Figure 1
Glossary for basic external morphology of Cephalotes. A: Workers. B: Male head. C: Soldiers head morphotypes (black: frontal carinae, green: vertex, pink: vertexal corners, blue: median-vertexal teeth). D: Soldier promesonotum. E: Gyne mesosoma. F: Basic hair types. G: Wing venation (a: forewing, b: hindwing). ac: antennal condyle, aeg: anterior lamellar expansions of gaster, amm: anterior margin of mesoscutum, amp: anterior margin of petiole, as: antennal socket, atp: anterior tentorial pit, ax: axilla, cl: clypeus, dep: declivous face of propodeum, dop: dorsal face of propodeum, ey: eye, fc: frontal carina, fl: frontal lobe, gs: gastral spots, Igt: gastral tergite I, IIgt: gastral tergite II, IIIgt: gastral tergite III, IVgt: gastral tergite IV, lmp: lateral margin of petiole, lpn: lateral expansions of pronotum, lpp: lateral expansions of propodeum, me: mesoscutum, oc: ocelli, pa: propodeal angle, pc: pronotal carina, pd: pedicel, pl: parapsidial lines, pmg: promesonotal groove, pns: pronotal spines, ppg: propodeal groove, sc: scutellum, sfs: second funicular segment, sg: scutoscutellar groove, sp: scape, tl: transscutal line, vc: vertexal corner, vx: vertex.
Figure 2
Workers of Cephalotes. A: C. atratus (atratus group) [CASENT0178627]. B: C. depressus (depressus group) [CASENT0173671]. C and F: C. pusillus (pusillus group) [CASENT0173703]. D and I: C. pellans (pallens group) [CASENT0173697]. E: C. solidus (solidus group). G: C. cordatus (depressus group) [CASENT0922596]. H: C. frigidus (angustus group) [UFV-LABECOL-004442]. J: C. basalis (basalis group). K: C. grandinosus (grandinosus group) [CASENT0922544]. L: C. maculatus (pinelii group) [CASENT0909295]. M: C. trichophorus (coffeae group). N and R: C. conspersus (angustus group) [R: CASENT0922530]. O: C. clypeatus (clypeatus group) [CASENT0173669]. P: C. umbraculatus (umbraculatus group) [CASENT0922582]. Q: C. jheringi (fiebrigi group). fle: femoral lamellar expansions. ge: gastral expansions. pd: posterodorsal spine. ple: propodeal lamellar expansions. ps: propodeal spine. pv: posteroventral spine. vle: vertexal lamellar expansions.
Figure 3
Soldiers of Cephalotes. A: C. decoloratus (pallens group) [CASENT0909299]. B: C. angustus (angustus group) [CASENT0909276]. C: C. basalis (basalis group). D and I: C. minutus (pusillus group) [CASENT0173691]. E: C. quadratus (fiebrigi group) [CASENT0173705]. F and P: C. umbraculatus (umbraculatus group) [CASENT0922582]. G and O: C. targionii (angustus group) [CASENT0173708]. H: C. nilpiei (pinelii group). J: C. borgmeieri (depressus group) [CASENT0173664]. K: C. grandinosus (grandinosus group). L: C. pinelii (pinelii group). M: C. jheringi (fiebrigi group). N: C. clypeatus (clypeatus group) [CASENT0173669].
Figure 4
Workers of angustus group. A: C. notatus. B and H: C. goeldii [H: CASENT0922535]. C: C. adolphi [CASENT0904906]. D and I: C. targionii [D: CASENT0173661, I: CASENT0922537]. E and M: C. angustus [E: CASENT0909277]. F: C. frigidus. G and J: C. conspersus [J: CASENT0922530]. K and N: C. monicaulyssea. L: C. gabicamacho. O: C. pallidicephalus. P: C. marycorn.
Figure 5
Soldiers of angustus group. A: C. frigidus. B: C. goeldii. C, F, M and O: C. angustus [C: CASENT0909276]. D: C. targionii [CASENT0922536]. E and I: C. gabicamacho. G and K: C. adolphi. H: C. notatus [CASENT0919600]. J: C. goeldii. L: C. pallidicephalus. N and P: C. monicaulyssea.
Figure 6
Soldier of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 7
Gyne of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 8
Worker of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 9
Soldier of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 10
Gyne of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 11
Worker of Cephalotes marycorn. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Manga.
Figure 12
Worker of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 13
Soldier of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 14
Gyne of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 15
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 1”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 13, 30).
Figure 16
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 14, 40, 47 48, 49, 56, 64).
Figure 17
Workers of atratus group. A and D: C. atratus [CASENT0178627]. B and C: C. opacus [CASENT0217839]. E: C. serraticeps. F: C. oculatus. G: C. placidus.
Figure 18
Distribution maps of atratus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 1, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 22, 23, 34, 36, 37, 42, 43, 49, 51, 52, 54, 57, 61, 63, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75).
Figure 19
Workers of basalis group. A, D and F: C. complanatus [D: CASENT0922595]. B: C. basalis. C: C. cordiae [CASENT0919596]. E: C. ramiphilus.
Figure 20
Soldiers of basalis group. A: C. cordiae [FOCOL2143]. B and D: C. complanatus. C, E and F: C. basalis. G: C. ramiphilus [CASENT0909261].
Figure 21
Distribution maps of basalis group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 12, 13, 72).
Figure 22
Workers and soldiers of clypeatus group. A: C. clypeatus [CASENT0173669]. B: C. membranaceus [FOCOL2117]. C: C. ustus.
Figure 23
Distribution maps of clypeatus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 12, 13, 15, 20, 34, 37, 45, 49, 61, 62, 63, 68, 71).
Figure 24
Distribution map of coffeae group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record.
Figure 25
Workers and soldiers of depressus group. A and E: C. borgmeieri [E: CASENT0173665]. B and F: C. cordatus [CASENT0922596]. G, I and M: C. pavonii [G: CASENT0922611]. C, K and O: C. depressus [C, O: CASENT0173671, K: CASENT0909272]. D: C. palustris [UFV-LABECOL-004489]. H and L: C. betoi. J and N: C. eduarduli [CASENT0173676].
Figure 26
Distribution maps of depressus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, 35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 49, 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 70, 71, 76).
Figure 27
Workers of fiebrigi group. A: C. quadratus. B, G and I: C. specularis. C: C. complanatus (basalis group). D and J: C. liviaprado. E: C. pilosus [CASENT0904912]. F: C. basalis (basalis group). H: C. guayaki [CASENT0173677]. K: C. fiebrigi [CASENT0922539]. L: C. jheringi.
Figure 28
Soldiers of fiebrigi group. A and I: C. jheringi [A: CASENT0912601, I: CASENT0904919]. B: C. bruchi [CASENT0912591]. C and G: C. quadratus [CASENT0173705]. D: C. pilosus [CASENT0904911]. E and K: C. fiebrigi [E: CASENT0909290, K: CASENT0922538]. F and L: C. specularis [Brandão et al., 2014]. H: C. guayaki [CASENT0904920]. J: C. liviaprado.
Figure 29
Worker of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.
Figure 30
Soldier of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.
Figure 31
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 1”. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 29, 71).
Figure 32
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 45, 71).
Figure 33
Workers of grandinosus group. A: C. persimplex [CASENT0922544]. B and D: C. persimilis [B: CASENT0922542]. C: C. grandinosus.
Figure 34
Soldiers of grandinosus group. A: C. grandinosus [CASENT0173699]. B, C and D: C. persimplex [B, D: CASENT0922543]. E and F: C. persimilis [E: CASENT0922541].
Figure 35
Distribution maps of grandinosus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 19, 21, 27, 32, 40, 43, 45, 49, 59, 67, 70, 71, 76).
Figure 36
Distribution map of manni group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13).
Figure 37
Workers of pallens group. A, F and H: C. pellans. B and E: C. pallidus. C and D: C. patellaris. G: C. pallens. I: C. pallidoides.
Figure 38
Soldiers of pallens group. A: C. pallidus. B: C. pallidoides [CASENT0922516]. C and D: C. patellaris. E and H: C. pellans. F and I: C. pallens. G: C. pallidoides.
Figure 39
Distribution maps of pallens group in Brazil. White stars type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 2, 3, 4, 13, 15, 33, 36, 38, 39, 48, 49, 56, 58, 59, 61, 69, 71, 72).
Figure 40
Workers of pinelii group. A: C. maculatus. B and I: C. pinelii. C: C. mariadeandrade. D, F and H: C. nilpiei. E: C. incertus. G: C. liepini.
Figure 41
Soldiers of pinelii group. A: C. liepini. B: C. pinelii. C, D and H: C. maculatus [C: CASENT0173689]. E, G and I: C. nilpiei. F: C. incertus.
Figure 42
Worker of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 43
Soldier of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 44
Gyne of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 45
Male of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 46
Gyne of Cephalotes nilpiei. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 47
Male of Cephalotes nilpiei. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 48
Distribution maps of pinelii group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 2, 4, 11, 13, 16, 23, 26, 30, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 50, 53, 56, 68, 71, 72, 74).
Figure 49
Workers of pusillus group. A: C. simillimus. B, H and K: C. inaequalis. C, G and L: C. pusillus [C: CASENT0173703]. D: C. spinosus [CASENT0900244]. E: C. duckei. F: C. minutus. I: C. laminatus. J: C. minutus.
Figure 50
Soldiers of pusillus group. A: C. pusillus. B and H: C. minutus. C: C. duckei. D: C. inaequalis. E: C. spinosus. F and I: C. simillimus. G: C. laminatus.
Figure 51
Distribution maps of pusillus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73).
Figure 52
Distribution map of solidus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Blue triangle: record not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13).
Figure 53
Distribution map of umbraculatus group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 12, 13, 23, 36, 45, 68, 72).
Figure 54
The maximum clade credibility tree from phylogenetic analyses performed by Price et al. (2016) based on morphological and molecular data. The tree has been trimmed to include only those species known from Brazil. The labels for the species groups follow our proposals, including the synonymies, and the previous names for the synonymized groups are shown in grey.
Figure 2
Workers of Cephalotes. A: C. atratus (atratus group) [CASENT0178627]. B: C. depressus (depressus group) [CASENT0173671]. C and F: C. pusillus (pusillus group) [CASENT0173703]. D and I: C. pellans (pallens group) [CASENT0173697]. E: C. solidus (solidus group). G: C. cordatus (depressus group) [CASENT0922596]. H: C. frigidus (angustus group) [UFV-LABECOL-004442]. J: C. basalis (basalis group). K: C. grandinosus (grandinosus group) [CASENT0922544]. L: C. maculatus (pinelii group) [CASENT0909295]. M: C. trichophorus (coffeae group). N and R: C. conspersus (angustus group) [R: CASENT0922530]. O: C. clypeatus (clypeatus group) [CASENT0173669]. P: C. umbraculatus (umbraculatus group) [CASENT0922582]. Q: C. jheringi (fiebrigi group). fle: femoral lamellar expansions. ge: gastral expansions. pd: posterodorsal spine. ple: propodeal lamellar expansions. ps: propodeal spine. pv: posteroventral spine. vle: vertexal lamellar expansions.
Figure 3
Soldiers of Cephalotes. A: C. decoloratus (pallens group) [CASENT0909299]. B: C. angustus (angustus group) [CASENT0909276]. C: C. basalis (basalis group). D and I: C. minutus (pusillus group) [CASENT0173691]. E: C. quadratus (fiebrigi group) [CASENT0173705]. F and P: C. umbraculatus (umbraculatus group) [CASENT0922582]. G and O: C. targionii (angustus group) [CASENT0173708]. H: C. nilpiei (pinelii group). J: C. borgmeieri (depressus group) [CASENT0173664]. K: C. grandinosus (grandinosus group). L: C. pinelii (pinelii group). M: C. jheringi (fiebrigi group). N: C. clypeatus (clypeatus group) [CASENT0173669].
Figure 4
Workers of angustus group. A: C. notatus. B and H: C. goeldii [H: CASENT0922535]. C: C. adolphi [CASENT0904906]. D and I: C. targionii [D: CASENT0173661, I: CASENT0922537]. E and M: C. angustus [E: CASENT0909277]. F: C. frigidus. G and J: C. conspersus [J: CASENT0922530]. K and N: C. monicaulyssea. L: C. gabicamacho. O: C. pallidicephalus. P: C. marycorn.
Figure 5
Soldiers of angustus group. A: C. frigidus. B: C. goeldii. C, F, M and O: C. angustus [C: CASENT0909276]. D: C. targionii [CASENT0922536]. E and I: C. gabicamacho. G and K: C. adolphi. H: C. notatus [CASENT0919600]. J: C. goeldii. L: C. pallidicephalus. N and P: C. monicaulyssea.
Figure 6
Soldier of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 7
Gyne of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 8
Worker of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 9
Soldier of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 10
Gyne of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 11
Worker of Cephalotes marycorn. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Manga.
Figure 12
Worker of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 13
Soldier of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 14
Gyne of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 15
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 1”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 13, 30).
Figure 16
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 14, 40, 47 48, 49, 56, 64).
Figure 6
Soldier of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 7
Gyne of Cephalotes adolphi. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 8
Worker of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 9
Soldier of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 10
Gyne of Cephalotes gabicamacho. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 11
Worker of Cephalotes marycorn. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Manga.
Figure 12
Worker of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 13
Soldier of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 14
Gyne of Cephalotes monicaulyssea. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 15
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 1”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 13, 30).
Figure 16
Distribution maps of angustus group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 14, 40, 47 48, 49, 56, 64).
Figure 17
Workers of atratus group. A and D: C. atratus [CASENT0178627]. B and C: C. opacus [CASENT0217839]. E: C. serraticeps. F: C. oculatus. G: C. placidus.
Figure 18
Distribution maps of atratus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 1, 4, 5, 8, 11, 13, 22, 23, 34, 36, 37, 42, 43, 49, 51, 52, 54, 57, 61, 63, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75).
Figure 19
Workers of basalis group. A, D and F: C. complanatus [D: CASENT0922595]. B: C. basalis. C: C. cordiae [CASENT0919596]. E: C. ramiphilus.
Figure 20
Soldiers of basalis group. A: C. cordiae [FOCOL2143]. B and D: C. complanatus. C, E and F: C. basalis. G: C. ramiphilus [CASENT0909261].
Figure 21
Distribution maps of basalis group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 12, 13, 72).
Figure 22
Workers and soldiers of clypeatus group. A: C. clypeatus [CASENT0173669]. B: C. membranaceus [FOCOL2117]. C: C. ustus.
Figure 23
Distribution maps of clypeatus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 12, 13, 15, 20, 34, 37, 45, 49, 61, 62, 63, 68, 71).
Figure 24
Distribution map of coffeae group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record.
Figure 24
Distribution map of coffeae group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record.
Figure 25
Workers and soldiers of depressus group. A and E: C. borgmeieri [E: CASENT0173665]. B and F: C. cordatus [CASENT0922596]. G, I and M: C. pavonii [G: CASENT0922611]. C, K and O: C. depressus [C, O: CASENT0173671, K: CASENT0909272]. D: C. palustris [UFV-LABECOL-004489]. H and L: C. betoi. J and N: C. eduarduli [CASENT0173676].
Figure 26
Distribution maps of depressus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, 35, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 49, 56, 60, 61, 63, 66, 70, 71, 76).
Figure 27
Workers of fiebrigi group. A: C. quadratus. B, G and I: C. specularis. C: C. complanatus (basalis group). D and J: C. liviaprado. E: C. pilosus [CASENT0904912]. F: C. basalis (basalis group). H: C. guayaki [CASENT0173677]. K: C. fiebrigi [CASENT0922539]. L: C. jheringi.
Figure 28
Soldiers of fiebrigi group. A and I: C. jheringi [A: CASENT0912601, I: CASENT0904919]. B: C. bruchi [CASENT0912591]. C and G: C. quadratus [CASENT0173705]. D: C. pilosus [CASENT0904911]. E and K: C. fiebrigi [E: CASENT0909290, K: CASENT0922538]. F and L: C. specularis [Brandão et al., 2014]. H: C. guayaki [CASENT0904920]. J: C. liviaprado.
Figure 29
Worker of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.
Figure 30
Soldier of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.
Figure 31
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 1”. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 29, 71).
Figure 32
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 45, 71).
Figure 29
Worker of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.
Figure 30
Soldier of Cephalotes liviaprado. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MS, Porto Murtinho.
Figure 31
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 1”. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 29, 71).
Figure 32
Distribution maps of fiebrigi group in Brazil “part 2”. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 45, 71).
Figure 33
Workers of grandinosus group. A: C. persimplex [CASENT0922544]. B and D: C. persimilis [B: CASENT0922542]. C: C. grandinosus.
Figure 34
Soldiers of grandinosus group. A: C. grandinosus [CASENT0173699]. B, C and D: C. persimplex [B, D: CASENT0922543]. E and F: C. persimilis [E: CASENT0922541].
Figure 35
Distribution maps of grandinosus group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13, 19, 21, 27, 32, 40, 43, 45, 49, 59, 67, 70, 71, 76).
Figure 36
Distribution map of manni group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13).
Figure 36
Distribution map of manni group in Brazil. Black circle: material examined. Red square: new record. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13).
Figure 37
Workers of pallens group. A, F and H: C. pellans. B and E: C. pallidus. C and D: C. patellaris. G: C. pallens. I: C. pallidoides.
Figure 38
Soldiers of pallens group. A: C. pallidus. B: C. pallidoides [CASENT0922516]. C and D: C. patellaris. E and H: C. pellans. F and I: C. pallens. G: C. pallidoides.
Figure 39
Distribution maps of pallens group in Brazil. White stars type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 2, 3, 4, 13, 15, 33, 36, 38, 39, 48, 49, 56, 58, 59, 61, 69, 71, 72).
Figure 40
Workers of pinelii group. A: C. maculatus. B and I: C. pinelii. C: C. mariadeandrade. D, F and H: C. nilpiei. E: C. incertus. G: C. liepini.
Figure 41
Soldiers of pinelii group. A: C. liepini. B: C. pinelii. C, D and H: C. maculatus [C: CASENT0173689]. E, G and I: C. nilpiei. F: C. incertus.
Figure 42
Worker of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 43
Soldier of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 44
Gyne of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 45
Male of Cephalotes mariadeandrade. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Uberlândia.
Figure 46
Gyne of Cephalotes nilpiei. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 47
Male of Cephalotes nilpiei. A: frontal view. B: lateral view. C: dorsal view. Brazil: MG, Santana do Riacho.
Figure 48
Distribution maps of pinelii group in Brazil. White stars: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 2, 4, 11, 13, 16, 23, 26, 30, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, 45, 50, 53, 56, 68, 71, 72, 74).
Figure 49
Workers of pusillus group. A: C. simillimus. B, H and K: C. inaequalis. C, G and L: C. pusillus [C: CASENT0173703]. D: C. spinosus [CASENT0900244]. E: C. duckei. F: C. minutus. I: C. laminatus. J: C. minutus.
Figure 50
Soldiers of pusillus group. A: C. pusillus. B and H: C. minutus. C: C. duckei. D: C. inaequalis. E: C. spinosus. F and I: C. simillimus. G: C. laminatus.
Figure 51
Distribution maps of pusillus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31, 34, 36, 37, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73).
Figure 52
Distribution map of solidus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Blue triangle: record not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13).
Figure 53
Distribution map of umbraculatus group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 12, 13, 23, 36, 45, 68, 72).
Figure 54
The maximum clade credibility tree from phylogenetic analyses performed by Price et al. (2016) based on morphological and molecular data. The tree has been trimmed to include only those species known from Brazil. The labels for the species groups follow our proposals, including the synonymies, and the previous names for the synonymized groups are shown in grey.
Figure 52
Distribution map of solidus group in Brazil. White star: type locality. Blue triangle: record not examined from literature. (Literature source: 13).
Figure 53
Distribution map of umbraculatus group in Brazil. Black circles: material examined. Red squares: new records. Blue triangles: records not examined from literature. (Literature source: 12, 13, 23, 36, 45, 68, 72).
Figure 54
The maximum clade credibility tree from phylogenetic analyses performed by Price et al. (2016) based on morphological and molecular data. The tree has been trimmed to include only those species known from Brazil. The labels for the species groups follow our proposals, including the synonymies, and the previous names for the synonymized groups are shown in grey.
A taxonomic study of the Brazilian turtle ants (Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Cephalotes)
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