Insect (Hexapoda) diversity in the oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil: updated taxonomic checklist and new records

Hexapods, commonly known as insects, are a neglected taxonomic group in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago, with unanswered questions about their species richness and the ecological processes in which they are involved (e.g., colonization, introduction, establishment, and extinction). Herein, we provide an updated Hexapod checklist with current nomenclatural combinations. The entomofauna of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago is currently composed of 453 species in 21 orders. The orders, and their respective number of species, are: Blattaria (9), Coleoptera (118), Collembola (29), Dermaptera (3), Diplura (1), Diptera (134), Embioptera (1), Hemiptera (29), Hymenoptera (59), Isoptera (2), Lepidoptera (25), Mantodea (1), Neuroptera (3), Odonata (5), Orthoptera (11), Phasmatodea (1), Phthiraptera (6), Psocoptera (3), Siphonaptera (1), Thysanoptera (10), and Zygentoma (2). The archipelago has 263 new taxon records (family + genera + species). Thirty-eight species (3.39%) were described from local specimens and most of them are likely endemic species. This study more than doubles our knowledge (from the previous 190 records) of the entomofauna in this large Brazilian archipelago. This study also provides a baseline for studies on its conservation status and for implementing future environmental management programs. A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received 03 June 2020 Accepted 10 August 2020 Available online 25 September 2020 Associate Editor: Eduardo Almeida


Introduction
The Brazilian oceanic archipelago of Fernando de Noronha is located in the equatorial South Atlantic region (latitude 3 o 45'S to 3 o 57'S; longitude 32 o 19'W to 32 o 41'W) (Fig. 1A). It is under the jurisdiction of the state of Pernambuco, but it is also a federal preservation area (i.e., National Park) under management of the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade -ICMBio (agency of the Brazilian Ministry of Environment). Fernando de Noronha is located c. 360 km from the nearest coastline (the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Norte). The archipelago is entirely volcanic in origin and has never been connected to the mainland. The total land area is 18.4 km 2 , of which • Introduction of domestic species (i.e., cats, cattle, chickens, dogs, goats, horses, and pigs) as well as synanthropic insects carried by humans in ships and airplanes.
Among the impacts caused by these introduced animals were vegetation destruction, dissemination of zoonoses, competition, and predation, which may have led to the local extinction of many native species before they could be recorded in the scientific literature. During the 1980's, tourism intensified in the archipelago and is now a major economic activity. As a result, the archipelago faces challenges to minimize the impact on its biota, prompting the need for inventories of its fauna and flora. None of the current actions (application of insecticides, introduction of exotic fauna, tourism, etc.) have been or are being monitored for their impact on insect fauna, leaving unanswered questions about species richness and the ecological processes in which they are involved (e.g. introduction, establishment, and extinction).
According to Mohr et al. (2009), the greatest impact was on the flora of the archipelago, with the removal of most of the native forest and the introduction of hundreds of exotic plant species. With each species introduced in the form of seedlings, there came the possibility of introducing several guest species with it. For each native species that faced extinction, there was the possibility of extinction of several associated guest species. The native entomofauna was certainly altered, or even partially extinct, long before it was studied or recorded. However, there is still considerable endemism in the archipelago, with an estimate of around 35% of the plant species and 30% of the insect species being endemic . There are only a few studies that cover the insects of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago. The first records were of fifty-seven insect species by Kirby (1890), 21 species by Waterhouse (1890), and five species by Ridley (1890), for a total of 83 recorded species. The next publications related to insects of Fernando de Noronha were by Carvalho and Becker (1957) with Hemiptera (Heteroptera), followed by Cobos (1959) and Sherer (1960) with Coleoptera, and  with Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera. De Santis and Diaz (1975) published a paper on parasitic Hymenoptera, Kerr and Cabeda (1985) published a paper on the introduction of three species of Meliponini (Apidae), and Malagodi et al. (1986) of an Apini bee species. Mesquita and Matteo (1991) reported four species of Odonata, two as first records, and  described one species of Orthoptera. After the year 2000, there were several papers related to hexapods in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago: Couri et al. (2008), Oliveira et al. (2009Oliveira et al. ( , 2010, Rohde et al. (2010) and Vasconcelos (2014, 2016) on Diptera; Abrantes et al. (2010), Palácios-Vargas et al. (2013), Lima and Zeppelini (2015), Zeppelini and Oliveira (2016), Brito et al. (2017), Schneider et al. (2018) and Cipola et al. (2019Cipola et al. ( , 2020 on Collembola; and Ribeiro and Lima (2015) on Hymenoptera.
Most of the species recorded from the archipelago were identified around 130 years ago and, unfortunately, some were either misidentified, only identified to genus, or had doubtful identifications based on immature specimens. Due to current knowledge, these records require a nomenclatural and identification update.
This paper is the first of a long-term project that aims to record as many insect species, native and non-native, as possible for the Fernando de Noronha archipelago. This project will contribute with local biodiversity knowledge, which will be useful for the National Park management, for biodiversity monitoring, and for determining community structure, species richness and the ecological services involved. New records and species will be described by different collaborators as soon as the recently collected samples are sorted, distributed, and identified.
The current publication presents an updated checklist of the hexapod orders and families previously recorded from the Fernando de Noronha archipelago with the addition of 263 new records at family, genus or species level, raising the species count for the archipelago to 453.

Material and methods
The Fernando de Noronha archipelago has a tropical oceanic climate (Awi -Köppen classification). The temperature ranges from 23.5ºC to 31.5ºC, with an annual mean of 27ºC (IBAMA, 2006) and annual precipitation of 1,400 mm, but with large interannual variability. It is characterized by a less rainy season, with a mean precipitation of 27.2 mm/month (August-January), and a rainy season, with a mean precipitation of 211.7 mm/month (March-July). The archipelago has a harsh environment, lacking a permanent source of fresh water, with low vegetation diversity, and shallow soil with little water retention (Freitas et al., 2013). Native flora, characterized as seasonally deciduous vegetation, is sparse and primarily represented by bushes and herbs, with several introduced plant species (Teixeira et al., 2003).
Some taxa were previously identified only to genus (Kirby, 1890;Ridley, 1890;Waterhouse, 1890) or are currently identifiable only to family or genus level. These taxa are cited under their respective orders to highlight that they are still under study and will eventually be identified to species in separate publications.
Insect orders, and families within each order, are presented in alphabetical order. The list of species presented here is based on previous literature and the study of material from recent sampling events in the archipelago. Species names are presented in their current nomenclatural status, followed by author and year and when followed by the asterisk "*" indicate that the type-locality is the Fernando de Noronha archipelago. After the species names, previous combinations related to previous records from the archipelago, and current synonyms are presented. The number (or approximated number) and sex (when known) of recently collected specimens is listed under "Material examined". If enough voucher specimens become available, they will be distributed among the main Brazilian collections; otherwise, the specimens are divided between INPA, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas and the collections of each researcher responsible for the taxon (taxa). The author(s) responsible for determining the current nomenclatural status, the combinations related to previous records, and the synonymy accounts for each order is(are) identified between square brackets (i.e., [Responsible:]) after each order name. When there was no specialist available to update the nomenclature, combinations and synonymy in a particular family, the information provided for each taxon is presented as originally cited in the literature and between quotation marks (i.e., " "). Species with doubtful identification and bionomic data from previous papers are discussed under "Remarks". Whenever possible, the locality names cited in historical records are matched and updated to locality names currently used in the Fernando de Noronha's main island, with the "old" name presented between "curly brackets" (i.e. { }), based on the information and map of Lea (1888).
Beside scientific publications, this paper includes a few internet species records of pests (Marinho, 2015) and disease vectors (Marinho, 2018). Works citing only insect orders are briefly mentioned only to highlight the occurrence of these taxa in the archipelago.
This project received the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) the collecting license number 62.821. Two short-term insect sampling efforts occurred. The first from 2 to 9 June 2019 and the second from 20 to 27 February 2020. The collected specimens are from the following locations in the archipelago: Abreus trail, Atalaia trail ( Fig. 1C), Boldró region, Cachorros beach, Capim-Açú trail (Fig. 1E), mangrove, Caracas region, Golfinhos trail, Rata Island (Figs 1D, F), Sancho trail, Sueste beach ( Fig. 1B), Vila dos Remédios urban area, and Xaréu dam. Specimens were collected through passive methods, using Malaise traps of different sizes and models [i.e. two Townes (Townes, 1972) (Fig. 1C) and two Gressitt and Gressitt (1962) (Fig. 1D) models], yellow pan traps over the soil (Fig. 1I), pitfall traps buried in the ground at rim level (Fig. 1H), window traps suspended over trails (with hanging shallow troughs containing water and a few drops of liquid soap), bait traps, Shannon traps with fruit and meat baits, modified McPhail traps (using pet bottles) with juice fruits, and CDC UV led light traps. Active collecting used entomological nets (Fig. 1J), electric vacuum aspirators for small insects under bark and stones, light trapping using a white sheet lit by a 250-watt mercury vapor and 40-watt UV lamps (Fig. 1G), animal bait (i.e. horse) to attract hematophagous horse flies and mosquitoes, and selective searching of specimens on soil and vegetation using a soft forceps. Details for each method can be found in Almeida et al. (2012). Additionally, three sites on the main island were selected for continuous collection using interception traps based on the following criteria: accessibility, diversity of vegetation, low degree of exposure to human activities, and geographical position inside the National Park area. Human impact on collecting sites was categorized as low since the three areas are open to tourism with guides and to scientific and management activities only. The three sites are: 1) Dolphins trail, near the information and control desk, using two interception traps, model Townes placed around 100 meters of distance of each other; 2) next to the lookout at dolphins bay, using one interception trap, model Gressitt and Gressitt and; 3) on the Capim-Açu trail, also using one interception trap, model Gressitt and Gressitt (Fig. 1E). Collections were made for nine months, from June 2019 to February 2020.
Specimens were labelled, preserved in small containers with 92-96 o ethanol, and temporarily stored in the ICMBio laboratory on the main island. The collected material was later transported to the INPA Invertebrate Collection in Manaus, Amazonas, where each sample was sorted and then sent to the taxon's specialist.

Results
The checklist presented below more than doubles the number of species records for Fernando de Noronha, from the previous 190 records to 453 records (being 42 identified to family, 138 identified to genus and 273 to species), with 263 new family, genus or species records. There are 21 orders and 179 families currently recorded from the Fernando de Noronha archipelago (Table 1). Thirty-eight species (8.39%) were described from local specimens and most of these are, most likely, endemic to the archipelago. Diptera is the most speciose order (134 species), followed by Coleoptera (118 species) and Hymenoptera (59 species). Ridley (1890) recorded an unidentified species of Machilis Latreille, 1832 (then as Thysanura, currently Archaeognatha) with the following note "single specimen of a very small brown specimen taken under a stone at the base of the Peak, but by an accident it was destroyed". Unfortunately, the author did not give any further description which could be associated with a representative of the Archaeognatha. Recent sampling efforts in Fernando de Noronha, focused on the mentioned microhabitat (i.e., under stones), recovered only specimens of Nicoletiidae (Zygentoma, see below), which closely fit the "very small brown" characteristic described by Ridley (1890). Thus, we believe this genus was a misidentification, with this previous record of Machilis referring to a species of Nicoletiidae, very common under stones in the archipelago, and that the order Archaeognatha is not present in Fernando de Noronha.
Several of our recently collected specimens, mostly in the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera, are yet to be identified. Although unidentified, with some likely to have been previously recorded, most of them surely represent new records for the archipelago.

BLATTARIA [Responsible: J.A. Rafael]
This order has four families, seven genera and nine species recorded from Fernando de Noronha. One species, described from local specimens, seems to be endemic, and three worldwide species are here recorded for the first time. The classification follows Grandcolas (2008, 2020).

Blaberidae
Panchlora nivea (Linnaeus, 1758) Ischnoptera lucida Walker, 1868: Kirby (1890); . Remarks. "A single immature specimen, probably belonging to this species. Taken under stones, base of Peak" (Kirby, 1890). Adult specimens still need to be found and examined in order to confirm/ correct this species record. part of the thorax brown and the apex of the elytra pitchy. The elytra finely punctured at the base, strongly punctured posteriorly; the posterior declivity also strongly punctured, with three nodes on its upper margin on each elytron" (Waterhouse, 1890).
"Two examples of a species resembling the Indian S. xeranipelinus Mulsant, but a trifle smaller (1½ millim.); uniform brownish yellow, with golden pubescence; punctuation of the elytra close, fine but distinct; metasternum very strongly punctured" (Waterhouse, 1890). The two specimens from Fernando de Noronha, previously identified as Scymnus sp. by Waterhouse (1890), were deposited in the NHMUK and subsequently identified in that collection as S. rubicundus. This pilose species is highly variable in colour, from entirely yellow to entirely black with several intermediary patterns. The yellow morph recently collected fits the photos of the specimen from Fernando de Noronha deposited in the NHMUK.
Remarks. "It was bred from the bark of the endemic fig-tree, from a specimen out of the garden of the Residency" (Waterhouse, 1890).
Remarks. "Introduced. It is very destructive to the maize-grains, so that in the store-rooms the maize is covered with a thick layer of sand to prevent their attacks" (Waterhouse, 1890).
?Tomicus sp. (Scolytinae) Remarks. "This dubious record from Fernando de Noronha was based on "two immature specimens belonging to this or an allied genus; very pale yellow, 1½ millim. in length" (Waterhouse, 1890 (1890) were a misidentification. The original biological information based on specimens from Fernando de Noronha is transcribed here: "Its larvae were found under rubbish in the Capim-Açu trail {Sapate} with the fragments of the perfect insect, which we did not succeed in taking alive" (Waterhouse, 1890). Strategus antaeus is an Eastern North American species that does not occur south of the United States (Ratcliffe, 1976) and it is likely a misidentification or a lapsus. Since Waterhouse (1890) stated that he compared to "North and Central-American species", it is possible that it was a species with much broader distribution, reaching Northern Brazil, such as S. aloeus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ratcliffe, 1976), or S. surinamensis Burmeister 1847, which is also present in North and Northeastern Brazil and with a more similar size to the true S. antaeus (S. aloeus is usually bigger). Fragments cited by Waterhouse could not be located in the NHMUK collection and no other specimens from Fernando de Noronha were found in that collection. Remarks. "A single specimen of a very small species (1¾ millim.) somewhat resembling Epuraea limbata, but a little narrower, with the margins not expanded, light brown, finely pubescent, closely and very finely punctured; each elytron having two fine, widely separated, impressed striae. Abdomen covered by the elytra" (Waterhouse, 1890). Although we have not seen Waterhouse's specimen, recently collected specimens belong to Epuraea (Heptoncus). Therefore, using a conservative approach, we consider them to be the same species.

Mystrops sp., new record
Material examined. 1 specimen. Remarks. This species is very similar to A. scutellaris, and several specimens collected by Alvarenga are part of the type-series of A. noronhai. Thus, the A. scutellaris records of  are actually A. noronhai.

Ataenius opatrinus Harold, 1867
Ataenius opatrinus:  Remarks. This record is dubious , likely based on a misidentification. Neither Stebnicka (2001)  Remarks. "These were found under stones and bark in the woods of the Capim-Açu trail {Sapate}" (Waterhouse, 1890). We recently found many specimens on dead trees at night, and observed that this species is unable to fly. The specimens fit the photos of the specimens from Fernando de Noronha deposited in the NHMUK.
Alphitobius diaperinus (Panzer, 1796) Alphitobius diaperinus:  Remarks. "Numerous examples of this species from the Amazons are labelled in Mr. F. Bates's collection with the name "E. batesii, Mäkl.", but the species does not appear to be described" (Waterhouse, 1890 (1890); . Material examined. 8 specimens appear to be conspecific with the specimen identified as H. marginatus by Waterhouse (1890) and deposited at NHMUK.
Remarks. "A single example of this West-Indian species in the flowers of an acacia in the garden" (Waterhouse, 1890).

COLLEMBOLA [Responsible: E.C.A. de Lima and D. Zeppelini]
This order has twelve families, 14 genera and 29 species recorded from Fernando de Noronha. Two species were described from local specimens and three species are here recorded for the first time. The checklist is based on Lima and Zeppelini (2015), however, some confusion has been observed and some taxonomic updates are necessary. Three genera were previously misidentified (Lima and Zeppelini, 2015) and they are being excluded from the Fernando de Noronha record, namely Cryptopygus Willem, 1901, Desoria Agassiz & Mayer, 1841 and Lepidonella Yosii, 1960.

Entomobryidae
Entomobrya atrocincta Schött, 1896 Entomobrya atrocincta: Lima and Zeppelini (2015); Brito et al. (2017). Remarks. "Very abundant between the wet bases of the petioles of the bananas, at the base of the Peak and it is most probable that this species was introduced in the bananas" (Ridley, 1890).
Remarks. Identified to genus level based on a species soon to be described (Lima and Zeppelini, 2015).
Remarks. Identified to genus level based on a species soon to be described (Lima and Zeppelini, 2015).
Remarks. Identified to genus level based on a species soon to be described (Lima and Zeppelini, 2015).
Remarks. The Frisea cubensis Potapov & Banasko, 1985 record was a misidentification and a new species will soon be described in its place.

Megalothorax laevis Denis, 1948, new record
Megalothorax minimus: Lima and Zeppelini (2015). Remarks. Schneider et al. (2018) and Papác (pers. commun.) confirmed the wide distribution of M. laevis in intertropical regions of the Americas (southern parts of Mexico, Panama, Brazil and the Fernando de Noronha islands). Although the species has no other record in Brazil, all Megalothorax minimus records from Brazil should be reviewed based on the study of Schneider et al. (2018).

DERMAPTERA [Responsible: R.A. Heleodoro]
This order is represented by three families, three genera and three species.

Anisolabididae
Euborellia annulipes (Lucas, 1847) Anisolabis antoni (Dohrn, 1864): Kirby (1890);  Remarks. Based on recently collected specimens, the previous records of E. antoni and E. janeirensis of Kirby (1890) are considered to be misidentifications of E. annulipes. This cosmopolitan species is widely spread across the archipelago with no variation in female and male genitalia, which are very different from those described for E.
antoni and E. janeirensis. This is the first record of this species being found under cattle dung and tree bark, denoting an incredible capability to adapt to new micro-habitats.
Remarks. Based on the number of specimens recently collected of C. chalybescens, it seems likely that the records in Kirby (1890) and  as Temnocera vesiculosa (presently a synonym of Copestylum neotropicum) have been based on a misidentification. On this species, Kirby (1890) remarks "Flying over herbage in the sun, and also taken on the flowers of the cabbage in the garden". Remarks. This genus is originally from the Old World and was introduced into the Americas. Larvae from this genus are known to attack a variety of plants of economic importance (e.g. carrots, narcissus, onions, potatoes) which might explain their introduction to the Americas (i.e., through the transportation of commercial plants attacked by their larvae). This species was identified using the key of Seguy (1961). Eumerus obliquus was previously recorded from Brazil (Marinoni and Morales, 2007;Morales and Marinoni, 2020), but this is the first record from northeastern Brazil. Remarks. This species was previously part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834, but is nowadays placed in the genus Victoriana (Miranda et al., 2020) and is part of the species group V. attenuata.

Pteromalidae
Neocatolaccus gahani (Costa Lima, 1938) Eurydinoteloides gahani: De Santis and Diaz (1975 Remarks. "The insect stings slightly, but only when much irritated; it plays a very important part in the fertilization of the flowers, especially the Cucurbitaceae" (Kirby, 1890). We studied the few specimens of both sexes collected by H. N. Ridley in 1887-1888, and some by M. J. Nicoll, during the Crawford Expedition of 1902, in the NHMUK, London.

ISOPTERA
Represented by two families and at least two genera and two species. Unidentified specimens were previously recorded as food for the small "mabuya" lizard, Tachylepis atlantica by Rocha et al. (2009). This is the first time that the families were identified. This order is represented by eight families and at least 25 species. One species, described from local specimens, seems to be endemic, and eight taxa (family, genera or species) are new records. Most of the species are nocturnal, which implies that more nocturnal and diurnal collections are required to properly sample the Lepidoptera fauna in this archipelago. the house" (Kirby, 1890). Adult specimens from Fernando de Noronha must be collected and examined in order to confirm/correct this species identity.
Remarks. "In all the specimens from Fernando de Noronha the green colour has more or less faded to yellowish brown. When fresh this insect is bright green. It was common on Main Island, and especially on Rat Island" (Kirby, 1890 (Mathews, 1912), the black noddy bird (trinta-réis preto), in a recently dead specimen.
ZYGENTOMA [Responsible: S.P. de Lima] This order is represented by two families.
Remarks. According to Ridley (1890), the specimens described as L. corticola were collected "in rotten wood and under stones in the Capim-Açu trail {Sapate} and the base of the Peak. It also occurred on the mainland at Pernambuco in similar localities". Apparently, it was described based only on the specimens collected in the island. The single specimen described as L. leai was somewhat damaged during capture (Ridley, 1890). The two species described from specimens collected in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago were synonymized under the cosmopolitan domestic pest species C. longicaudatum by Paclt (1967).
Remarks. Several small specimens were collected under stones in Fernando de Noronha and we believe, considering the habitat, that the specimens could correspond to the species previously identified as Machilis by Ridley (1890). This species was quite common under stones in the archipelago.

Discussion
Although insects comprise the richest animal taxon in the Fernando de Noronha archipelago (and the World), they have been sorely neglected. Current awareness campaigns are directed chiefly to protect vertebrates. The main island suffered the largest impact on its biodiversity structure, especially the terrestrial fauna, and today most of the known vertebrates (Serafini et al., 2010) and insect species (Couri et al., 2008) are exotic. The current 453 species of insects recorded from the Fernando de Noronha archipelago is far below the actual number living there. There are several new family records and species are still being identified for each family. In view of the environmental changes and anthropic pressure occurring in the archipelago, a species survey needs to be performed as soon as possible.
Based on the present list, 38 species (8.39%) were described from local specimens and most of them are, most likely, endemic species [near one forth of the 30% estimated by . The low number of endemic species can be a direct effect of human activities related to the small size of the island (Freitas et al., 2013). This shows that Fernando de Noronha has predominantly a continental fauna and can be summarized as mostly an immigrant fauna.
However, there are still many species to be identified and we believe the percentage of endemic species is higher, and closer to Carbonell's estimate. Presently, we are not able to say which native species disappeared and which exotic species were introduced in the archipelago. Only short-term insect sampling efforts have occurred, a 'snapshot' of local species richness that is likely underestimated. Brazilian islands in general were poorly investigated in terms of insect fauna, with only Trindade and Fernando de Noronha being surveyed in the 1950s and 1960s (see Alves et al., 2019). Becker (1998) compiled a list of 77 species/morphospecies, from fourteen hexapod orders, in Trindade (part of the Archipelago of Trindade and Martin Vaz, ca. 1,200 km from continental South America), mostly flying insects, including South American continental species and migrant species well-known as a successful colonizers (Alves et al., 2019). The insect diversity of other small land masses in the South Atlantic have been investigated in the past, where it was possible to identify the native and exotic species, including the islands of West Falkland (78 native and 5 exotic), East Falkland (132 and 22), South Georgia (21 and 8), Tristan da Cunha (38 and 37), Nightingale (34 and 4) and Inaccessible (38 and 12) (Chown et al., 1998). In the remote Gonçalo Álvares Island, part of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago (3,200 km from South America, Rio de Janeiro, and 2,900 km from Africa, Cape Town), 99 species of pterygote insects (24 endemics) were recorded and, curiously, the native fauna has a Neotropical origin, while the exotic one has a Holarctic origin (Jones et al., 2003). Comparatively, the updated insect richness in Fernando de Noronha archipelago (18.4 km 2 ) is the highest among the South Atlantic oceanic islands, only surpassed by the Pacific Archipelago of Galápagos (7,882 km 2 ) with more than 1,800 species (Peck et al., 1998). The small size of the Fernando de Noronha archipelago and the unfavorable environment, caused by the lack of permanent fresh water sources and the low vegetation diversity, may act as limiting factors for the establishment of a larger number of species (Freitas et al., 2013). The checklist presented here more than doubles the number of species, from the previous 190 records to the current 453 species records for the archipelago, presenting 263 new records at family, genus, or species level. The high number of new recorded species on the island highlights the lack of studies on the insect fauna of Fernando de Noronha. This checklist is an important step to better understand the entomofauna of the archipelago, as well as provide the basis for monitoring, sustainably using, and preserving this biodiversity. Few insect species from the Fernando de Noronha archipelago have been analyzed for their threatened status (ICMBIO, 2018) and, according to Paulay (1994) and Triantis et al. (2010), this should be a priority since most of the documented extinctions since the 17th century are of species which were endemic to oceanic and/or remote islands. This paper shows how much the entomofauna is unknown in Fernando de Noronha. For example, no information on the entomofauna is available on the web. We emphasize the real necessity to receive wide support to continue studying the local poorly known fauna, which is doubled herein and certainly will double again in the near future, thus giving support to applied biological and environmental sciences.