Review of Thompsoniella Guimarães with description of a new species from Colombia (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Mesembrinellinae)

^IInstituto de Biología, Grupo de Entomología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. [e-mail]

^IIDepartamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531 - 980 Curitiba-PR, Brazil. [e-mail]; [e-mail]

ABSTRACT

Review of Thompsoniella Guimarães with description of a new species from Colombia (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Mesembrinellinae). The Mesembrinellinae (Diptera, Calliphoridae) are exclusively Neotropical with nine genera comprising 36 recognized species, including the genus Thompsoniella Guimarães with a single species, T. anomala Guimarães. We describe a new species, Thompsoniella andina sp. nov., from the Departments of Antioquia and Caldas, Colombia (Cordillera Central of the Andes, between 2600 - 2700 m) and redescribe T. anomala. A key to the nine genera of Mesembrinellinae and a key to the males of the two species of Thompsoniella are provided. Color photographs to illustrate the two species of Thompsoniella and drawings of the male genitalia of both species are also provided. Here we record Thompsoniella for the first time in Colombia.

Keywords: Andean biodiversity; Calliphoridae; Insecta; taxonomy.

Thompsoniella Guimarães, 1977 is one of the nine valid genera of the Neotropical subfamily Mesembrinellinae (Calliphoridae), which includes 36 species from southern Mexico to northern Argentina (Guimarães 1977; Bonatto & Marinoni 2005; Wolff et al. 2013; Wolff 2013). Thompsoniella was originally proposed for Thompsoniella anomala Guimarães 1977, male (holotype) from San Diego (Venezuela) and female (paratype) from Aragua (Venezuela), at an altitude of 1000 m.

Herein, we describe Thompsoniella andina sp. nov. from the Departments of Antioquia and Caldas (Andean System), Colombia and redescribe T. anomala.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The type material of Thompsoniella andina sp. nov. is deposited in Laboratorio de Colecciones Entomológicas de la Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia (CEUA). The male holotype and the female paratype of T. anomala Guimarães, 1977 are deposited in the Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (MZUSP). Other examined material is deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, U.K. (BMNH) and in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C, U.S.A (USNM).

The specimens of the new species were collected with net in a cloud forest of the Cordillera Central, in Colombia. This well-preserved, primary cloud forest is in very wet montane forest life zone, with a mean temperature range of 12 - 18°C and mean annual precipitation range of 2 - 4 m (IGAC 2002; Holdridge 1947) at an altitudinal belt of 2000 - 3000 m. Epiphytes are common and abundant and the canopy is closed at about 25 m.

The new species was identified first by comparing it with the original description of T. anomala by Guimarães (1977) and then by comparing it with the holotype of T. anomala. Terminology follows McAlpine (1981) and Bonatto & Marinoni (2005). Body length was measured from the frons to the apex of the abdomen, and wing length from the alar sclerite to the wing apex. The measurements 'head width' and 'frons width' follow Whitworth (2006), in which the frons width is taken from the narrowest point. For examination of male terminalia, the abdomen was removed and submerged in 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) at room temperature for 24 hours, then rinsed in acetic acid for 10 minutes, followed by distilled water for 10 minutes, after which it was placed in 70% ethanol with glycerin (9:1) for dissection. An Olympus SZ60 microscope was used for dissection of male terminalia as well as general observation and illustration. Photographs were taken using a digital camera Leica DFC500 attached to a stereomicroscope Leica MZ16 and the images edited in the software IM50 (Leica) and Automontage (Syncroscopy). All dissected structures were preserved in 200 µl plastic tubes with glycerin and the remaining parts of the specimen were mounted on insect pins.

TAXONOMY

Mesembrinellinae Shannon, 1926

Mesembrinellinae Shannon 1926: 116, 117; Hall 1948: 60; Roback 1951: 357; Hennig 1952: 423; Crosskey 1965: 44; Mello 1967: 2; Mello 1969: 244; Hori 1967: 226; James 1969: 251; James 1970: 12; McAlpine 1981: 1136; McAlpine 1989: 1499; Rognes 1986: 88; Rognes 1997: 28, 53; Toma & de Carvalho 1995: 127; Bonatto & Marinoni 2005: 883; Vargas & Wood 2010: 1297; Wolff, Ramos-Pastrana & Pujol-Luz 2013: 58; Wolff, Ramos-Pastrana & Pujol-Luz 2013: 129; Wolff 2013: 120.

Diagnosis. Medium to large calyptrate flies, macrolarviparous. Eye and parafacial bare; arista plumose; two notopleural setae; row of vertical setae well developed on meron; scutellum with erect hair-like setae on ventral portion; subscutellum developed or fairly prominent to some degree; vein M slightly curved, not forming a sharp angle; post-alar wall weakly ciliated; anterior spiracle with a characteristic dorsal opening; metathoracic spiracle large, reniform, with a single membrane, dorsal opening, and thin setulae originating at the membrane; abdomen often with metallic greenish-blue or violet reflections. Male often holoptic; tergite 6 and tergites 7+8 separated by a membrane, or fused; surstyli fused to the epandrium. Female dichoptic; one pair of crossed interfrontal setae, three elongated and sclerotized spermathecae, each with an independent duct; female terminalia without a telescopic ovipositor, tergite eight discontinuous with or without marginal setae (Toma & Carvalho 1995; Rognes 1997; Guimarães 1977; Vargas & Wood 2010).

Key to genera of Mesembrinellinae

1. Abdomen not metallic; tergites 6 and 7+8 of the male not fused (Fig. 1), separated by a membrane; cerci of male arched; spermatheca tuberiform or bulbous ............................................................ 2

1'. Abdomen metallic; tergites 6 and 7+8 of the male partly or completely fused, without a membrane between the tergites; cerci of male straight or slightly curved; spermatheca filiform (Fig. 2) ............. 3

2. Body length longer than 11 mm; basal half of tarsal claws dark-brown; with strong marginal setae; tergites 6 and 7+8 of male separated by sclerotized membrane; aedeagus with hypophallic lobe without teeth and with lateral projections; spermatheca bulbous (Fig. 3) ........ Souzalopesiella Guimarães, 1977

2'. Body length shorter than 11 mm; basal half of tarsal claws white; with normal marginal setae; tergites 6 and 7+8 of male separated by non-sclerotized membrane; aedeagus with hypophallic lobe with teeth and without lateral projections; spermatheca tuberiform (Fig. 4) .......................... Laneella Mello, 1967

3. Intra-alar setae 1:2, pair of pre-sutural setae developed or reduced; mesonotum with six to eight narrow, ill-defined pollinose stripes .......................................................................................... 4

3' Intra-alar setae 0:2, pre-sutural setae absent; mesonotum with four wide, well-defined pollinose stripes or mesonotum pollinose without stripes ..................................................................................... 5

4. Male front 0.19 - 0.22 mm of head width (dichoptic); frontal vitta wide, present; interfrontal setae present; parafrontalia of female without proclinate orbital setae ..................... Albuquerquea Mello, 1967

4'. Male front less than 0.18 mm of head width (holoptic); frontal vitta narrow, partial or totally absent; interfrontal setae absent; parafrontalia of female with one or two pairs of proclinate orbital setae ................................................................................................... Mesembrinella Giglio-Tos, 1893

5. Disc of T₁₊₂ with a row of discal lateral setae present; facial carina not prominent, with a few setae concentrated only at base; sternite 5 of male with lobes .............................................................. 6

5'. Disc of T₁₊₂ with row of lateral setae absent; facial carina prominent, with setae on basal half; sternite 5 of male with projections instead of lobes ..................................... Henriquella Bonatto, 2005

6. Meral setae in a straight line or as an inverted "L"; subcostal sclerite ciliate or bare ....................... 7

6'. Meral setae in a slightly curved row (as an arch); subcostal sclerite bare ............................................................................................... Eumesembrinella Townsend, 1931

7. Post-ocular setae reaching the gena; meral setae as an inverted "L"; T₄ and T₅ similar in size; male with T₆ and T₇₊₈ partially fused, suture between the tergites conspicuous; cerci and surstyli shaped as usual (Figs. 5, 6) ................................................................................................................... 8

7'. Post-ocular setae not reaching the gena; meral setae in a straight line; T₅ approximately 1.5 to 2 times larger than T₄; male with T₆ and T₇₊₈ totally fused, suture not evident; cerci and surstyli conspicuously modified (Figs. 15, 16, ²², ²³) ...................................... Thompsoniella Guimarães, 1977

8. T₅ with a row of discal setae; intra-alar setae 1:2; pre- or post-sutural acrostichal setae present; wing membrane variable, most commonly hyaline and without maculae surrounding the veins ................................................................................................ Huascaromusca Townsend, 1918

8'. T₅ with discal setae poorly differentiated or absent; intralar setae 1:1; acrostichal setae absent; wing veins with maculae ................................................................................. Giovanella Bonatto, 2005

Thompsoniella Guimarães 1977

Thompsoniella Guimarães 1977: 54 (Type species: Thompsoniella anomala Guimarães 1977, by original designation); Toma & Carvalho 1995: 139.

Diagnosis. Medium-sized (9 - 10 mm in length); male holoptic; facial carina not prominent; post-ocular setae not reaching the gena; mesonotum with fine dispersed pollinosity, not forming stripes; with two humeral setae; pre-sutural acrostichals absent; intralar setae 0:2; meral setae in a straight line; scutellum without discal setae; subcostal sclerite and stem vein naked; T₁₊₂ with a row of lateral discal setae parallel to the margin of tergite; T₅ without discal setae; T₅ of male elongate, approximately twice the length of T₄.

Monophyly. According to Toma & Carvalho (1995), the following character states support the monophyly of this genus: T₅ elongate, approximately twice the size of T₄; hypoproct longer than wide; sternite 8 of female present and tergite 8 absent. Certainly, the genus Thompsoniella has the greatest number of autapomorphies in the family. Other characters of Thompsoniella, not used by Toma & Carvalho (1995), are the complete fusion of tergites 6 and 7+8 in the male; cercus and especially the epandrium and surstyli strongly modified; apodeme of sternite 6 of male strongly developed (Fig. 12).

Thompsoniella anomala Guimarães, 1977

Figs. 7 - 8, 11 - 17

Thompsoniella anomala Guimarães, 1977: 54 (Type locality: San Diego, Venezuela); Toma & Carvalho, 1995: 128.

Type-material. Holotype male "San Diego [Venezuela]/abril 1937 [handwritten by pencil]"; "463 [pointed black margin]"; "Holotype [dark red, partially handwritten]". Holotype in good condition, mid right tarsomeres missing; abdomen glued to the thorax and terminalia in a plastic tube with glycerin, attached to the pin. Female paratype (MZSP) without locality label, with rectangular label with "464" and yellow paratype label. According to Guimarães (1977) the locality data are: Venezuela: Aragua, 1000 m.

Diagnosis. Ventral region of body, particularly coxae, and femora of males covered with thin, white hairs, similar to those on the occiput and post-gena; epandrium, cerci, surstyli, St₅ and St₆ as in (Figs. 7 - 8, 11 - 17). Epiphallus long and strongly recurved (Figs. 13 - 14); surstyli and epandrium as in Figs. 15 - 16; sternite 6 of male very developed (Fig. 12).

Male redescription. Body length 9 mm (n = 3).

Head. Front at vertex about 0.22 of head width (taken from Guimarães 1977); frontal vitta present, approximately three times the diameter of the anterior ocellus at narrowest, with small basal orange region, the rest is black; frons increasingly widened towards lunula; fronto-orbital plate black and parafacial orange, both silver pollinose, without setulae; gena orange, silver pollinose, naked, with only subvibrissae; post-gena and occiput white pollinose and with white, slender and long hairs; face flat, at the same level of parafacialia, pale and intensely silver pollinose; clypeal membrane white; ocellar triangle elongate and black; pedicel and scape orange, first flagellomere base orange, remaining brown; palp orange-yellow. Chaetotaxy: two pairs of weak and parallel ocellar setae; one pair of parallel post-ocellar setae; outer vertical setae slender, as long as post-ocular, divergent and slightly proclinate; inner vertical setae not crossed; one pair of convergent paravertical setae; post-ocular setae black, homogeneously distributed up to half length of eye; proclinate interfrontal setae and orbital setae absent; facial carina not very prominent, with few short black setae at base; vibrissae crossed; subvibrissae very short, approximately one-quarter of vibrissae length.

Thorax. Mesonotum black, with light green color reflexion, finely and densely white pollinose, not forming stripes; pleura and humeral callus orange with darkened areas having pollinosity similar to that portions of the mesonotum; anterior and posterior spiracles golden, the latter has few weak and pale setulae on posterior portion; coxae, trochanters and mid and hind femora orange yellow, apex dark-brown; fore femora brown; tibiae and tarsomeres dark-brown; mid femur has three apical postero-dorsal and one antero-medial setae. Chaetotaxy: Humeral (postpronotal of McAlpine 1981) setae 2; post-humeral setae 0 - 1; acrostichal setae 0:1 or 0:0; dorsocentral setae 2:2; intralar setae 0:2; supra-alar setae 3; pre-sutural seta 1; post-alar setae 2; apical scutellar seta 1; discal, pre-basal and sub-apical scutellar setae absent; basal scutellar seta 1; proepimeral setae 2; anepisternal setae 6; katepisternal setae 1+1; meral setae in a row; post-alar wall with few setulae; suprasquamal bridge naked.

Wing. Hyaline with pale alar macula, beginning on apex of subcostal vein, restricted to subcostal and r₁ cells, remainder slightly infuscated around the veins; veins pale; tegula and basicosta brown; subcostal sclerite and stem vein naked; junction between R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅ with three setulae. Distance between apices of M and R₄₊₅ shorter than half the distance between the apex of R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅. Calypters hyaline, upper one with margin slightly darkened; inner margin of lower calypter with lobular inner margin, not directed towards the scutellum.

Abdomen. Brown, base of T₁₊₂ and lateral margins of T₃ and T₄ yellow, remainder blackened; T₅ very long, approximately twice the length of T₄; T₁₊₂ with row of discal setae parallel to margin of tergite; T₁₊₂, T₃ and T₄ without lateral marginal setae; posterior edge of T₅ with slight central median projection and complete row of marginal setae.

Terminalia. T₆ completely fused with T₇₊₈; apex of paraphallus without denticles; epiphallus very long and recurved; epandrium, cerci, surstylus very modified; St₅ rectangular with round lobes and St₆ asymmetric (Figs. 11 - 17); pregonite long and with truncate apex and postgonite with hook shaped apex (Fig. 17).

Female differs from male as follows: Measurements. Length of body 9 - 10 mm (n = 2). Head. Front at vertex 0.18 head width (Guimarães 1977); frontal vitta wide, with orange basal third, remaining black; divergent ocellar seta weaker than in male; one pair of weak interfrontal seta; proclinate and upper orbital seta absent; post-ocular seta black up to basal third of eye; all femora yellow, darkened at apex. Thorax. Pleura paler, or as in male. Abdomen. T₅ not elongate; T₄ and T₅ with complete row of marginal seta; T₆ with central dorsal projection where the tergite seta are found. Terminalia. Epiproct normal, without seta; T₇ discontinuous (not like an arch) with strong seta; T₈ absent; sternites trapezoidal; St₈ present, discontinuous (bilobate); pleura without seta; hypoproct with central prominence; spermathecae filiform as Fig. 2.

Distribution. Ecuador (Napo), Venezuela (San Diego, Aragua).

Remarks. There are at least seven places named San Diego in Venezuela. Although they are near each other, varying from 9 - 11°N and 62 - 71°W, some imprecision remains as to the location of the type locality. Until recently, T. anomala was known only from the type series. The two specimens from Ecuador that we identified as T. anomala are slightly different from the type by the absence of acrostichals and post-humeral setae. These differences are most likely a result of geographical variation since other characteristics, including male terminalia, do not vary.

Thompsoniella andina sp. nov.

Figs. 9 - 10, ^{18 - 24}

Type-material. Holotype male, pinned, with genitalia in a separate microvial. Original label: CO Ant [Colombia Antioquia] Andes/Vda [vereda] La Mesenia/Reserva Fundación Colibrí/700m s.n.m./Jama/Oct [October] 25 de-2010/CEUA/L. Gómez. [red label] [dissected]. Paratype male (CEUA): "CO Cal [Colombia Caldas], Manizales/Reserva Rio Blanco/5°7.2'6.58"N 75°43'7.58"W. 2592 [meters] s.n.m/Trampa Vansomeren Rydon pezcado/en bosque. Abril 4 de 2005/CEUA/. Seminario Entomología [white label].

Diagnosis. Thompsoniella andina sp. nov. differs from T. anomala in the following characters: acrostichal setae 0:0; legs with coxa, trochanter and femur orange, with apices dark chestnut; epandrium globulose and prominent, cerci curved forward (^{Figs. 22}, ²³); epiphallus short and truncated at the edge (^{Figs. 20 - 21}); postgonite and pregonite apically truncated (^{Fig. 24}), sternite 5 with rectangular lobes (^{Fig. 18}), sternite 6 as in ^{Fig. 19}.

Male description. Body length 9 mm (n = 2).

Head. Width 3.5 mm (n = 2), frons wide, its width at the narrowest point 0.75 mm (0.7 - 0.8, n = 2), frontal vitta narrow, at narrowest portion nearly three times diameter of anterior ocellus, mostly black with a small basal orange portion; frons gradually widening at lunule; fronto-orbital plate black, parafacial yellow, both with silver pollinosity; gena yellow with silver pollinosity, seta at median region and a subvibrissa approximately half length of vibrissa; postgena and occiput white pollinose, with thin, long hairs; face pale, silver pollinose; clypeal membrane white; ocellar triangle black and elongated; scape and pedicel dark, chestnut color, first flagellomere dark chestnut at base, remainder yellow; palp pale yellow. Chaetotaxy: two pairs of thin and parallel ocellar setae; one pair of parallel post-ocellar setae; one pair of thin, proclinate and divergent outer vertical setae of same length as post-ocellar setae; inner vertical setae not crossed; one pair of convergent paravertical setae; post-ocular black, homogeneously distributed up to middle of eyes; inter-frontal setae and orbital setae absent; facial carina slightly prominent with few short black setulae at base, above vibrissae; vibrissae crossed; subvibrissae approximately one-half length of vibrissae.

Thorax. Mesonotum black, with a light blue reflection and fine white pollinosity, without defined bands; pleura and humeral callus dark, except for area around anterior spiracle; anterior and posterior spiracles pale yellow; legs with coxae, trochanters and femora orange, with apexes dark chestnut; mid femur with three apical posterodorsal setae and one antero-medial seta. Chaetotaxy: humeral setae 2; post-humeral seta 1; acrostichal setae 0:0; dorsocentral setae 2:2; supra-alar setae 3; pre-sutural seta 1; post-alar setae 2; apical scutellar seta 1; discal scutellar and prebasal scutellar setae absent; subapical scutellar seta 1; basal-scutellar seta 1; proepimeral setae 2; anepisternal setae 6; katepisternal setae 1+1; meral setae as an inverted "L"; post-alar wall with few black setulae; suprasquamal bridge naked.

Wing. Hyaline with a brown spot starting at the extremity of subcosta, restricted to subcostal cell, r₁ and r₂₊₃ cells, remainder only infuscate around veins; tegula and basicosta chestnut; subcostal sclerite and remigium naked; meeting point of R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅ with three setulae. Distance between apex of M and R₄₊₅ much less than half length between apexes of R₂₊₃ and R₄₊₅. Upper calypter hyaline, with dark edge; lower calypter with lobular inner margin, not directed towards scutellum.

Abdomen. Brown, base of T₁₊₂ and sides of T₃ and T₄ yellow, remainder blackened; T₅ elongated, approximately 1.5 times length of T₄; T₁₊₂ with lateral discal setae parallel to tergite margin; T₁₊₂, T₃ and T₄ without marginal lateral setae; posterior edge of T₅ with a slight central projection aligned with marginal setae.

Terminalia. St₅ with rectangular lobes (^{Fig. 18}) and St₆ very asymmetric (^{Fig. 19}); T₆ short and separated from T₇₊₈; apical tip of paraphallus without denticles; epiphallus very short, rectangular and thick (^{Figs. 20 - 21}); globulose epandrium with very long hairs at central portion; cerci strongly sinuous and surstylus almost oval and shorter and highly modified. (^{Figs. 22 - 23}); post- and pregonite with truncated apices (^{Fig. 24}).

Female. Unknown.

Etymology. The name indicates where the type series was collected in the Cordillera de Los Andes.

Distribution. Colombia, departments of Antioquia and Caldas (Cordillera Central of the Andes).

Key to the species of Thompsoniella (males only)

1. T₅ approximately twice the length of T_4; fore femur brown; acrostichal setae 0:1 or 0:0; epandrium with distal extension, not uniformly round (Fig. 15), epiphallus long and slightly curved at apex (Fig. 13) T. anomala

1'. T₅ approximately 1.5 times length of T_4; fore femur orange; acrostichal setae 0:0; epandrium swollen (^{Fig. 22}), epiphallus very short and truncated at apex (^{Fig. 20}) T. andina sp. nov.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

To project Estrategia de Sostenibilidad 2013 - 2014 of the Universidad de Antioquia. To TaxOn Line, Rede Paranaense de Coleções Biológicas, UFPR for photographs of male holotype. CJBC is grateful to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for research grant and financial support (grant 304713/2011 - 2). We thank Laura López for collecting the male holotype; Carolina Rivera Alvarez provided the illustrations. We also fully thank James E. O'Hara and anonymous reviewers for critical review of the text. Thanks to James J. Roper for revision of the English.

Received 26 May 2014

Accepted 28 July 2014

Associate Editor: Marcia S. Couri

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Review of Thompsoniella Guimarães with description of a new species from Colombia (Diptera, Calliphoridae, Mesembrinellinae)

Marta Wolff^I; Sionei R. Bonatto^II; Claudio J. B. de Carvalho^II

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  21 Nov 2014
• Date of issue
  Dec 2014

History

• Accepted
  28 July 2014
• Received
  26 May 2014