Brumadinho Health Project: food and nutrition insecurity versus socioeconomic statuses and dimensions of the food system after the dam rupture

Lopes, Mariana Souza; Freitas, Patrícia Pinheiro de; Nascimento-Souza, Mary Anne; Peixoto, Sérgio Viana; Lopes, Aline Cristine Souza

doi:10.1590/1980-549720220007.supl.2

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Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia

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Original Article • Rev. bras. Epidemiol. 25 (Supl 2) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720220007.supl.2 copy

Brumadinho Health Project: food and nutrition insecurity versus socioeconomic statuses and dimensions of the food system after the dam rupture

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Objective:

To describe the situation of food insecurity of families according to the socioeconomic characteristics and dimensions of the food system in Brumadinho, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, after the dam rupture in Córrego do Feijão mine.

Methods:

This is a descriptive study focused on households carried out from the baseline of the Brumadinho Health Project. Food insecurity, the main outcome, was assessed by the short version of the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale. Other investigated variables were: socioeconomic data; geographic stratum of the households; family's assets; income; expenses; cultivation of food and animal husbandry for consumption. Descriptive analyses were performed comparing the food insecurity of the household according to the other variables by the χ² test to compare the proportions.

Results:

Of the investigated households (n=1,441), 35.1% were facing food insecurity. facing food insecurity had: lower prevalence of masonry households with coating (91.4%; 95%CI 87.7%−94.1% vs. 96.7%; 95%CI 94.9%−97.8%); highest proportion of rudimentary cesspit (16.9%; 95%CI 13.3%−21.2% vs. 9.4%; 95%CI 7.4−11.9); lower prevalence of own and paid-off homes (63.9%; 95%CI 56.8−70.5 vs. 77.3%; 95%CI 72.3−81.7); and income reduction after the dam rupture (33.0%; 95%CI 27.1−39.6 vs. 14.1%; 95%CI 11.2−17.6), when compared with those in a food security situation.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of food insecurity was high, with report of a reduction in household income after the dam rupture. Moreover, most of the households had worse structural quality and sewage outfall. These results evidence the vulnerability of families and possible violation of the human right to adequate food, denoting the urgency of continuous reparative actions.

Keywords:
Structure collapse; Man-made disasters; Socioeconomic factors; Health; Food security

Variables		Total (n=1,441)% (95%CI)	FI (n=499)% (95%CI)	FS (n=942)% (95%CI)	p-value
Number of people in the household; mean±standard deviation		2.7±2.3	2.9±9.4	2.6± 6.3	0.025 ^* * Student's t-test;
Kept living in the household after the dam rupture		78.1 (74.3–81.5)	77.4 (70.2–83.2)	78.6 (73.5–83.0)	0.774^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction.
Geographical stratum of the household
	Not directly affected	96.2 (96.2–96.2)	96.3 (95.8–96.8)	96.1 (95.8–96.4)	0.078^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction.
	Directly affected	2.4 (2.4–2.4)	2.0 (1.7–2.4)	2.6 (2.4–2.8)
	Mining region	1.4 (1.4–1.4)	1.7 (1.3–1.9)	1.3 (1.1–1.4)
Electric lighting		99.3 (98.7–99.7)	99.2 (98.0–99.7)	99.4 (98.3–99.8)	0.615^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction.
Material on the external walls of the household
	Masonry with coating	94.9 (93.3–96.1)	91.4 (87.7–94.1)ᵃ	96.7 (94.9–97.8)^b	0.004 ^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction.
	Masonry without coating	3.4 (2.5–4.8)	6.2 (4.1–9.4)ᵃ	2.0 (1.1–3.5)^b
	Wood, straw, uncoated adobe walls, or other material	1.7 (1.0–2.7)	2.3 (0.1–5.4)	1.3 (0.1–2.4)
Number of rooms, mean±standard deviation		7.0±9.2	6.5±15.5	7.5±12.8	<0.001 ^* * Student's t-test;
Number of bathrooms, mean±standard deviation		1.9±0.4	1.9±0.4	1.4±0.6	<0.001 ^* * Student's t-test;
Sewage outfall
	General sewage system	50.0 (48.6–51.3)	52.3 (46.9–57.7)	48.4 (45.2–51.7)	0.001 ^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction.
	Septic tank	36.5 (34.6–38.5)	29.6 (24.1–35.8)ᵃ	40.5 (37.1–44.0)^b
	Rudimentary cesspit	12.0 (10.2–13.7)	16.9 (13.3–21.2)ᵃ	9.4 (7.4–11.9)^b
	Other (ditch or land; direct to river or stream; others)	1.4 (0.1–2.2)	0.1 (0.0–2.5)	1.6 (0.1–2.7)
Waste disposal
	Directly collected by cleaning service	95.9 (94.7–96.7)	96.1 (94.0–97.5)	95.7 (94.0–96.9)	0.533^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction.
	Burnt or buried	2.4 (1.6–3.6)	1.9 (0.1–4.0)	2.7 (1.7–4.4)
	Other	1.7 (1.4–2.0)	1.9 (1.1–3.0)	1.6 (1.0–2.4)

Variables			Total (n=1,441)% (95%CI)^* * Loaned by a relative or not, or by an employer;	FI (n=499)% (95%CI)^* * Loaned by a relative or not, or by an employer;	FS (n=942)% (95%CI)^* * Loaned by a relative or not, or by an employer;	p-value
Assets
	Current housing situation
		Own and paid-off	72.6 (68.7–76.2)	63.9 (56.8–70.5)ᵃ	77.3 (72.3–81.7)^b	0.005 ^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction; Current Auxílio Brazil Program;
		Own house, but not paid off	4.8 (2.9–7.7)	4.2 (2.0–8.6)	5.1 (2.6–9.8)
		Rented	13.9 (11.4–16.8)	17.7 (13.1–23.5)ᵃ	11.7 (9.0–15.2)^b
		Relative's or friend's house, loaned, or other condition^* * Loaned by a relative or not, or by an employer;	8.7 (6.3–11.8)	14.1 (9.0–21.6)ᵃ	05.8 (4.2–8.0)^b
	Housing situation before the dam rupture
		Own and paid-off	77.1 (73.1–80.6)	70.2 (63.7–75.9)ᵃ	80.7 (75.4–85.1)^b	0.024 ^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction; Current Auxílio Brazil Program;
		Own house, but not paid off	5.1 (3.1–8.2)	4.6 (2.2–9.4)	5.3 (2.7–10.4)
		Rented	14.6 (12.0–17.6)	19.4 (14.4–25.6)ᵃ	11.9 (9.1–15.4)^b
		Relative's or friend's house, loaned, or other condition^* * Loaned by a relative or not, or by an employer;	3.2 (2.0–5.1)	5.8 (3.2–10.2)ᵃ	2.0 (1.0–3.8)^b
Income
	Beneficiary of the Bolsa Família Program^‡		6.8 (5.2–8.8)	10.0 (7.0–14.1)	5.1 (3.4–7.7)	0.015 ^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction; Current Auxílio Brazil Program;
	Continuous Welfare Benefit		1.6 (0.1–2.8)	1.8 (0.1–3.6)	1.2 (0.0–3.2)	0.465^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction; Current Auxílio Brazil Program;
	Total household income (in BRL); mean±standard deviation		2,088.00±104.20	1,209.90±105.24	2,607.22±176.02	<0.001 ^§ § Student's t-test.
	Household income after the dam rupture
		It did not change	39.4 (35.5–43.4)	30.2 (24.5–36.5)ᵃ	44.2 (39.6–48.9)^b	<0.001 ^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction; Current Auxílio Brazil Program;
		It increased	39.9 (36.1–43.8)	36.8 (30.3–43.8)ᵃ	41.7 (37.3–46.2)^b
		It decreased	20.7 (17.9–23.7)	33.0 (27.1–39.6)ᵃ	14.1 (11.2–17.6)^b
	Receives/received benefits due to the dam rupture		89.3 (86.8–91.3)	90.5 (86.1–93.6)	88.8 (85.6–91.3)	0.486^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction; Current Auxílio Brazil Program;
Expenses
	Household expenses after the dam rupture
		It did not change	27.0 (23.6–30.7)	16.1 (11.9–21.5)ᵃ	32.5 (28.2–37.0)^b	<0.001 ^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction; Current Auxílio Brazil Program;
		It increased	72.1 (68.4–75.4)	82.3 (76.9–86.8)	66.8 (62.3–71.1)
		It decreased	0.1 (0.0–1.8)	1.5 (0.0–4.0)	0.1 (0.0–1.8)
	Food expenses after the dam rupture
		It did not change	6.3 (3.8–10.3)	5.7 (1.7–17.2)	6.7 (4.4–10.2)	0.617^† † Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction; Current Auxílio Brazil Program;
		It increased	95.5 (88.6–95.2)	92.5 (82.2–97.1)	92.5 (88.9–95.0)
		It decreased	1.2 (0.1–2.5)	1.8 (0.0–5.2)	0.1 (0.0–2.3)

Variables	Currently		p-value^* * Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction.	Before the dam rupture		p-value^* * Pearson's χ2 statistical test with Rao-Scott correction.
	FI	FS		FI	FS
	% (95%CI)	% (95%CI)		% (95%CI)	% (95%CI)
Growing fruits and/or vegetables	98.3 (94.9–99.4)	96.8 (94.4–98.2)	0.327	91.5 (84.5–95.5)	95.9 (93.1–97.6)	0.101
Animal husbandry for domestic consumption (chicken, pig, goat, and cattle)	90.0 (81.9–95.4)	94.5 (89.0–97.3)	0.299	88.5 (80.2–93.6)	95.5 (91.1–97.8)	0.004

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[1] CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Aline Cristine Souza Lopes. Avenida Professor Alfredo Balena, 190, Santa Efigenia, CEP: 30130-100, Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil. E-mail: alinelopesenf@gmail.com