A new species of Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) and notes on the adults of Nectopsyche splendida ()

ABSTRACT The male and female of a new species in the long-horned caddisfly genus Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 are described from southeastern Brazil. The new species has male genitalia similar to species of the candida-group, but has several endothecal spines in the phallic apparatus similar to those of gemma-group species. The color pattern of the scales and hairs on the head, thorax and forewings is similar to that of Nectopsyche splendida (Navás, 1917), as both species have bands of metallic silver-iridescent scales interleaved with black areas on the forewings. Additionally, we present illustrations of the male and female genitalia of N. splendida and expand the knowledge of its distribution.


Introduction
The genus Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 is a member of the longhorned caddisfly family Leptoceridae.The genus is known for the unique swimming habit of the larvae and the colored hairs and shiny scales on the forewings, thorax, and head of the adults of many species (Müller, 1879).Currently, 104 species are known within the genus, all restricted in distribution restricted to the New World (Holzenthal and Rios-Touma, 2018;Morse, 2022).
The genus is traditionally divided into groups of species that do not necessarily represent monophyletic clusters of species (Flint, 1983;Holzenthal, 1995).Species are grouped by distinct differences in color pattern, forewing length, eye size, and major differences in male genitalia (Flint, 1983).The genus has a high intraspecific variability of the genitalic structures, even within the same population, and with subtle differences in the genitalia among the species of a group (Holzenthal, 1995).The most currently important feature in the determination of the species of Nectopsyche is the color pattern of hairs and scales on forewings, thorax, and head, which hampers any attempt to identify individuals stored in alcohol or even pinned material with denuded forewings (Holzenthal, 1995;Oláh, 2016).Nevertheless, six groups of species were determined based only on structures of the male genitalia, without reference to color pattern of the forewings, by Oláh and Oláh Junior (2017), allowing some studies with material preserved in alcohol.
Nectopyche splendida (Navás, 1917) was described based on material (♂, unspecified number of specimens) from Santa Fe, Argentina, and as for many species described by Navás, the type material is lost (Schmid, 1950;Muñoz-Quesada, 2000;Holzenthal and Calor, 2017).The species was redescribed by Flint (1982) based on material (one ♀ and possibly ♂) from Buenos Aires, San Miguel, Argentina.Both the description by Navás (1917) and the redescription by Flint (1982) do not describe or illustrate the male genitalia.Currently, this species has a wide distribution in the Neotropics, with occurrences extending from northern Venezuela to the central region of Argentina (Holzenthal and Calor, 2017).
Recently, based on material collected predominantly in the Rio Doce basin, southeastern Brazil, we found a new species apparently related to N. splendida.Herein we describe the male and female adults of the new species, as well as the different eversible states of male genital structures.Additionally, we present illustrations of the male and female genitalia of N. splendida and expand the knowledge of its distribution in southeastern Brazil.

Material and methods
Specimens were collected sporadically at low altitude sites (15 m-585 m) in two hydrographic basins in southeastern Brazil: the Rio Doce basin, in the main river and its large tributaries, including Rio São José, Rio Manhuaçu, Rio Santana and in an associated lake, Lagoa Nova; and the São Mateus river basin, including Rio São Mateus and Rio Cricaré.Both basins are located in the Atlantic Forest biome in the southeast of Minas Gerais state and north of Espírito Santo state (Fig. 5).
Adults were collected by attracting them to white or black light fluorescent tube lamps placed in front of white bed sheets as well as with Pennsylvania light traps (Frost, 1957;Upton and Mantle, 2010).Most of the material was preserved in 80% ethanol and a few specimens were pinned.To observe genitalic structures, the abdomen was removed and cleared using potassium hydroxide solution (KOH 10%) at room temperature; for eversion of the genitalic structures, lactic acid (85%) method was used (Blahnik and Holzenthal, 2004;Blahnik et al., 2007).After clearing, the abdomen was placed on an excavated microscopic slide with alcohol gel and a coverslip was gently placed over the gel for viewing, photographing, and drawing the genitalia.For the illustration of the forewing and genitalia, a stereomicroscope (Olympus SZ61), a compound microscope (Olympus CX31) and an attached camera (Motic A5) were used.The focus montage of the individual digital photographs and editing of the images were done in Adobe Photoshop®.Drawings of the genitalia were done in Adobe Illustrator®.The morphological terminology follows that of Schmid (1998) and for genitalia Holzenthal (1995).
The distributional map was created in the QGIS® software, using geographic coordinates of the material analyzed in this paper, published literature records and data available at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF)."Terrestrial Ecosystems of the World" layers used in the map are available from the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) (Olson et al., 2001).For literature records without detailed locality of georeference information, with only occurrence information for the country, we provide their respective central points, to demonstrate the occurrence recorded in the literature for these countries.Material examined, including types of the new species, is deposited in the Museu de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFVB) and the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ).

Results
Nectopsyche aymore, new species urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DDF40146-406E-4FD5-9A1F-2D2D309CA4F0(Fig. 1A-F, 2A-C & 3A-C) Diagnosis.This new species has male genitalia similar to the species of the candida-group (Flint, 1968) based on the following characteristics: simple, elongated preanal appendages (Fig. 1B, C); slender, straight inferior appendages (Fig. 1A, B); basoventral process of the inferior appendages digitate (Fig. 1A, B).On the other hand, this species has several endothecal spines in the phallic apparatus (Fig. 1D-F), as in species included in the gemma-group.The color pattern of the scales and hairs on the head, thorax, and forewings (Fig. 2A) is similar to those of N. splendida, as both species have bands of metallic silver-iridescent scales interleaved with black hairs or scales on the forewings.In the new species, however, the black coloration is formed only by dark hairs between the bands of scales, and the scales in the bands as well as the bands themselves are not as densely distributed or defined as they are in N. splendida (compare Figs. 2A and D).Furthermore, the forewing of N. splendida has a patch of golden scales over the stigma (Fig. 2D), which is absent in the new species.In addition, the new species differs from N. splendida by having wider abdominal segment IX in lateral view (Fig. 1B); narrower and smaller ovoid tergum IX acrotergites (Fig. 1B, C); smaller, more robust preanal appendage (Fig. 1B, C); segment X lateral process thin with acute apex (Fig. 1B); inferior appendage with apicomesal lobe with small spines at the apex (Fig. 1A); periphalic process without an enlarged apex (Fig. 1D-F); phallobase strongly curved and flexible (Fig. 1D-F); and endothecal membranes with small spines (Fig. 1D-F).