, not metallic shining green or blue; stem vein on lower surface bare after humeral vein; mid tibia without a ventral seta ................... 7

Body shining metallic green or blue; stem vein on lower surface with 1-4 setulae after humeral vein; mid tibia with a strong ventral seta .............................. 10 7. Stem vein on upper surface with 1-3 setulae in basal part (Fig. 4); vein M with an angular forward bend towards vein R₄₊₅ (Fig. 5); 10 species ........................................................................... Musca Linnaeus Stem vein bare on upper surface in basal part, vein M with a smoothly rounded forward curve towards vein R₄₊₅ (Fig. 6) ................................................... 8 8. Pair of strong postocellar setae present; scutelum with 3 strong pairs of marginal setae; 1 species ............................................................... Phaonina Emden Pair of strong postocellar setae absent; scutelum differently bristling .............. 9 9.

Prosternum setulose; subcostal sclerite bare (Fig. 7); stem vein on lower surface with only 1-4 setulae in basal part (Fig. 7); 1 species ............................................................. Morellia Robineau-Desvoidy

Prosternum bare, subcostal sclerite setulose (Fig. 8), stem vein on lower surface with a row of about 8 setulae in basal part (Fig. 8); 1 species ...................................................................... Myiophaea Enderlein 10. Suprasquamal ridge setulose; infra-alar bulla setulose; 11 species ........................................................... Neomyia Robineau-Desvoidy

Suprasquamal ridge and infra-alar bulla bare; 2 species ............................................................. Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy

11. Face carinate (Figs 9 and 10) ................................................................ 12 Face not carinate ................................................................................ 14 12. Anepimeron bare; postpedicel mainly to entirely black; 5 species ............................................................................ Prohardyia Pont Anepimeron setulose, postpedicel yellow .................................................. 13 13. Postalar wall with a tuft of black setulae; posterior spiracle bare on posterior margin; prosternum with setulae on the surrounding membrana; vein M curved forwards in apical portion (Fig. 11); 1 species .......................... Hennigiola Pont Postalar wall bare; posterior spiracle with setulae on posterior margin; prosternum with a few setulae in the pit behind prosternal plate only; vein M not curved forwards in apical portion (Fig. 12); 1 species .......................... Beccimyia Pont 14. Anepimeron setulose ............................................................................ 15 Anepimeron bare ................................................................................. 19 15. Fine and sparse cilia below scutellum (as in Anthomyiidae); 1 species ..................................................................... Metopomyia Malloch Scutellum without cilia below ................................................................. 16 16. Parafacial with one or more series of setae; palpus enlarged in apical part; male dichoptic, width of frons about one third of head width; 32 species ............................................................................... Lispe Latreille Parafacial bare; palpus not enlarged; male holoptic or dichoptic ................... 17 17. Prosternum setulose; posterior spiracle with black setulae along lower margin; 73 species ................................................................... Dichaetomyia Malloch Prosternum bare, posterior spiracle without black setulae along lower margin .. 18 18.

Postsutural dorsocentral setae 3; ocelar triangle not very short and no cruciate setae in female; 1 species ............................................ Papuaiella Vockeroth

Postsutural dorsocentral setae 4; ocellar triangle very short, with cruciate setae well in front of its extremity in female; 1 species ............. Australophyra Malloch 19. Costal vein discontinued a little beyond the apex of the vein R₄₊₅; 2 species ......................................................................... Neohelina Malloch Costal vein not discontinued beyond the apex of the vein R₄₊₅ .................... 20 20. Marginal cell of uniform width almost to its apex, with its apical half narrowly wedge shaped; 3 species .................................................. Idiohelina Malloch Marginal cell gradually narrowed from apex of vein R₁ to its apex .................. 21 21. Wing with the subcostal vein running in a smooth even curve from humeral cross-vein to Costal; body color metallic black, blue or green; gena with or without a strong differentiated upcurved seta; female ocellar triangle shining, short or long, in this case, almost reaching lunula, frons with a pair of proclinate orbital setae and inclinate interfrontal setae; 7 species ........... Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy Wing with the subcostal vein with a slightly sinuous course from humeral cross-vein to Costal, not smoothly bowed; body color usually not metallic black, blue or green; gena without a differentiated upcurved seta; female ocellar triangle shining or not shining, usually short; frons without proclinate orbital or inclinate interfrontal setae ................................................................................ 22 22. Wing very broad, about as wide as long, very different in general body appearance from all other muscids; 2 species .............................. Exsul Hutton Wing not broadened ............................................................................. 23 23. Arista short, long plumose, the dorsal plumes longer and sparser than the ventrals; postalar wall setulose or bare; 4 species ................................................. Passeromyia Rodhain and Villeneuve

Arista not shortened; plumes of arista, if present, not as described above; postalar wall bare ................................................................................ 24

24. Wing with at least one setula on ventral surface of Rs node or base of R₄₊₅ ... 25 Wing without setulae on ventral surface of Rs node or base of vein R₄₊₅ ....... 37 25. Prosternum setulose ............................................................................ 26 Prosternum bare ................................................................................. 31 26. Vein R₁ with setulae on the apical part of the dorsal surface; 18 species ...................................................................... Heliographa Malloch Vein R₁ without setula on the apical part of the dorsal surface .................... 27 27. Katepimeron haired .............................................................................. 28 Katepimeron bare ................................................................................ 29 28.

Hairs on katepimeron and in front of posterior spiracle pale; hairs on prosternum fine; front of male not wider than ocellus, bare or nearly on upper half (Fig. 13); 5 species ......................................................................... Papuaia Malloch

Hairs on katepimeron and in front of posterior spiracle black; hairs on prosternum short and setose; front of male as wide as ocellar triangle, with strong setae throughout its length (Fig. 14); 1 species ................. Chaetopapuaia Vockeroth 29. With one pair of postocellar seta strong and diverging; 1 species ..................................................................... Buccophaonia Emden Without postocellar seta ....................................................................... 30 30. Gena high, about half of eye height; 3 species ................. Paralimnophora Lamb Gena not high; 118 species ............................. Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy 31. Frons very wide in both sexes, with margins slightly emarginated close to the middle; gena high, about half of eye height; 10 species ....... Limnohelina Malloch Frons not as described above; gena not high as above ............................... 32 32. Katepisternals 1+2, never arranged in a triangle, either the anterior or the lower lacking; hind tibia without anterodorsal apical seta .................................... 33 Katepisternals 1+2, arranged in a triangle, either the anterior or the lower present; hind tibia with or without anterodorsal apical seta ......................... 34 33. Anterior katepisternal seta absent; katepimeron haired and in front of spiracle; 11 species ....................................................... Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy Anterior katepisternal seta present; katepimeron bare; 1 species ........................................................................ Balioglutum Aldrich 34.

Thorax with a pair of strong presutural acrostichal setae at least half as long as first pair of dorsocentrals; hind tibia with dorsal apical seta very weak or absent, much shorter than anterodorsal apical; 4 species ......... Helinomydaea Vockeroth

Thorax without presutural acrostichal seta, hind tibia with dorsal apical seta strong, at least as long as anterodorsal apical .......................................... 35 35. Vein R, before humeral crossvein, with one or more weak to moderate strong, sometimes pale setae below; katepimeron with at least a few hairs; 26 species ............................................................... Gymnopapuaia Vockeroth Vein R, before humeral crossvein bare; katepimeron bare or with few setulae .. 36 36. Katepisternal setae different from 2+2; dorsal surface of vein R ₄₊₅ bare; 4 species ...................................................................... Hebecnema Schnabl Katepisternal setae 2+2 or 1+2; dorsal surface of vein R ₄₊₅ setulose; 20 species .......................................................................... Myospila Rondani 37. Proboscis with the labella not reduced and the prestomal teeth hardly developed, and prementum dusted ......................................................................... 38 Proboscis with labella usually reduced and/or prestomal teeth strongly developed, and prementum shining, undusted ........................................................... 44 38. Male dichoptic, frons longer than wider in both sexes; ocellar triangle slender and continued to beyond middle; hind tibia with 2 anterodorsals and 2 posterodorsals; 2 species .................................................................. Paracoenosia Malloch Another combination of characteres ........................................................ 39 39.

Apical section of vein M strongly curved forward ....................................... 40

Apical section of vein M straight or only slightly curved forward ................... 41 40. Arista bare; 1 species ........................... Synthesiomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm Arista with short hairs; 1 species .................................. Calliphoroides Malloch 41. Hind tibia with one strong posterodorsal seta on its apical third (calcar) ........ 42 Hind tibia with no calcar ....................................................................... 43 42. Anterior intra-alar seta placed posteriorly to level of supra-alar seta; 3 species ............................................................ Muscina Robineau-Desvoidy Anterior intra-alar seta not placed posteriorly to level of supra-alar seta; 2 species ............................................................. Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy 43. Arista plumose, with the longest cilia longer than the width of the flagellomere; sternite 1 setulose or bare; 60 species ..................... Helina Robineau-Desvoidy Arista bare; sternite 1 strongly setulose near the posterior margin; 6 species .......................................................................... Brontaea Kowarz 44.

Katepisternal setae 1+1-3; ovipositor of the Mydaea-type, short, with a sppinose hypoproct; 33 species ..................................................... Spilogona Schnabl

Katepisternal setae usually 1:1:1, placed at the angles of a equilateral triangle; ovipositor long, with a setulose hypoproct ............................................... 45 45. One pair of reclinate orbital setae (Fig. 15) .............................................. 46 Two pairs of reclinate orbital setae (Fig. 16) ............................................ 47 46. One pair of long presutural dorsocentral setae, sometimes preceded by a very short second pair; 14 species ............................................. Coenosia Meigen Two pairs of subequal presutural dorsocentral setae; 1 species ....................................................................... Macrorchis Rondani 47. Two pairs of subequal presutural dorsocentral setae .................................. 48 One pair of long presutural dorsocentral setae, sometimes preceded by a very short second pair ................................................................................ 49 48. Ocellar setae short, hair-like; outer margin of eye emarginated on basal half; mid tibia with 2 posterodorsals; hind tibia without a posteroventral apical seta; 4 species ....................................................................... Cephalispa Malloch

Ocellar setae long; outer margin of eye not emarginated on basal half; mid tibia with 1 posterodorsal; hind tibia with a posteroventral apical seta; 110 species ................................................................... Lispocephala Pokorny

49. Inferior calypter linear, much shorter than the upper one (Fig. 17); 8 species ..................................................................... Parvisquama Malloch Inferior calypter elongate, 1.5 times as long as upper one, or, at least, as long as the upper one, and glossiform, never linear (Fig. 18) .................................. 50 50. Arista with long hairs on basal half (Fig. 19); scutellum with both basal and apical pairs of setae strong; fore tibia with one median seta on posterior surface; 41 species ........................................................................ Pygophora Schiner Arista with hairs along its entire length; scutellum with only the apical pair of setae strong, fore tibia without one median seta on posterior surface; 1 species ........................................................................... Orchisia Rondani

Genera and Diagnosis

Atherigoninae

[Ref. Pont (1986) and Pont & Magpayo (1995)]

Atherigona Rondani

Atherigona Rondani, 1856: 97. Type species: Anthomyia varia Meigen, 1826, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Head angular, with long face and antennal postpedicel; arista bare; one pair of reclinate orbital setae; palpus strongly differentiated between the two sexes and between the two subgenera Atherigona s.str. and Acritochaeta Grimshaw; mesonotum with very shor setae; dorsocentral setae reduced; katepisternals 1+2; hind tibia without calcar; wing veins bare; males of sg. Atherigona with a trifoliate process and a hypopygial prominence; female with (sg. Atherigona) or without (sg. Acritochaeta) a pair of small anterior plates on tergite 8 of ovipositor.

Comments. The genus is well represented in the regions, with 55 recorded species. They are known as shoot flies, together with many genera of Chloropidae and are significant pests of cereal crops. For biology and economic importance see Pont & Magpayo (1995).

Muscinae

[Ref. Pont (1973a) for Australian species]

Muscini

Mesembrina Meigen

Mesembrina Meigen, 1826: 10. Type species: Musca meridiana Linnaeus, 1758, des. Westwood 1840: 141.

Comments. The genus is listed in the catalogue as not occurring in the regions as the only species M. meriadiana Linnaeus was unsuccessfully introduced to Fiji. The genus was not included in the key.

Morellia Robineau-Desvoidy

Morellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 405. Type species: Morellia agilis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 [= Musca hortorum Fallén, 1817], des. Townsend 1916: 8.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic, anterointernal ommatidia enlarged; eye bare or with few cilia, arista plumose on basal two-thirds or three-quarters and bare apically; acrostichal setae 0+1; katepisternals 1+2; anepimeron setulose; meron bare; metepimeron haired above hind coxa; subcostal sclerite bare; M strongly curved forward apically; sternite 1 setulose; ovipositor long with tergites very thin and with strong spines.

Comments. Only M. hortensia Wiedemann, 1824 has been recorded to the regions from Australia and Papua New Guinea.

Musca Linnaeus

Musca Linnaeus, 1758: 589. Type species: Musca domestica Linnaeus, 1758, des. I.C.Z.N. 1925: 1.

Diagnosis. General coloration non-metallic; males holoptic; eye bare; arista enlarged on basal fourth, long-plumose; presutural acrostichals not developed; dorsocentrals 2+4; katepisternals 1+2; anepimeron setulose; prosternum setulose; inferior calypter broad, truncate posteriorly, extending under base of scutellum; mid tibia without ventral seta; vein M with an angular forward bend towards vein R₄₊₅ in apical part.

Comments. Known from 10 species in the regions. Key to the australian species, redescriptions and illustrations in Pont (1973a).

Myiophaea Enderlein

Myiophaea Enderlein, 1935: 240. Type species: Myiophaea ralumensis Enderlein, 1935 [= Bengalia spissa Walker, 1858], orig. des.

Diagnosis. General coloration non-metallic; scutum and abdomen mostly pale; male holoptic; arista long plumose; prosternum bare; acrostichal setae 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+4-5; katepisternals 1+2; anepimeron setulose; meron bare; metepimeron haired above hind coxa; subcostal sclerite setulose; vein M setulose on both surfaces from the node to beyond r-m cross-vein; sternite 1 setulose.

Comments. The genus is known in the regions from one species – M. spissa Walker, 1858, recorded from Australia and Papua New Guinea. For redescription and illustrations of the species see Pont (1973a).

Neomyia Walker

Neomyia Walker, 1859: 138 (Musca subg.). Type species: Musca gavisa, Walker, 1859, mon.

Diagnosis. General coloration metallic green; male holoptic; eye bare; arista plumose; presutural acrostichals not develooped; dorsocentrals 2+3; katepisternals 1+2; anepimeron setulose; prosternum setulose; inferior calypter broad, subtruncate posteriorly and, at least, extending sligthly under base of scutellum, mid tibia with a strong posteroventral seta at middle or apical third; vein M strongly curved forward; suprasquamal ridge setulose; sternite 1 setulose; aedeagus with strong spinules.

Comments. Eleven species are recorded to the regions, N. greenwoodi Bezzi and N. simondsi Bezzi endemic to Fiji and N. gressitti Shinonaga & Kano; N. kaidiensis Shinonaga & Kano and N. montana Shinonaga & Kano endemic to Papua New Guinea.

Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy

Pyrellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 462. Type species: Pyrellia vivida Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, des. Townsend 1916: 8.

Diagnosis. General coloration metallic green; male holoptic; eye bare, arista very long plumose; acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+4, katepisternals 1+3; prosternum and anepimeron setulose; proepimeral seta present; mid tibia with a strong posteroventral seta at apical third; vein R₄₊₅ with several setulae on both surfaces; M strongly curved forward; suprasquamal ridge bare; sternite 1 setulose.

Comments. Two species, both recorded only from Australia, redescribed and illustrated by Pont (1973a).

Stomoxyini

Haematobia Le Peletier & Serville

Haematobia Lepeletier & Serville in Latreille et al. 1828: 499 (Stomoxys subg.). Type species: Conops irritans Linnaeus, 1758, des. Westwood 1840: 140. [Validated by I.C.Z.N. 1974: 157].

Diagnosis. General coloration dark greyish, with yellowish tinge and often yellow setae; head 1.25 times as wide as high; arista plumose only on dorsal surface; palpus long, spatulate, a little narrowed on basal quarter to half, grooved inside; prosternum setulose; proepisternal depression and postalar wall bare; prealar seta barely differentiated or vestigial; inferior calypter about twice as long as upper one; vein A₁ long.

Comments. Two species occurring in the regions, one doubtfully recorded from Fiji (H. irritans (Linnaeus) and the other (H. exigua de Meijere) more widespread in the regions. Both species are serious pests of cattle, H. exigua known as buffalo fly and H. irritans known as horn fly.

Haematobosca Bezzi

Haematobosca Bezzi, 1907: 414. Type species: Haematobia atripalpis Bezzi, 1895, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Proboscis elongated and strong sclerotized with labela reduced; prosternum and anepimeron setulose; arista with dorsal and ventral hairs; palpus about as long as proboscis; notopleuron with covering setulae; proepisternal depression setulose or bare; general body color from yellow to black; body length between 3.5-9.0 m.

Comments. One species, H. sanguinolenta Austen, widespread in the Oceanian region, but not recorded from Australia.

Stomoxys Geoffroy

Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762: 449, 538. Type species: Conops calcitrans Linnaeus, 1758, des. I.C.Z.N. 1957: 83.

Diagnosis. General color brownish-grey to yellowish-brown; head slightly wider than high, at vertex about one-fourth of head width in male and well over one-third in female; arista plumose; palpus slender and short, subcylindrical, and less than half as long as the elongated and non-retractile piercing proboscis; postpedicel about 2.5 times as long as pedicel; prosternum and proepisternal depression setulose; prealar seta absent; anterior katepisternal absent; vein M conspicuously curved forward towards vein R₄₊₅ in its apical section.

Comments. Two species have been recorded to the regions; the cosmopolitan S. calcitrans (Linnaeus) was introduced and is the only species of Stomoxys occurring in Australia.

Azeliinae

Azeliini

[Ref. Pont (1973a) for Australian species]

Australophyra Maloch

Australophyra Malloch, 1923: 667. Type-species: Ophyra analis Macquart, 1846 [= Peronia rostrata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830], orig. des.

Diagnosis. Ocellar triangle very short; female with cruciate setae inserted well in front of the anterior extremity of the ocellar triangle; beret with moderately long black hairs; ptilinium never silvery pruinose as ins some Hydrotaea species.

Comments. The genus has been recently re-instated by Savage & Wheeler (2004), with Australophyra rostrata transferred from Hydrotaea.

Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy

Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 509. Type species: Musca meteorica Linnaeus, 1758, des. Curtis 1839: pl. 768.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; eye bare; general color usually black or bluish-black, rarely metallic; arista very short pubescent; gena with a strong upcurved seta; female with crossed interfrontal seta; dorsocentrals 2+4; notopleuron covered with setulae, the two setae similar in size; anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1+1; some males with fore femur on ventral surface with a preapical excavation with 2 toothed processes and fore tibia flattened along basal half or two-thirds of ventral surface; vein M straight; distiphallus with apical part of juxta spinulose; ovipositor long, with narrow tergites.

Comments. Seven species known to occur in the regions, H. chalcogaster Wiedemann, 1824 the most widespread one.

Reinwardtiini

Balioglutum Aldrich

Balioglutum Aldrich, 1925: 9. Type species: Balioglutum illingworthi Aldrich, 1925, mon.

Diagnosis. Eye bare; postpedicel 3-4 times longer than pedicel; arista with few hairs of moderate length above near base and one or two below; proboscis very short; proepisternun bare; suprasquamal ridge without setulose hairs; prosternum, anepimeron and meron bare; katepisternals 1+1; 1 postsutural intra-alar (anterior one absent); abdomen entirely without setae; sternite 1 setulose; vein R₄₊₅ with a few distinct hairs below, bare above; vein M curved forward; calcar absent.

Comments. The genus is recorded only from one species, B. illingworthi (Aldrich), endemic to Australia (Queensland).

Calliphoroides Malloch

Calliphoroides Malloch, 1930: 305. Type species: Calliphora antennatis Hutton, 1881, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Vein M with a very broad round bend towards R₄₊₅ at apex; stem vein bare; vein R₄₊₅ bare on both sides; arista with short hairs; proepisternun and anepimeron bare, hind tibia with no distinct posterodorsal seta.

Comments. The genus is known only from one species, C. antennatis (Hutton), endemic to New Zealand. Malloch (1930: 305–306) distinguished the genus from Musca by the "broadly rounded bend of the fourth wing vein, the lack of hairs on the stem vein and third vein of the wings, and the much shorter haired aristae". He had seen the type specimen and mentioned that "the brigth orange-red third antennal segment and the similarly colored mark on the parafacials opposite the bases of the antennae" could "ready" identify the species (Malloch 1930: 306).

Muscina Robineau-Desvoidy

Muscina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 406. Type species: Musca stabulans Fallén, 1817, des. Coquillett 1910: 571.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; eye bare; arista plumose, with cilia on basal three-fourths and bare on apical fourths; female with interfrontal setae; anterior postsutural intra-alar seta placed posteriorly to level of supra-alar seta; presutural acrostichals developed; prealar seta short, but distinct; anepimeron bare; meron setulose; vein M slighlty curved forward at apex; veins bare; calcar strong, submedian; sternite 1 setulose.

Comments. The genus is known from three species, M. arcuata Shinonaga, 1989 endemic to Papua New Guinea, M. levida (Harris, 1780) recorded in the regions from Hawaiian islands and the widespread M. stabulans (Fallén, 1817).

Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve

Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve, 1915: 592. Type species: Muscina heterochaeta Villeneuve, 1915, mon.

Diagnosis. Frons dichoptic in both sexes, broader in female; arista short, with the dorsal plumes longer and sparser than the ventral ones; dorsocentral setae 2+4; prealar seta present; post-alar wall setulose or bare; katepisternals 1+2; metathoracic spiracle large, with no setae on margins; hind tibia with a short calcar.

Comments. This is a small genus with five species, four of them occurring in the Australasian and Oceanian regions, recorded from Australia, Fiji and Vanuatu (P. veitchi Bezzi, 1928, endemic to Fiji). The larvae live in bird nests as scavengers or subdermical in the nestlings. The genus was revised by Pont (1974a).

Synthesiomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm

Synthesiomyia Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893: 96, 110, 178. Type species: Synthesiomyia brasiliana Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1893 [= Cyrtoneura nudiseta Wulp, 1883], orig. des.

Diagnosis. Eye bare; arista with very short hairs; presutural acrostichal setae not differentiated; prealar seta strong; anepimeron bare; dorsocentrals 2+4; katepisternals 1+2; wing veins bare; vein M strongly curved forward apically; inferior calypter very enlarged; sternite 1 setulose.

Comments. One species, S. nudiseta (Wulp), widespread in the regions.

Phaoniinae

Metopomyiini

Metopomyia Malloch

Metopomyia Malloch, 1922: 272. Type species: Metopomyia atropunctipes Malloch, 1922, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Eye bare; anepimeron setulose; ventral surface of scutellum with fine sparse hairs (as in Anthomyiidae); prosternum bare; prealar seta long; presutural acrostichals not developed; calcar absent, but with one or two short setae on the posterodorsal surface; vein M not curved forward at apex.

Comments. Genus and the only species – M. atropunctipes Malloch, endemic to Australia.

Eginiini

Neohelina Malloch

Neohelina Malloch, 1924: 414. Type species: Neohelina semivittata Malloch, 1924, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Prosternum with a short setula on each side; anepimeron bare; prealar seta absent, Costal vein discontinued a little beyond the apex of vein R₄₊₅, the remainder of the cell between that vein and M having no more distinct marginal vein than does the second posterior cell (as in original description).

Comments. The genus and the two recorded species are endemic to Australia.

Dichaetomyiini

Dichaetomyia Malloch

Dichaetomyia Malloch, 1921a: 163. Type species: Dichaetomyia polita Malloch, 1921 [preocc., = Dichaetomyia emdeni Pont 1969a], orig. des.

Diagnosis. Eye of male narrowly separated by the diameter of anterior ocellus or more; eye, in female widely separated; proclinate orbital and crossed interfrontal setae absent; arista long-plumose; dorsocentrals 2+2, 3 or 4; prealar seta present; postalar wall with sparse hairs or bare; lower margin of the posterior thoracic spiracle with a row of dark setulae, prosternum and anepimeron setulose, vein M only slightly curved forwards before apex; hind tibia with a well developed anterodorsal preapical in addition to dorsal one; calcar absent.

Comments. One of the most speciose genera in the regions, with 73 recorded species. The australian species were revised by Pont (1969a).

Phaoniini

Beccimyia Pont

Beccimyia Pont, 1969b: 935. Type species: Beccimyia papuana Pont, 1969, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; face carinate; arista with very long and sparse irregular plumes; prosteunum bare; anepimeron setulose; postalar wall setulose; acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+4; katepisternals 1+2; posterior spiracle with several setulae on posterior and part of lower margins; calcar absent; vein R₄₊₅ with several setae on both surfaces.

Comments. The genus and its single species, B. papuana Pont are endemic to Papua New Guinea.

Buccophaonia Emden

Buccophaonia Emden, 1965: 212. Type species: Buccophaonia subcostalis Emden, 1965, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Head with the vibrissal angle and oral margin somewhat proclined; eye of male more or less contiguous; male without inner and outer vertical setae and with a pair of strong and divergent postocellar setae; arista plumose; dorsocentrals 2+4; prealar present; prosternum setulose at margins; anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1+2; katepimeron haired; posterior spiracle with few black setulae on posterior part of lower margin; hairs of scutellum extending to lower edge; stem vein with about 5 setulae on inferior surface; node and base of R₄₊₅ with some setulae on both surfaces.

Comments. Recorded from the regions for an unidentified species from Australia.

Helina Robineau-Desvoidy

Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 493. Type species: Helina euphemioidea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 [= Anthomyia pertusa Meigen, 1826], des. Coquillett 1901: 137.

Diagnosis. Male head holoptic or dichoptic, eye with few hairs, arista plumose; mesonotum with 4 dark vittae, dorsocentrals 2+3, veins R₄₊₅ and M conspicuously divergent at apex, prosternum and anepimeron bare, wing veins bare, prealar present in male, hind tibia without calcar.

Comments. Sixty species are recorded to the regions, mostly distributed in Australia and Papua New Guinea. The genus was recently firstly recorded to New Caledonia (Couri et al. 2010).

Hennigiola Pont

Hennigiola Pont, 1969b: 930. Type species: Spilogaster setulifera Stein, 1906, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; arista with long, sparse and irregular plumosity; face carinate, acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+4; postalar wall and suprasquamal ridge bare; membrana surrounding prosternum with several setulae, but prosternum bare; anepimeron setulose; katepisternals 1+2; calcar absent; wing with subcostal sclerite setulose; vein R₄₊₅ with several setulae on both surfaces; sternite 1 bare.

Comments. The genus and the single species H. setulifera Pont are endemic to Australia.

Idiohelina Malloch

Idiohelina Malloch, 1921b: 238. Type species: Idiohelina nubeculosa Malloch, 1921, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Delicate yellow species; prementum of proboscis undusted; acrostichal presututal setae not diferentiated; prosternum bare; prealar seta absent; postsutural dorsocentrals 3; katepisternals 0-1+2; anepimeron bare; meron bare; wing with marginal cell of uniform width almost to its apex, the apical half of the cell being narrowly wedge shaped; all wing veins bare; scutellum with some fine hairs below at apex (as in Anthomyiidae); sternite 1 bare.

Comments. The genus is recorded to the regions on the basis of three species, all endemic to New Zealand.

Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy

Phaonia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 482. Type species: Phaonia viarum Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 [= Musca valida Harris, 1780], des. Coquillett 1901: 140.

Diagnosis. Eye ciliated; female frons without proclinate orbital setae; arista plumose; prosternum bare; dorsocentrals 1–2+3–4; notopleuron with covering setulae; posterior notopleural seta weaker than anterior seta; anepimeron bare; inferior calypter glossiform; base of R₄₊₅ with ventral setulae or bare; hind tibia with a strong posterodorsal seta (calcar) inserted at apical fourth.

Comments. Two species, both recorded only from Australia.

Phaonina Emden

Phaonina Emden, 1965: 201. Type species: Phaonina corbetti Malloch, 1931, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male dichoptic; male and female with a pair of strong postocellar, stronger than ocellar in male; lower third of facial ridge with several rows of setulae; arista with long hairs; acrostichals 3+2-3; dorsocentrals 2-3+4-5; katepisternals 1+2; prosternum bare; katepimeron setulose; scutellum with 3 strong marginals, and a moderate basal one; inferior calypter Musca-type; veins bare on upper side; ventral side with small setulae on Sc beyond h and on base of R₄₊₅; vein M slightly bent forwards at tip; hind tibia with a short calcar.

Comments. The genus has only one species, described as Phaonia corbetti by Malloch (1931), who, in the original description of this species mentioned the bare wing veins, corrected by Emden (1965) in the genus description. Malloch (1931) also referred to the close appearance of this species with others Muscinae.

Prohardyia Pont

Hardyia Malloch, 1926: 554. Type species: Mydaea carinata Stein, 1910, orig. des. [Preocc.]

Prohardyia Pont, 1969b: 939 (nom. nov. for Hardyia).

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; arista with long and sparse plumosity, bare on basal third ventrally; face carinate; acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+4; postalar wall and suprasquamal ridge bare; prosternum and membrane surrounding prosternum bare; anepimeron setulose; katepisternals 1+2; calcar absent; wing with subcostal sclerite bare; vein R₄₊₅ with several setulae on both surfaces; sternite 1 setulose.

Comments. Five species all occurring in Australia; four endemic and P. carinata Stein also recorded from Lord Howe I.

Mydaeinae

[Ref. Vockeroth (1972)]

Brontaea Kowarz

Brontaea Kowarz, 1873: 461. Type species: Anthomyia polystigma Meigen, 1826, des. Coquillett 1910: 516.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; arista with very short hairs, shorter than its basal diameter; dorsocentrals 2+4; prealar absent; prosternum bare; anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1+2; lower calypter glossiform ("Phaonia-type") or enlarged posteriorly ("Musca-type"); hind tibia without calcar; veins bare; vein M slightly curved towards R₄₊₅ on apical portion; inferior calypter "Phaonia-type"; sternite 1 setulose.

Comments. Six species occuring in the regions; the ones recorded from Australia – B. obliterata (Malloch), B. ruficornis (Malloch) and B. subtilis (Stein) were revised by Pont (1977) (as Gymnodia Robineau-Desvoidy).

Chaetopapuaia Vockeroth

Chaetopapuaia Vockeroth, 1972: 56. Type species: Chaetopapuaia setifrons Vockeroth, 1972, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; prosternum with a few dark hairs, restricted o lateral margins on posterior half; dorsocentrals 2+3; pre-alar weak but distinct in both sexes; anepimeron bare; katepimeron with many long and strong black hairs and in front of the spiracle; katepisternals 1+2; calcar absent; wing with subcostal sclerite bare; vein R₄₊₅ with 3-4 short setae above and 4-5 below at base; apex of vein M curved slightly forward, sternite 1 with a pair of setae.

Comments. The genus is known from only one species, C. setifrons Vockeroth, endemic to Papua New Guinea.

Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy

Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 403. Type species: Musca maculata Scopoli, 1763 (Duponchel in d'Orbigny 1845: 305).

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; eye with cilia; female without interfrontal setae; arista enlarged on basal third, plumose; characteristic marks on scutum (Fig. 20) dorsocentrals 2+4; prealar seta present; prosternum, postalar wall, suprasquamal ridge and anepimeron bare; katepisternals 0+2, meron setulose below spiracle and on katepimeron; calcar absent; sternite 1 setulose.

Comments. Eleven species recorded to the regions, eight of them keyed by Vockeroth (1972).

Gymnopapuaia Vockeroth

Gymnopapuaia Vockeroth, 1972: 26. Type species: Aricia albicornis Walker, 1864, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; dorsocentrals 2+3-4; prealar seta short, present or absent in male nd usually present in female; prosternum, postalar wall, suprasquamal ridge and anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1+2; katepimeron with abundant hairs on in front of spiracle; calcar absent; base of vein R₄₊₅ with several fine setae on ventral surface, sometimes extending to r-m crossvein, sternite 1 setulose, ovipositor characteristic (Figs. 21 and 22).

Comments. Twenty six species recorded from the regions, mainly occurring in Papua New Guinea. Vockeroth (1972) keyed 25 of them.

Hebecnema Schnabl

Hebecnema Schnabl, 1889: 331 (Aricia subg.). Type species: Anthomyia umbratica Meigen, 1826, des. Coquillett 1901: 137.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; upper anterior eye facets of male distinctly enlarged; dorsocentrals 2+4; prealar present; prosternum, anepimeron; sternite 1 bare; posterior spiracle very small in both sexes; vein M slightly curved forward at apex, hind tibia with one strong anterodorsal and one weaker anterovenral seta.

Comments. Four species recorded from New Guinea, Salomon Is, New Caledonia and Australia, all of them keyed in Vockeroth (1972).

Helinomydaea Vockeroth

Helinomydaea Vockeroth, 1972: 58. Type species: Helinomydaea acrostichalis Vockeroth, 1972, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; one pair of strong presutural acrostichals; dorsocentrals 2+3; prealar weak; anepimeron and meron bare; prosternum and sternite 1 bare; posterior spiracle large in male and small in female, with a row of about seven setae on posterior margin; vein R₄₊₅ bare above and with some setae below, from base to a little forward; hind tibia with two strong anterodorsals, 3-4 weak anteroventrals and a very short posterodorsal; dorsal apical absent or extremely short and one anterodorsal apical strong, ovipositor elongate (Fig. 23).

Comments. Four species, two occurring in Papua New Guinea and two in Australia. Vockeroth (1972) justified the position of the genus among the Mydaeinae "because of the presence of setae below the base of vein R₄₊₅, because of the very short female cerci with only a trace of sclerotization on the lower (inner) surface, and because of the very long filaments of the egg" (Vockeroth, 1972: 60).

Myospila Rondani

Myospila Rondani, 1856: 91. Type species: Musca meditabunda Fabricius, 1782, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic; female with a pair of interfrontal setae; arista enlarged on basal third, plumose; dorsocentrals 2+4; prealar present; postalar wall, suprasquamal ridge, prosternum setulose in most species; anepimeron and meron bare; katepisternals 2+2; posterior spiracle with bare margins; vein M slightly curved forward apically; vein R₄₊₅ with setulae at base on both surfaces of wing; hind tibia without calcar; sternite 1 bare; ovipositor and egg Mydaea type.

Comments. Twenty species recorded to the regions, most of them keyed in Vockeroth (1972).

Papuaia Malloch

Papuaia Malloch, 1921c: 422. Type species: Spilogaster rufescens Stein, 1900 [misid., = Spilogaster curvinervis Stein, 1900], orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic, dorsocentrals 2+3-4, prealar absent in male, present in female; meron setulose, prosternum with many fine and pale hairs, anepimeron bare, sternite 1 each with a few short pale hairs, vein M slightly curved forwards at apex, Rs with 4-5 short setae above and below.

Comments. Five species recorded, all of them keyed by Vockeroth (1972). According to him, except for P. asternata Vockeroth, the other four species may be conspecific, as they differ mainly in color or in number of posterior dorsocentral setae.

Papuaiella Vockeroth

Papuaiella Vockeroth, 1972: 54. Type species: Papuaiella ponti Vockeroth, 1972, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic with anterior eye facets slightly enlarged; palpi slender, very slightly broadened towards apex; dorsocentrals 2+3; prealar seta weak but distinct in male and stronger in female; anepimeron with black setulae dorsally on subalar ridge; prosternum, sternite 1 bare; vein R₄₊₅ with few fine setae below near the humeral cross vein; vein M slightly curved forward at apex.

Comments. Genus and the unique species P. ponti Vockeroth endemic to Papua New Guinea. Vockeroth (1972) mentioned the similar general aspect of this genus and Gymnopapuaia, from which it can be segregated by the setulose anepimeron and by the greatly reduced halves of sternite 8 in female ovipositor.

Coenosiinae

Limnophorini

Exsul Hutton

Exsul Hutton, 1901: 75. Type species: Exsul singularis Hutton, 1901, mon.

Diagnosis. Eye slightly haired; arista bare; parafacial haired; prealar seta absent; dorsocentrals 2+4; meron and prosternum bare; wing very broad; veins R₄₊₅ and M parallel; "fifth vein diverging widely, making the posterior cross vein longer than the distance between it and the chief cross-vein" [as in original description]; anepimeron bare; sternite 1 bare.

Comments. The general appearance is very different from all other muscids, especially because of the very broad wing. Two known species are endemic to New Zealand.

Heliographa Malloch

Heliographa Malloch, 1921a: 169. Type species: Limnophora tonsa Stein, 1909 (as intonsa) [= Hydrotaea javana Macquart, 1851], orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male holoptic or eye intermediate; eye bare; arista bare a plumose; prosternum frequently setulose; dorsocentrals 2+4-6; anepimeron bare; scutellum with numerous hairs on sides of lower surface anteriorly; hind tibia without calcar; vein R₁ with strong setulae on the dorsal surface; vein R₄₊₅ setulose at base on both surfaces and slightly curved forward at apex and with some setulae at base; sternite 1 bare or setulose.

Comments. From the 18 species occuring in the regions, 12 were more recently described by Shinonaga & Pont (1988), who revised the melanesian (Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Bismarck Archipleago) Heliographa. Sixteen species were keyed.

Limnohelina Malloch

Limnohelina Malloch, 1930: 294. Type species: Cordylura debilis Hutton,

Diagnosis. Frons very wide in both sexes, never less than one third of the width of the head, with margins slightly emarginate close to the middle; ocellar setae strong; two orbitals reclinate; arista bare; parafacial bare; gena about half as high as eye; prosternum and meron bare; anterior presutural dorsocentral pair of seta much shorter than the second; prealar absent; Katepisternals 1+2; males with two or more strong and long fasciculate setae near apex of the mesosternum among other finer and long setae; hind tibia with no posterodorsal seta; sternite 1 setulose.

Comments. All 10 recorded species are endemic to New Zealand.

Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy

Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830: 517. Type species: Limnophora palustris Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 [= Anthomyia maculosa Meigen, 1826], des. Coquillett 1910: 561.

Diagnosis. Males eyes separated by no more than one-fifth of the head width or male head dichoptic; eye almost invariably bare; arista bare to plumose; prestomal teeth developed; postsutural dorsocentrals 3+3-4; prosternum setulose; vein M slightly bent forwards at apex; wing with setulae at base of R₄₊₅ on both surfaces; sternite 1 bare; ovipositor with segment 8 directed upwards and with spicules; hypoproct elongated and with spines.

Comments. Shinonaga (2005) reviewed the Limnophora from New Guinea and Solomon Islands and described 87 new species to science; all were keyed. With this contribution, this is the most speciose genus in the regions, the total number of 118 recorded species.

Lispe Latreille

Lispe Latreille, 1796: 169. Type species: Musca tentaculata De Geer, 1776, subs. mon. Latreille, 1802: 462.

Diagnosis. Male dichoptic; palpus enlarged apically, spatula-like; prestomal teeth developed; without interfrontal setae and proclinate orbital; parafacial setulose; dorsocentrals 0-2+0-4; prealar seta absent; anepimeron setulose; katepisternals 0-1+2; sternite 1 setulose; male gonopod absent; ovipositor with segment 8 directed upwards and with spicules; hypoproct elongated and with spines.

Paracoenosia Malloch

Paracoenosia Malloch, 1938: 254. Type species: Paracoenosia tonnoiri Malloch, 1938, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Frons at vertex in male less than and in female more than one-fourth of the head width and much longer than wider; eye bare; ocellar triangle slender and continued to beyond middle frons; ocellar seta well developed; parafacial and arista bare; prealar absent; dorsocentrals 2+3; katepisternum haired; katepisternals 3, not in an equilateral triangle, or 4; anepimeron bare; all wing veins bare; hind tibia with two anterodorsal and two posterodorsal setae; vein M not curved forwards at tip; vein A₁+CuA₂ extending over two-thirds of the distance to the wing margin; sternite 1 bare.

Comments. Two species recorded from New Zealand. Malloch (1938) placed the genus among the Phaoninae, mainly based on the arrangment of the katepisternals (not in an equilateral triangle) and in the length of vein A₁+CuA₂, longer than usually found among the Coenosiinae.

Paralimnophora Lamb

Paralimnophora Lamb, 1909: 136. Type species: Paralimnophora depressa Lamb, 1909, des. Séguy 1937: 272.

Diagnosis. Male dichoptic; eye bare or sparsely haired; male with 2 pairs of arbitals; arista minutely pubescent; gena high; ocellar seta strong; parafacial bare; prosternum bare; prealar absent; acrostichals 0+1; dorsocentrals 2+3; meron bare; all wing veins bare; scutellum with both pairs of setae strong; hind tibia without posterodorsal seta; abdomen depressed; sternite 1 bare.

Comments. The original description basically compared the new genus with Limnophora. Harrison (1955) gave a key to segregate the species based on general ground color and abdominal marks. Genus and the three recorded species are endemic to New Zealand.

Spilogona Schnabl

Spilogona Schnabl, 1911: 92 (Limnophora subg.). Type species: Aricia carbonella Zetterstedt, 1845, mon.

Diagnosis. Male head holoptic or dichoptic; some females with a holoptic head (only in the Australasian region); prestomal teeth developed; labella reduced; parafacial bare or setulose; prealar absent; prosternum bare; dorsocentrals 2+3-4; katepisternals 1+1-3; meron bare or setulose; hind tibia without calcar; wing veins bare; ovipositor moderately long, tergites 6 and 7 large; sternite 1 bare or setulose.

Comments. From the 33 species recorded to the regions, 31 are endemic to New Zealand, one to Australia and one to Norfolk Island.

Coenosiini

Cephalispa Malloch

Cephalispa Malloch, 1935: 658 (Lispocephala subg.). Type species: Lispocephala scutellata Malloch, 1935, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male dichoptic; posterior eye-margin emarginated in basal half; frons parallel- sided, longer than wide; prestomal teeth well-developed; prealar seta absent; two pairs of reclinate orbital setae; ocellar setae short, hair-like; 2 pairs of presutural dorsocentrals, long or short; anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1+1+1, arranged in an equilateral triangle; both pairs of scutellar setae well developed or apical pair reduced; wing veins bare; vein M straight at apex; hind tibia with a supramedian posterodorsal and anterodorsal seta, a strong median anterodorsal and a submedian anteroventral; abdomen of male lanceolate.

Comments. Only four species recorded to the regions.

Coenosia Meigen

Coenosia Meigen, 1826: 210. Type species: Musca tigrina Fabricius, 1775, des. Westwood 1840: 143.

Diagnosis. Male dichoptic; one pair of reclinate orbital setae; frons parallel-sided, longer than wider; labella reduced, prestomal teeth well developed; prealar seta absent; lower proepimeral seta directed downwards; dorsocentrals 1+3 (rarely 2+3); anepimeron bare; katepisternals 1+1+1, arranged in an equilateral triangle; scutellum with both pairs of setae developed; inferior calypter about 1.8 times as long as the upper one; hind femur with two preapical setae; hind tibia with one submedian anterodorsal seta and usually one anteroventral; sternite 1 bare; male hypandrium tubular; female ovipositor long and with many microtrichia.

Comments. Fourteen species are recorded to the regions.

Lispocephala Pokorny

Lispocephala Pokorny, 1893: 532. Type species: Anthomyia alma Meigen, 1826, orig des.

Pectiniseta Stein, 1919: 96, 145. Type species: Caricea prominens Stein, 1910 [= Coenosia pectinata Stein, 1900], mon. [syn. by Couri & Pont 2000].

Diagnosis. Head long; two pairs of reclinate orbital setae; antenna inserted on upper half of the head; pair of ocellar setae strong; arista long plumose in all its extension in both surfaces in female, and only in dorsal surface in some males, where the ventral side is bare or with a few hairs; ocelar triangle long, reaching lunula; dorsocentral setae 1+3; hind tibia with at least one seta on posterodorsal surface, two anterodorsals and one anteroventral, the last one short; sternite 1 bare.

Comments. Lispocephala, together with Limnophora are, by far, the two most speciose genera in the Australasian and Oceanian regions, with more a hundred species each. Hardy (1981) described many species endemic to Hawaiian Island. Considering the synonymy with Pectiniseta (see Couri & Pont 2000), 110 species are recorded. Pont (1972) revised the australian species described under Pectiniseta.

Macrorchis Rondani

Macrorchis Rondani, 1877: 280. Type species: Musca meditata Fallén, 1825, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Male dichoptic; one pair of reclinate orbital seta; dorsocentrals 2+3; scutellum with both basal and apical pairs of setae long; for tibia with a posterior median seta; mid tibia with one anterodorsal and one posterodorsal setae; hind tibia with one anterodorsal, one anteroventral and without a posterodorsal seta.

Comments. One species recorded to New Zealand probably imported (Pont 1989).

Orchisia Rondani

Orchisia Rondani, 1877: 16. Type species: Sapromyza costata Meigen, 1826, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Head with two pairs of reclinate frontal setae; arista with hairs along its entire length; prestomal teeth developed; frontal triangle reaching lunula; dorsocentrals 1+3; prealar absent; katepisternals 1+1+1; scutellum with only the apical pair of setae strong; fore tibia without a median posterior seta; hind tibia with a very small submedian posterodorsal seta.

Comments. O. costata Meigen is the only recorded species, widespread also in the Palearctic, Oriental and Afrotropical regions.

Parvisquama Malloch

Parvisquama Malloch, 1935: 662 (Lispocephala subg.). Type species: Lispocephala pahangenis Malloch, 1935, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Small species, about 3.5 mm long; ocellar triangle long and narrow, reaching lunule; inferior calypter reduced, linear; basal scutellar seta half as long as apical one; fore tibia without setae on middle; mid tibia with only one posterior seta; hind tibia with 2 anterodorsals, 2 posterodorsals and one anteroventral.

Pygophora Schiner

[Ref. Crosskey (1962)]

Pygophora Schiner, 1868: 295. Type species: Pygophora apicalis Schiner, 1868, orig. des.

Diagnosis. Frons high, much wider at anterior margin than at vertex; two pairs of reclinate orbital setae; each fronto-orbit usually with 4 setae; frontal triangle short; arista with long hairs on basal half; prestomal teeth developed; dorsocentrals 1+3; presutural seta sometimes preceded by a short one; prealar seta absent; anepimeron bare; fore tibia with one median seta on posterior surface; mid tibia with 2 posterodorsal setae; hind tibia with one anteroventral, 2 anterodorsal and 2 posterodorsal setae.

Comments. Crosskey (1962) presented a full revision of the species with descriptions and illustrations and a key to identification (nine species posteriorly described by Snyder (1965) were not included in his revision).

Acknowledgments. This paper was carried out at the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (Paris) and I would like to thank the colleagues of the Museum for their support, especially Dr. Christophe Daugeron and Emmanuel Delfosse. I am also grateful to Drs. Andre Mallemont Cunha (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro) and Carlos Jose Einicker Lamas (Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo) for the useful help with bibliography and to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico for the Post-doctoral grant (Process nr: 201967/2008-1). I am very grateful to the anonymous reviewer who made a very careful revision with many helpful corrections, suggestions and comments.

Received 27/10/2009;

accepted 25/10/2010

Editor: Silvio Shigueo Nihei

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  27 Jan 2011
• Date of issue
  2010

History

• Received
  27 Oct 2009
• Accepted
  25 Oct 2010