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Biology, Ecology and Diversity • Rev. Bras. entomol. 59 (1) • Jan-Mar 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2014.11.002   copy

Interaction between Tephritidae (Insecta, Diptera) and plants of the family Asteraceae: new host and distribution records for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Twenty species of Tephritidae (Diptera) are recorded in association with capitula of plants in the family Asteraceae. The Tephritidae genus Tetreuarestais registered for Rio Grande do Sul for the first time. Five species of Tephritidae are newly recorded for Rio Grande do Sul, and new hosts are recorded for the following fly species: Dioxyna chilensis (Macquart), Plaumannimyia dolores (Hering), Plaumannimyia imitatrix (Hering), Plaumannimyia miseta (Hering), Plaumannimyia pallens Hering, Tomoplagia incompleta (Williston), Tomoplagia matzenbacheri Prado, Norrbom & Lewinsohn, Tomoplagia reimoseri Hendel, Xanthaciura biocellata (Thomson) and Xanthaciura chrysura (Thomson).

Diversity; Fruit flies; Occurrence; Taxonomy; Tephritinae

Introduction

In Tephritidae (Diptera), larvae of many species use fruits as substrate for larval development, causing economic impact on plants of agricultural interest (Aluja, 1994Aluja, M., 1994. Bionomics and management of Anastrepha. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 39, 155-178.; Aluja and Mangan, 2008Aluja, M., Mangan, R.L., 2008. Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Host status determination: Critical conceptual, methodological, and regulatory considerations. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 53, 473-502.; Foote, 1967Foote, R.H., 1967. Family Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae). In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Fascicle 57. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, São Paulo.; Norrbom et al., 1999Norrbom, A.L., Carroll, L.E., Thompson, F.C., White, I.M., Freidberg, A., 1999. Systematic database of names. In: Thompson, F.C. (Ed.). Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia (1998) 9, pp. 65-251.). The larvae of most species of the subfamily Tephritinae develop on plants of the family Asteraceae, inducing the formation of galls in various regions of the plants or feeding themselves, either inside the capitula or in seeds and roots (Foote, 1967Foote, R.H., 1967. Family Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae). In: Papavero, N. (Ed.). A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States. Fascicle 57. Departamento de Zoologia, Secretaria da Agricultura, São Paulo.; Foote et al., 1993Foote, R.H., Blanc, F.L., Norrbom, A.L., 1993. Handbook of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America north of Mexico. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca.; Norrbom, 2010Norrbom, A.L., 2010. Tephritidae (Fruit Flies, Moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E., Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. Volume 2. NRC Research Press, Ontario, pp. 909-954.; Norrbom and Prado, 2006Norrbom, A.L., Prado, P.I., 2006. New genera and host plant records of Asteraceae-feeding Tephritidae (Diptera) from Brazil. Zootaxa 1139, 1-17.; Prado et al., 2002Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.).

Asteraceae is a major angiosperm family with more than 23,000 recognized species in 1,600 genera (Bremer, 1994Bremer, K., 1994. Asteraceae: Cladistics & Classification. Timber Press, Portland, 752 p.; Jeffrey, 2006Jeffrey, C., 2006. Compositae. Introduction with keys to tribes. In: Kadereit, J.W., Jeffrey, C. (Eds.). The families and genera of vascular plants: Vol. 8: Flowering plants: Eudicots: Asterales. Berlin, Springer, pp. 61-77.; Panero and Funk, 2008Panero, J.L., Funk, V.A., 2008. The value of sampling anomalous taxa in phylogenetic studies: major clades of the Asteraceae revealed. Mol. Phylog. Evol. 47, 757-782.). Representatives of this family are of great economic importance and are cultivated as ornamental plants, as well as for medicines, oleaginous, perfumes, insecticides, and food. In addition, some species are invasive in agriculture and toxic to animals and man (Beretta et al., 2008Beretta, M.E., Fernandes, A.C., Schneider, A.A., Ritter, M.R., 2008. A família Asteraceae no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Viamão, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. R. bras. Bioci. 6, 189-216.). Species of Asteraceae are the principal hosts of the subfamily Tephritinae worldwide (Foote et al., 1993Foote, R.H., Blanc, F.L., Norrbom, A.L., 1993. Handbook of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America north of Mexico. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca.; Korneyev, 1999Korneyev, V.A., 1999. Phylogeny of the subfamily Tephritinae: Relationships of the tribes and subtribes. In: Aluja, M., Norrbom, A.L. (Eds.). Fruit flies (Tephritidae): Phylogeny and evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 549-580.; Zwölfer, 1987Zwölfer, H., 1987. Species richness, species packing and evolution in insect-plant systems. In: Schulze, E.D., Zwölfer, H. (Eds.). Ecological Studies. Potentials and Limitations of Ecosystem Analysis. Vol. 61. Springer, New York, pp. 301-319.). Because of the great adaptive capacity of Asteraceae, the family is amply distributed, particularly in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions (Barroso et al., 1991Barroso, G.M., Guimarães, E.F., Ichaso, C.L.F., Costa, C.G., Peixoto, A.L., Lima, H.C., 1991. Sistemática de Angiospermas do Brasil. Volume 3. Imprensa Universitária, Viçosa, 326 p.).

Tephritinae, in the Neotropical Region, encompass more than 430 species and approximately 50 recognized genera (Norrbom et al., 1999Norrbom, A.L., Carroll, L.E., Thompson, F.C., White, I.M., Freidberg, A., 1999. Systematic database of names. In: Thompson, F.C. (Ed.). Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia (1998) 9, pp. 65-251.). In Brazil, 80 species belonging to 18 genera have been registered in association with capitula of Asteraceae (Prado et al., 2002Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.), and in the South region, 38 species in 13 genera have been registered (Garcia et al., 2002Garcia, F.R.M., Campos, J.V., Corseuil, E., 2002. Lista documentada das moscas-das-frutas (Diptera, Tephritidae) de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Biociências 10, 139-148.; Prado et al., 2002Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.; Prado et al., 2004Prado, P.I., Norrbom, A.L., Lewinsohn, T.M., 2004. New species of Tomoplagia Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 33, 189-211.; Sabedot et al., 2008Sabedot, S.M., Garcia, F.R.M., Bogus, G.M., Savaris, M., 2008. Primeiro registro de Tomoplagia reimoseri Hendel e Xanthaciura mallochi Aczél (Diptera: Tephritidae) para o Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Ciênc. Rur. 38, 1762-1764.; Sabedot-Bordin et al., 2011Sabedot-Bordin, S.M., Bogus, G.M., Bampi, D., Garcia, F.R.M., 2011. Tefritídeos endófagos (Diptera: Tephritidae) associados à Asteraceae em Chapecó, Santa Catarina. Biotemas 24, 15-20.).

In Rio Grande do Sul few studies have examined species of Tephritidae and their ecological interactions with Asteraceae. The fly species registered in association with that family represent 18.8% of those that occur in Brazil and 39.5% of the species occurring in the South. At this time, the Tephritidae fauna has been investigated in only five of the 497 municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 1) (Prado et al., 2002Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.; Prado et al., 2004Prado, P.I., Norrbom, A.L., Lewinsohn, T.M., 2004. New species of Tomoplagia Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 33, 189-211.). These municipalities cover the North Coast (Capão da Canoa), the Higher Plateau (Cambará do Sul), and the Central Depression (Guaíba, Gravataí and Santo Antônio da Patrulha) (Rio Grande do Sul, 1994Rio Grande do Sul - Secretaria da Agricultura e Abastecimento. 1994. Macrozoneamento agroecológico e econômico do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Governo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.).

Figure 1.
Localities in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, where the fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae was sampled.

Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. registered in those municipalities the species Dioxyna chilensis (Macquart, 1843) in hosts of tribes Coreopsideae, Neurolaeneae, Senecioneae and Tageteae; Paracantha australis Malloch, 1933 in hosts of tribes Heliantheae and Neurolaeneae; Plaumannimyia coelestina (Hering, 1938), Plaumannimyia imitatrix (Hering, 1938), and Plaumannimyia pallens Hering, 1938, in hosts of tribes Astereae and Senecioneae; Tomoplagia costalimai Aczél, 1955; Tomoplagia fiebrigi Hendel, 1914; Tomoplagia formosa Aczél, 1955; Tomoplagia incompleta (Williston, 1896), Tomoplagia minuta Hering, 1938, in hosts of tribes Eupatorieae, Gochnatieae, Heliantheae, Nassauvieae, and Vernonieae; Xanthaciura biocellata (Thomson, 1869), Xanthaciura chrysura (Thomson, 1869), and Xanthaciura quadrisetosa(Hendel, 1914) in hosts of tribes Coreopsideae, Eupatorieae, Heliantheae, Neurolaeneae, and Vernonieae.

Later, Prado et al. (2004)Prado, P.I., Norrbom, A.L., Lewinsohn, T.M., 2004. New species of Tomoplagia Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 33, 189-211. described Tomoplagia brasiliensis Prado, Norrbom & Lewinsohn, 2004 with occurrence in Capão da Canoa, and Tomoplagia matzenbacheri Prado, Norrbom & Lewinsohn, 2004 with occurrence in Guaíba. Both emerged from capitula of hosts of the tribe Vernonieae.

Thus, the objective of this work was to conduct a survey of the Tephritidae species associated with capitula of Asteraceae in the municipality of Passo Fundo, on the Medium Plateau region of Rio Grande do Sul, thus contributing to the taxonomic knowledge of Tephritidae in the state, as well as to the understanding of the interactions between these insects and their host plants.

Material and methods

A total of 102 species of Asteraceae were collected in bloom, from January to May of 2009, in rural and urban areas of the municipality of Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul. Out of the 102 studied plants, only 29 species showed interactions with Tephritidae (Table 1). Capitula in the pre-anthesis stage, very dry, or with dispersing achenes were excluded, according to Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028..

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Table 1.
List of species of Asteraceae sampled in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with the number of plants and the number of capitula sampled; the number of Tephritidae specimens that emerged from the total capitula and the relative frequency of Tephritidae specimens per species of plant.

The capitula samples were separately placed in transparent plastic bags according to their species, and transported to the Entomology laboratory of the Instituto de Ciências Biológicas of the Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF).

In the laboratory, the capitula were stored in transparent plastic vials, sealed with a screen cover and kept in climate-controlled rooms (25 ± 2 °C, UR 70 ± 10%, and photoperiod of 12 h) for 30 days, until the insects emerged. The vials were periodically checked every two days in order to remove the emerged specimens.

Adult insects were identified according to taxonomic criteria proposed by Hendel (1928)Hendel, F., 1928. Neue oder weniger bekannte Bohrfliegen (Trypetidae) meist aus dem Deutschen Entomologischen Institut Berlin-Dahlem. Mitt. Munch. Entomol. Ges. 17, 341-370., Hering (1938aHering, E.M., 1938a. Neue Bohrfliegen aus Brasilien (Dipt.). Rev. Entomol. 8, 187-196., bHering, E.M., 1938b. Neue palaearktische und exotische Bohrfliegen. 21. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Trypetidae (Dipt.). Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 2, 397-417.), Aczél (1955aAczél, M.L., 1955a. Fruit flies of the genus Tomoplagia Coquillet (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 104, 321-411., bAczél, M.L., 1955b. The comparative morphology of the Tomoplagia Coquillett species (Diptera, Trypetidae). Dusenia 6, 139-170.), Foote (1980)Foote, R.H., 1980. Fruit fly genera south of the United States (Diptera: Tephritidae). United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin No. 1600., Prado et al. (2004)Prado, P.I., Norrbom, A.L., Lewinsohn, T.M., 2004. New species of Tomoplagia Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 33, 189-211., and Norrbom (2010)Norrbom, A.L., 2010. Tephritidae (Fruit Flies, Moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E., Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. Volume 2. NRC Research Press, Ontario, pp. 909-954..

Plants were identified by Dr. Mara Rejane Ritter of the Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and Dr. Angelo Alberto Schneider of the Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel.

Plant vouchers are deposited in the herbarium of the Museu Zoobotânico Augusto Ruschi (MUZAR) of the Universidade de Passo Fundo, and some duplicates are in the herbarium of the Departamento de Botânica of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (ICN). The insects were deposited in the entomological collection of MUZAR.

Results

A total of 102 Asteraceae species were collected, corresponding to 28.5% of the species registered for Rio Grande do Sul (Matzenbacher, 2003Matzenbacher, I.N., 2003. Diversidade Florística dos Campos Sul-brasileiros. In: Jardim, M.A.G.; Bastos, M.N.C., Santos, J.U.M. (Eds.). Desafios da botânica no novo milênio: inventário, sistematização e conservação da diversidade vegetal. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, pp. 124-127.). Tephritidae interacted with only 29 out of the 102 species, from which 733 insect specimens emerged, including 313 of Tomoplagia Coquillett, 138 of Dioxyna Frey, 117 of Xanthaciura Hendel, 52 of Plaumannimyia Hering, 50 of Trupanea Schrank, 22 of Cecidochares Bezzi, 12 of Dictyotrypeta Hendel, 11 of Tetreuaresta Hendel, 10 of Dyseuaresta Hendel, and eight of Euarestoides Benjamin.

The interactions between Tephritidae species and their host plants (Asteraceae) in Rio Grande do Sul are presented in Table 2.

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Table 2.
Abundance of species of Tephritidae (Tephritinae) that emerged from Asteraceae plants, listed by alphabetic order of Tephritidae genera.

Discussion

Tagetes erecta is a new host record for Dioxyna chilensis. Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.registered this fly on Calea graminifolia Sch. Bip. ex Krasch., Isostigma sp., Porophyllum angustissimum Gardner, P. ruderale and Senecio oxyphyllus A. Cunn. ex DC., in the states of Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul. This species was recorded from Bidens pilosa in Santiago, Chile by Prado and Nitsche (1989)Prado, C.E., Nitsche, M.J., 1989. Notes on two insects associated with weed species present in Chile: Protensina hyalipennis Hennig and Dioxyna chilensis (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Agr. Téc. 49, 370-372., and in Santa Catarina, Brazil by Sabedot-Bordin et al. (2011)Sabedot-Bordin, S.M., Bogus, G.M., Bampi, D., Garcia, F.R.M., 2011. Tefritídeos endófagos (Diptera: Tephritidae) associados à Asteraceae em Chapecó, Santa Catarina. Biotemas 24, 15-20.. The occurrence of D. chilensis in hosts of the tribe Tageteae in the present study (Table 2) confirms the pattern, since Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. had already found this fly in Tageteae but also in Neurolaeneae, Senecioneae and Coreopsidae. In the studies of Prado and Nitsche (1989)Prado, C.E., Nitsche, M.J., 1989. Notes on two insects associated with weed species present in Chile: Protensina hyalipennis Hennig and Dioxyna chilensis (Macquart) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Agr. Téc. 49, 370-372. and Sabedot-Bordin et al. (2011)Sabedot-Bordin, S.M., Bogus, G.M., Bampi, D., Garcia, F.R.M., 2011. Tefritídeos endófagos (Diptera: Tephritidae) associados à Asteraceae em Chapecó, Santa Catarina. Biotemas 24, 15-20. the only host registered belongs to the tribe Coreopsideae.

Dioxyna peregrina is registered for the first time for Rio Grande do Sul in Bidens pilosa, Coreopsideae (Table 2). This species has been reported in Brazil only from Bidens pilosa and Praxelis clematidea (Griseb.) R. M. King & H. Rob. in Minas Gerais and São Paulo (Prado et al., 2002Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.). Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. also collected in capitula of Coreopsideae, considering this tribe the main host of D. peregrina. However, they also found D. peregrinain a species of Eupatorieae, classified as an occasional host.

Plaumannimyia dolores is recorded for the first time for Rio Grande do Sul, and Baccharis anomala (Astereae) is recorded for the first time as a host of P. dolores. This fly was described based on specimens collected by Fritz Plaumann in Santa Catarina (Hering, 1938aHering, E.M., 1938a. Neue Bohrfliegen aus Brasilien (Dipt.). Rev. Entomol. 8, 187-196.; Norrbom et al., 1999Norrbom, A.L., Carroll, L.E., Thompson, F.C., White, I.M., Freidberg, A., 1999. Systematic database of names. In: Thompson, F.C. (Ed.). Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia (1998) 9, pp. 65-251.), and its host was not known.

Baccharis megapotamica, B. spicata and B. vulneraria (Astereae) are new host records for Plaumannimyia imitatrix. Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.recorded P. imitatrix from B. dracunculifolia, B. punctulata, B. psiadioides (Less.) Joch. Müll. and B. trinervis Pers. in Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul. Sabedot-Bordin et al. (2011)Sabedot-Bordin, S.M., Bogus, G.M., Bampi, D., Garcia, F.R.M., 2011. Tefritídeos endófagos (Diptera: Tephritidae) associados à Asteraceae em Chapecó, Santa Catarina. Biotemas 24, 15-20.reared P. imitatrix from capitula of Gochnatia polymorpha in Santa Catarina.

This is the first record of Plaumannimyia miseta for Rio Grande do Sul and of Baccharis helichrysoides, Baccharis punctulata (Astereae) and G. polymorpha (Gochnatieae) as hosts for this insect. Plaummanimyia miseta had been recorded previously from São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina (Hering, 1938bHering, E.M., 1938b. Neue palaearktische und exotische Bohrfliegen. 21. Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Trypetidae (Dipt.). Dtsch. Entomol. Z. 2, 397-417.; Norrbom et al., 1999Norrbom, A.L., Carroll, L.E., Thompson, F.C., White, I.M., Freidberg, A., 1999. Systematic database of names. In: Thompson, F.C. (Ed.). Fruit Fly Expert Identification System and Systematic Information Database. Myia (1998) 9, pp. 65-251.).

Baccharis microdonta and B. spicata (Astereae) are new host records for Plaumannimyia pallens. Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. reported the occurrence of P. pallens in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, reared from capitula of B. dracunculifolia, B. punctulataand Baccharis uncinella DC.

The Plaummanimyia species were collected in capitula of Astereae and Gochnatieae (Table 2). These results agree with Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. and Norrbom et al. (2010)Norrbom, A.L., 2010. Tephritidae (Fruit Flies, Moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E., Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. Volume 2. NRC Research Press, Ontario, pp. 909-954., who classified Astereae as the main host of species of Plaumannimyia. Sabedot-Bordin et al. (2011)Sabedot-Bordin, S.M., Bogus, G.M., Bampi, D., Garcia, F.R.M., 2011. Tefritídeos endófagos (Diptera: Tephritidae) associados à Asteraceae em Chapecó, Santa Catarina. Biotemas 24, 15-20. collected P. imitatrix in Gochnatieae in Santa Catarina. In the present study, P. imitatrix and P. miseta were collected on Gochnatieae, confirming that species of Plaumannimyia may occasionally use plants of the Gochnatieae tribe as hosts.

This is the first record of Tetreuaresta obscuriventris, and also of the genus Tetreuaresta, for Rio Grande do Sul. Elephantopus mollis is the only host known for T. obscuriventris (Foote et al., 1993Foote, R.H., Blanc, F.L., Norrbom, A.L., 1993. Handbook of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America north of Mexico. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca.). This fly was introduced in Hawaii and other islands of the Pacific for the biological control of E. mollis seeds (Norrbom, 2010Norrbom, A.L., 2010. Tephritidae (Fruit Flies, Moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B.V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J.M., Wood, D.M., Woodley, N.E., Zumbado, M.A. (Eds.). Manual of Central American Diptera. Volume 2. NRC Research Press, Ontario, pp. 909-954.; Norrbom and Hancock, 2004Norrbom, A.L., Hancock, D.L., 2004. New species and new records of Tephritidae (Diptera) from New Caledonia. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. 12, 67-77.). The occurrence of T. obscuriventris in Vernonieae (Table 2) confirms what Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. have found. They recorded five species of Tetreuarestain hosts of this tribe, most of them still not described.

The plant Lessingianthus brevifolius (Vernonieae) is a new host for Tomoplagia incompleta (Table 2). Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. recorded plants of the tribe Vernonieae as primary hosts of T. incompleta. Sabedot-Bordin et al. (2011)Sabedot-Bordin, S.M., Bogus, G.M., Bampi, D., Garcia, F.R.M., 2011. Tefritídeos endófagos (Diptera: Tephritidae) associados à Asteraceae em Chapecó, Santa Catarina. Biotemas 24, 15-20. registered the species for Chrysolaena flexuosa (Sims) H. Rob. (Vernonieae) plants. Yotoko et al. (2005)Yotoko, K.S.C., Prado, P.I., Russo, C.A.M., Solferini, V.N., 2005. Testing the trend towards specialization in herbivore-host plant associations using a molecular phylogeny of Tomoplagia (Diptera: Tephritidae). Mol. Phylog. Evol. 35, 701-711. considered the species a generalist, since it uses many hosts classified in the tribe Vernonieae, as well as the tribes Eupatorieae and Gochnatieae (Prado et al., 2002Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.).

Tomoplagia matzenbacheri was recorded from capitula of Lessingianthus rubricaulis (Vernonieae). The occurence of T. matzenbacheri on L. rubricaulis is a new record (Table 2). Prado et al. (2004)Prado, P.I., Norrbom, A.L., Lewinsohn, T.M., 2004. New species of Tomoplagia Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Neotrop. Entomol. 33, 189-211. registered this fly only for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, with Lessingianthus polyphyllus (Sch. Bip. ex Baker) H. Rob. (Vernonieae) as its host.

Tomoplagia reimoseri is recorded for the first time for Rio Grande do Sul. Vernonanthura tweediana, Chrysolaena platensis (Vernonieae) and Trixis nobilis (Nassauvieae) are new records of hosts for this species (Table 2). Sabedot et al. (2008)Sabedot, S.M., Garcia, F.R.M., Bogus, G.M., Savaris, M., 2008. Primeiro registro de Tomoplagia reimoseri Hendel e Xanthaciura mallochi Aczél (Diptera: Tephritidae) para o Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Ciênc. Rur. 38, 1762-1764. recorded this fly for Santa Catarina from capitula of Chromolaena pedunculosa (Hook & Arn.) R. M. King & H. Rob. (Eupatorieae) and Vernonanthura phosphorica(Vell.) H. Rob. (Vernonieae). Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.registered this fly only for the state of Minas Gerais from capitula of eight species of Vernonanthura (Vernonieae) as main hosts, as well as the tribes Astereae (one host) and Vernonieae as two occasional hosts. In Brazil, this species is distributed across the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, and Santa Catarina (Aczél, 1955aAczél, M.L., 1955a. Fruit flies of the genus Tomoplagia Coquillet (Diptera: Tephritidae). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 104, 321-411.; Prado et al., 2002Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.; Sabedot et al., 2008Sabedot, S.M., Garcia, F.R.M., Bogus, G.M., Savaris, M., 2008. Primeiro registro de Tomoplagia reimoseri Hendel e Xanthaciura mallochi Aczél (Diptera: Tephritidae) para o Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Ciênc. Rur. 38, 1762-1764.).

Grazielia serrata (Eupatorieae) is a new host record for Xanthaciura biocellata (Table 2). Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. found X. biocellata widely associated with plants of the tribe Eupatorieae.

The following host records for Xanthaciura chrysura are new (all in Asteraceae): Artemisia verlotorum (Anthemideae), Bidens subalternans (Coreopsideae), Chromolaena hirsuta,Grazielia serrata (Eupatorieae), Aspilia montevidensis Dimerostemma arnottii and Verbesina sordescens (Heliantheae) (Table 2). Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. recorded as hosts of X. chrysura 51 species of plants from the tribe Eupatorieae, one from the tribe Heliantheae, and one from the tribe Vernonieae. Almeida et al. (2006)Almeida, A.M., Fonseca, C.R., Prado, P.I., T.G., Futada, S.M., Lewinsohn, T.M., et al., 2006. Assemblages of endophagous insects on Asteraceae in São Paulo cerrados. Neotrop. Entomol. 35, 458-468. observed that X. chrysura was the most abundant species on 15 different hosts in eight localities of the state of São Paulo. Of the three most frequent interactions observed in their study, X. chrysura occurred in two, with Chromolaena pedunculosa and C. squalida(Eupatorieae). Eupatorieae and Heliantheae were already registered as hosts of X. chrysura in Prado et al. (2002)Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028. and Almeida et al. (2006)Almeida, A.M., Fonseca, C.R., Prado, P.I., T.G., Futada, S.M., Lewinsohn, T.M., et al., 2006. Assemblages of endophagous insects on Asteraceae in São Paulo cerrados. Neotrop. Entomol. 35, 458-468.. The species of Anthemideae and Coreopsideae as hosts are new records for the Tephritidae species. Still, hosts of the tribe Coreopsideae are cited for Xanthaciura connexionis Benjamin in Central America and United States, and for Xanthaciura insecta (Loew) in Brazil, United States, Mexico and Venezuela (Foote et al., 1993Foote, R.H., Blanc, F.L., Norrbom, A.L., 1993. Handbook of the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of America north of Mexico. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca.; Prado et al., 2002Prado, P.I., Lewinsohn, T.M., Almeida, A.M., Norrbom, A.L., Buys, B.D., Macedo, A.C., et al., 2002. The fauna of Tephritidae (Diptera) from capitula of Asteraceae in Brazil. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 104, 1007-1028.; Wasbauer, 1972Wasbauer, M.S., 1972. An annotated host catalog of the fruit flies of America north of Mexico (Diptera: Tephritidae). Occasional Papers, Bureau of Entomology, California Department of Agriculture. 19, 1-172.).

Acknowledgments

We thank the Conservation Biology Post-Graduate Program of the Universidade de Passo Fundo for their support to this study. We also thank Dr. Mara Rejane Ritter and Dr. Angelo Alberto Schneider from the Department of Botany, Instituto de Biociências of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, for identification of the plants.

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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jan-Mar 2015

History

  • Received
    03 June 2014
  • Accepted
    20 Nov 2014
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