Neodexiopsis Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) from Ecuador: description of new species and a key to the species

ABSTRACT Neodexiopsis Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) is a member of the subfamily Coenosiinae, with more than a hundred species recorded in the Neotropical region. In Ecuador, it is known by four species, which may be an underestimated number. We describe five new species based on recently collected material: Neodexiopsis bicoloratta new species, N. longialata new species, N. nigrocalyptrata new species, N. plana new species, and N. secunda new species. A key to segregating all the recorded species from Ecuador is presented. The male and female terminalia of the new species were dissected and illustrated. Images of the habitus of the adult from the new species are presented.


Introduction
Neodexiopsis Malloch (Diptera, Muscidae) is a Neotropical Coenosiinae genus, with more than a hundred species recorded in this region but with heterogeneous levels of knowledge among countries (de Carvalho et al., 2005).Half of the Neodexiopsis species are known from Brazil, while a few species have been recorded from Argentina, Bahamas, Bolivia, Caicos Dissections, terminology, images, and maps Male and female terminalia were macerated in 10% potassium hydroxide, boiled in a water bath for ten minutes, and dissected using glycerol.The samples were analyzed using a stereomicroscope Carl Zeiss Standard 20 and drawn and inked with Inkscape 0.91 (http://inkscape.org/en/).The terminalia were stored in a microtube containing glycerol and attached to a pin bearing the specimen.The terminology of the descriptions follows Cumming and Wood (2017).
Images of the habitus of the adult from the new species were taken with Zeiss AxioCam ERc 5s using Discovery V20 stereomicroscope.The map was created using the free QGIS software (available at http:// www.qgis.org/en/site/).The map coordinates follow Löwenberg-Neto and de Carvalho (2013).The specific localities of N. equator and N. rufitibia from Ecuador are unknown (Snyder, 1957(Snyder, , 1958) ) and we included the Quito coordinates for both species in the map.

Taxonomy
The four Neodexiopsis species previously recorded from Ecuador are known only by a few specimens except N. rufitibia.Since their original descriptions, they have been treated mainly in catalogs.No material on these species was examined and all data about them were taken from literature, mainly from the original descriptions (Thomson, 1869;Stein, 1919;Curran, 1934;Snyder, 1958).Neodexiopsis equator and N. latifrons are endemic to Ecuador, the first of which belongs to the ovata group proposed by Snyder (1958).Species of this group can be easily distinguished from other Neodexiopsis species by modifications in the anal area of the wing.Males have a posterior lobe extension, while in females, it is more angular (see Snyder, 1958:13 and 16).
Description: Male.Length: body: 2.9-3.1 mm; wing: 3.0 mm.Color: General color brown, post-pronotum yellowish.Face and parafacial velvety dark brown with coppery reflections under certain light conditions.Frons, fronto-orbital plate and gena gray pollinose.Antenna brown, the apex of the pedicellum lighter.Arista and palpus brown.Calypteres uniformly whitish.Halter yellow.Wing smoky.Mesonotum brown, all pleurae brown-gray pollinose.Legs yellow, except apices of mid-and hind femora, which are brown.Abdomen dark brown, a little shiny, without clouds; tergite 1 + 2 yellowish at base.Head: Eyes bare; inner and outer vertical setae long.Frontal row with three pairs of long setae, upper one backward directed.Ocellar setae long, forward-directed, and divergent from one another.Postpedicel about 3.0 times the length of the pedicel.Arista very short pubescent.
Thorax: Acrostichal hairs very fine, pre-scutellar pair not developed.Presutural one; supra-alar one; post supra-alar one.Scutellum with a very long pair of basal setae and a very short and fine apical one.Anepisternum with ground cilia setulae and four long setae, inferior one longer.Fore femur with anterodorsal and anteroventral complete rows of setae.Fore tibia on the posterior surface with one long median seta; dorsal and ventral surfaces with apical setae.Mid femur with three anterior setae, each one inserted in each third of the femur; ventral surface with two fine setae on the basal third and one on the apical third; posterior surface with two preapical setae.Mid tibia with one median anterodorsal and one median posteroventral setae; one dorsal and one ventral preapical and one dorsal apical.Hind femur with about 5-6 anterodorsal spaced setae and two anteroventrals on apical third.Hind tibia with one median anterodorsal and one median posterodorsal setae, one dorsal preapical, one posterodorsal on the apical third, two fine ventrals on the apical third, and one ventral apical.
Terminalia: Cercus is longer than wide and shorter than the surstylus length (Fig. 1B).Surstylus is long and enlarged (Figs 1B, C).Hypandrium tubular and long; phallapodeme with the same diameter in all extensions (Fig. 1C).The pregonite and postgonite are similar in length (Fig. 1C).
Female: Similar to male, except for the absence of the median posterodorsal seta on the hind tibia.Only one anteroventral seta on the hind tibia.Ovipositor long; tergites and sternites narrow, sternites with setae at apex; epiproct shorter than hypoproct; cerci long, with long seta on external margins (Figs 1E, F).Two spermatheca rounded (Fig. 1E).The species is easily distinguished from the other Neodexiopsis recorded from Ecuador by the median large vittae on the male mesonotum and long and smoky wings.
Color: General brown, with grey pollinosity.Parafacial, fronto-orbital plate, and gena with golden and silver reflections.Face and frons brown with gray pollinosity.Antenna and arista dark brown, pedicellum with apex yellow.Palpus brown.Calypteres uniformly whitish; halter yellow.Wing clear.Mesonotum brown with gray pollinosity; male with a large median brown vitta between the dorsocentral rows of setae, reaching apex of scutellum and two in intralar row, but less marked than the median one; females with mesonotum more uniformly brown.Pleurae brown, uniformly gray pollinose.Legs with coxae yellow with grey pollinosity; trochanter and femur yellow, except apices of the mid and hind femur, which are brown; tibia in male yellow on basal third and all yellow in female; tarsi brown in both sexes.Abdomen brown, a little shiny in males, and a faint brown longitudinal vitta in females.
Head: Eyes bare; inner and outer vertical setae long.Frontal row with five pairs of setae, only the fourth one long.Ocellar setae fine, long, forward-directed, and divergent from one another.Postpedicel about 3.0-3.2times the length of the pedicel.Arista, very short pubescent.
Thorax: Acrostichal hairs very fine, pair pre-scutellar not developed.Presutural one; supra-alar one; post supra-alar one.Scutellum with a very long pair of basal setae and a very short and fine apical one.Anepisternum with ground setulae and four long setae, inferior one longer.Fore femur with anterodorsal and anteroventral complete rows of setae.Fore tibia on the posterior surface with a long median seta; dorsal and ventral surfaces with an apical seta.Mid femur with three anterior setae, each one inserted in each third; ventral surface with two fine setae on basal third and one on the apical third; posterior surface with two preapical setae.Mid tibia with one median anterodorsal and one submedian posteroventral setae; one dorsal pre-apical and one ventral and one dorsal apical.Hind femur with about 5-6 anterodorsal spaced setae and two anteroventrals on apical third.Hind tibia with anterodorsal and posterodorsal median seta, one ventral submedian, one long dorsal on the upper limit of the apical third, one dorsal preapical, and one strong ventral apical.Wing long.
Terminalia: Cercus is longer than wide and not extending beyond the surstylus apex (Figs 2B, C).Surstylus is long (Fig. 2B, C).Hypandrium tubular and long; phallapodeme with the same diameter in all extensions (Fig. 2C).The length of the pregonite is shorter than that of the postgonite (Fig. 2C).
Female: Similar to male, except for long and fine preapical posterodorsal seta absent on the fore tibia.Median anterodorsal seta absent on hind tibia.Ovipositor long; tergites and sternites narrow, sternites with setae at apex; epiproct as long as hypoproct; cerci long, with long seta on external margins (Figs 2E and F).Egg, as in Fig. 2G.

Neodexiopsis nigrocalyptrata new species
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:73DDC2D4-9DED-4B41-8779-89E29508C1C2 (Figs 3A-F, 6C) Diagnosis: The species is morphologically close to N. nigerrima (Malloch, 1934), which occurs in Chile and Argentina but lacks the anteroventral seta on the hind tibia, and the calypteres in females are Thorax: Acrostichal hairs distinct, more or less in two rows, pair pre-scutellar developed.Presuturals one; supra-alar one; post supraalar one.Scutellum with two long pairs of setae, the apical one slightly longer than the basal one.Anepisternum with ground setulae and five long setae, inferior one longer.Katepisternum with three short discal cilia and three usual setae of 1 + 1 + 1. Fore femur with an anterodorsal and anteroventral complete row of setae; posterior surface with few setae.Fore tibia on the posterior surface with one long median seta; dorsal and ventral surfaces with long seta on the apical third; posterior surface with one preapical seta, ventral surface with one apical seta.Mid femur with one anterior supramedian seta; posterior surface with two preapical setae.Mid tibia with one median anterodorsal and one posteroventral setae, one dorsal preapical and one ventral and one dorsal apical.Hind femur with anterodorsal and anteroventral complete rows of spaced setae.Hind tibia with one anterodorsal supramedian seta, one dorsal preapical, one ventral and one dorsal apical.
Terminalia: Cercus is longer than wide, longer than surstylus (Fig. 3C-D).Surstylus long (Fig. 3C-D).Hypandrium tubular and long;  Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin word nigreos, meaning black, and refers to the dark color of the lower calypter.Description: Male.Length: body: 3.5 mm; wing: 3.7 mm.Color: General brown, with grey pollinosity.Frons brown with gray pollinosity around the ocellar triangle and along the middle line of the eyes.Face, parafacial, fronto-orbital plate, and gena gray pollinose.Antennae and arista dark brown.Palpus brown.Calypteres uniformly whitish; halter yellow.Wing smoky.Mesonotum brown, postpronotum, and pleurae gray pollinoses.Coxae grey pollinose; trochanter yellow; fore femur brown with extreme apex yellow, mid and hind femora with basal half or third yellow; tibiae yellowish brown and tarsi brown.Abdomen brown, a little shiny in males, and with grey pollinosity laterally in females.
Head: Eyes bare; inner and outer vertical setae long.Frontal row with four pairs of setae, third row long, upper backward directed.Ocellar setae fine, long, forward-directed, and divergent from one another.Lunule slightly projected in males.Antennae inserted slightly above mid-level eyes.Postpedicel approximately 3.8 times the length of the pedicel in males.Arista, very short pubescent.Vibrissa long.
Thorax: Acrostichal hairs very fine, pair pre-scutellar not developed.Presuturals one; supra-alar one; post supra-alar one.Scutellum with a very long pair of basal setae and a very short and fine apical one.Anepisternum with ground setulae and four long setae, inferior one longer.Fore femur with anterodorsal and anteroventral complete rows of setae.Fore tibia on posterior surface with a long median seta; dorsal and ventral surfaces with an apical seta.Mid femur with 1-2 anterior setae; ventral surface with about six fine-spaced setae; posterior surface with two preapical setae.Mid tibia with one median anterodorsal and one median posterodorsal setae; one dorsal preapical, one ventral and

Etymology:
The specific name is derived from the Latin word plana and refers to the flat dorsal aspect of the abdomen.

Neodexiopsis secunda new species
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:31C145EC-3A8B-4874-A82C-3467AF54DBA5 (Figs 5A-E, 6E) Diagnosis: The new species belongs to the ovata group.In Snyder's (1958) key to this group, this species approaches N. willistoni because of the length of the apical scutellar setae but differs in many other characters.The species is easily distinguished from the other Neodexiopsis recorded in Ecuador by a long median seta on the posterior surface of the hind tibia.This species is known only by its holotype.
Color: General brown, with grey pollinosity.Frons brown and light brown along the midline.Face, parafacial, fronto-orbital plate, and gena gray pollinose.Antenna and arista dark brown, the apex of the pedicel lighter with gray pollinosity.Palpus yellowish on basal twothirds and brown on apical third.Calypteres uniformly whitish; halter yellow.Wing clear.Mesonotum brown-grey pollinose with five faint stripes.Legs yellow, the apex of femora brown on dorsal surface; tarsi brown.Abdomen brown, lateral areas of tergites 1 + 2 and 3 yellow; terminalia yellow.
Head: Eyes bare; inner vertical setae longer than outer setae.Frontal row with four pairs of setae, third row long, upper backward directed.Ocellar setae fine.Antennae inserted slightly above mid-level eyes.Postpedicel about 2.8 times the length of the pedicel.Arista, very short pubescent.Thorax: Acrostichals very fine.Presutural one; supra-alar one; post supra-alar one.Scutellum with a very long pair of basal setae and a very short and fine apical one.Anepisternum with ground setulae and four long setae, inferior one longer.The two posterior katepisternals very long.Lower calypter long, about 2.8 times the length of the superior and broad.Fore femur with anterodorsal and anteroventral complete rows of spaced setae.Fore tibia on the posterior surface with a long median seta; one short preapical dorsal and posterodorsal; ventral surface with an apical seta.Mid femur with one fine anterior setae on apical fourth; ventral surface with three fine-spaced setae; posterior surface with two preapical setae.Mid tibia with one median anterodorsal submedian and one median posterodorsal setae, one anterior and one ventral apical setae, the last one very strong.Hind femur with about five anterodorsal spaced setae and two anteroventral on apical third.Hind tibia with one anterodorsal and one posterodorsal median seta, long dorsal on apical third, dorsal preapical, and ventral apical.Wing with the basal lobe (Fig. 5E).
Terminalia: Cercus is longer than wide, shorter than the length of the surstylus (Figs 5B-C).Surstylus long and very enlarged apically (Figs 5B-C).Hypandrium tubular and long; phallapodeme with the same diameter in all extensions (Fig. 5C).Pregonite and postgonite of similar lengths (Fig. 5C).
Female: unknown.Etymology: The name refers to the second species of the ovata group recorded in Ecuador.

Geographical distribution
Neodexiopsis species occurring in the Ecuadorian highland sites are mostly endemic, as only N. latifrons and N. equator occur in other regions (Fig. 7).In the same sites as the new species described here, many other endemic Muscidae species are present, some of them occurring also up to 3000 meters (Fogaça and de Carvalho, 2015;de Carvalho et al., 2019).We updated the distribution of N. devia, the records from Trinidad and Tobago and the United States of America presented by Löwenberg-Neto & de Carvalho (2013) are mistaken.Based on this, we updated the distribution of N. devia as being endemic to Isla de San Cristóbal and Isla Santiago (Galapagos Islands), as previously presented by Curran (1934).