Smoking in adults in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre,
               Brazil: a population-based study

Martinelli, Patricia Merly; Lopes, Creso Machado; Muniz, Pascoal Torres; Souza, Orivado Florencio de

doi:10.1590/1809-4503201400040016

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Original Articles • Rev. bras. epidemiol. 17 (4) • Dec 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4503201400040016 copy

Smoking in adults in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil: a population-based study

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE:

To analyze the associations between smoking and socioeconomic status, and to analyze the profile of smokers in the city of Rio Branco, Acre.

METHODS:

A population-based cross-sectional study conducted with 1,512 adults living in urban and rural areas. Information about demographic aspects, socioeconomic status and smoking habits were collected through home interviews. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios with their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated by Poisson regression.

RESULTS:

The overall prevalence of smoking was of 19.9%. Males had a higher prevalence (22.7%) in contrast to females (17.6%). By age, a higher prevalence was observed at 50 - 59 years in males (30.9%) and at 40 - 49 years in females (23.8%). A linear trend was observed between the higher prevalence of smoking and the lower amount of years of education and income (p < 0.05). The profile of smokers indicated that the majority, in both genders, began smoking at age 15, smoked between 1 and 10 cigarettes per day, lit the first cigarette of the day 60 minutes after waking up and had tried to quit smoking at least twice.

CONCLUSION:

The high prevalence of smoking is a relevant public health problem in Rio Branco. Community actions must be implemented for the prevention and control of tobacco use.

Smoking; Life style; Health surveys; Health profile; Prevalence; Cross-sectional studies

Variables	Total		Male		Female
Variables	n = 1.512	%	n = 655	%	n = 857	%
Age group (years)
18 – 29	575	38.0	269	41.1	306	35.7
30 – 39	325	21.5	138	21.1	187	21.8
40 – 49	247	16.3	96	14.7	151	17.6
50 – 59	186	12.3	78	11.9	108	12.6
≥ 60	179	11.9	74	11.2	105	12.2
Marital status
Single	507	33.5	228	34.8	279	32.5
Stable union	836	55.3	393	60.0	443	51.7
Widowed/separated/divorced	169	11.2	34	5.2	135	15.8
Occupational activity
Workers	844	55.9	448	68.4	396	46.2
No income	247	16.3	88	16.5	139	16.3
Retirees/pensioners	420	27.8	99	15.1	322	37.5
Income^a
5 MW or more	164	10.9	88	13.6	76	8.9
2 to 4 MW	278	18.6	159	24.6	119	13.9
1 MW	458	30.5	226	34.9	232	27.2
No income/less than 1 MW	601	40.0	174	26.9	427	50.0
Schooling (years)
≥ 12	244	16.2	101	15.4	143	16.9
9 – 11	559	37.1	238	36.3	321	37.7
5 – 8	300	19.9	149	22.7	151	17.7
≤ 4	403	26.7	167	25.6	236	27.7
Smoking
Non-current smoker	1211	80.1	505	77.1	706	82.4
Current smoker	301	19.9	150	22.9	151	17.6

Variable	n	%	Crude PR (95%CI)	p-value	Adjusted PR^a (95%CI)	p-value
Age group (years)
18 – 29	269	19.3	1	1
30 – 39	138	22.4	1.16 (0.75 – 1.78)	0.480
40 – 49	96	23.9	1.23 (0.81 – 1.88)	0.305
50 – 59	78	30.7	1.59 (1.05 – 2.39)	0.027
≥ 60	100	27.0	1.39 (0.78 – 2.48)	0.243
Linear trend p-value				0.052
Marital status
Single	228	18.8	1	1	1	1
Stable union	393	25.1	1.33 (0.98 – 1.80)	0.060	1.20 (0.86 – 1.67)	0.258
Widowed/separated/divorced	34	23.5	1.24 (0.7 – 2.20)	0.434	1.05 (0.58 – 1.91)	0.857
Occupational activity
Workers	448	22.5	1	1	1	1
No income	108	16.6	0.73 (0.43 – 1.24)	0.246	0.62 (0.36 – 1.05)	0.078
Retirees/pensioners	99	31.3	1.38 (1.00 – 1.91)	0.045	1.52 (1.08 – 2.12)	0.016
Income^b
5 MW or more	88	15.9	1	1	1	1
2 to 4 MW	159	16.9	1.06 (0.58 – 1.96)	0.829	1.13 (0.59 – 2.16)	0.694
1 MW	226	24.3	1.52 (0.84 – 2.7)	1.153	1.66 (0.89 – 3.07)	0.103
No income/less than 1 MW	174	28.1	1.77 (1.08 – 2.87)	0.023	2.09 (1.24 – 3.53)	0.007
Linear trend p-value				0.019		0.005
Schooling (years)
≥ 12	101	8.9	1	1	1	1
9 – 11	238	17.6	1.98 (0.89 – 4.35)	0.087	1.99 (0.89 – 4.43)	0.088
5 – 8	149	28.8	3.23 (1.52 – 6.88)	0.003	3.23 (1.51 – 6.87)	0.003
≤ 4	167	33.5	3.76 (1.84 – 7.69)	0.001	3.68 (1.76 – 7.70)	0.001
Linear trend p-value				0.000		0.000

Variables	n	%	Crude PR (95%CI)	p-value	Adjusted PR^a (95%CI)	p-value
Age group (years)
18 – 29	306	12.4	1	1
30 – 39	187	19.2	1.55 (0.99 – 2.40)	0.051
40 – 49	151	23.8	1.91 (1.21 – 3.02)	0.006
50 – 59	108	18.5	1.49 (0.85 – 2.60)	0.155
≥ 60	105	20.0	1.61 (0.98 – 2.63)	0.058
Linear trend p-value				0.019
Marital status
Single	279	19.3	1	1	1	1
Stable union	443	15.3	0.79 (0.55 – 1.12)	0.187	0.73 (0.51 – 1.04)	0.086
Widowed/separated/divorced	135	21.4	1.10 (0.77 – 1.58)	0.553	0.87 (0.56 – 1.34)	0.524
Occupational activity
Workers	396	14.6	1	1	1	1
No income	139	17.2	1.17 (0.77 – 1.78)	0.425	0.99 (0.63 – 1.54)	0.964
Retirees/pensioners	321	21.5	1.46 (1.06 – 2.02)	0.020	1.52 (1.11 – 2.07)	0.010
Income ^b
5 MW or more	76	7.8	1	1	1	1
2 to 4 MW	119	11.7	1.49 (0.49 – 4.46)	0.465	1.47 (0.49 – 4.39)	0.472
1 MW	232	20.2	2.56 (1.09 – 5.99)	0.031	2.58(1.09 – 6.94)	0.031
No income/less than 1 MW	427	19.6	2.49 (1.04 – 5.94)	0.040	2.78 (1.15 – 6.73)	0.024
Linear trend p-value				0.015		0.004
Schooling (years)
≥ 12	143	4.1	1	1	1	1
9 – 11	321	12.7	3.04 (1.24 – 7.46)	0.017	3.02 (1.23 – 7.38)	0.017
5 – 8	151	21.8	5.20 (2.20 – 13.41)	0.001	5.25 (2.02 – 13.65)	0.001
≤ 4	236	30.0	7.17 (3.36 – 15.27)	0.000	7.45 (3.37 – 16.50)	0.000
Linear trend p-value				0.000		0.000

Variables	n	%	n	%	p-value
Variables	Male		Female
Start of smoking habit (years)					0.387^a
< 15	64	49.6	66	52.0
16 – 20	47	36.4	38	29.9
> 21	18	14.0	23	18.1
Total	129	100.0	127	100.0
No. of cigarettes smoked/day					0.038^b
1 – 10	84	65.1	91	67.9
11 – 20	35	27.1	42	31.3
21 or more	10	7.8	1	0.8
Total	129	100.0	134	100.0
Time after waking up first cigarette is lit					0.303^a
First 5 minutes	25	18.4	14	10.1
From 6 to 30 minutes	33	24.3	36	26.1
From 31 to 60 minutes	12	8.8	14	10.1
After 60 minutes	66	48.5	74	53.7
Total	136	100.0	138	100.0
Warning pictures					0.490^a
Encourage cessation	71	55.0	70	51.1
Do not encourage cessation	58	45.0	67	48.9
Total	129	100.0	137	100.0
Number of cessation attempts					0.494^a
0	36	26.7	33	24.6
1	27	20.0	21	15.7
2 or more	72	53.3	80	59.7
Total	135	100.0	134	100.0
Tipe of cigarette					0.583^a
Industrialized with filter	110	80.3	115	83.3
Others	27	19.7	23	16.7
Total	137	100.0	138	100.0
Frequency of buying cigarettes from street vendors					0.342^a
Always	40	29.4	35	25.2
Sometimes	30	22.1	23	16.5
Never	66	48.5	81	58.3
Total	136	100.0	139	100.0

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E-mail: revbrepi@usp.br

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[1] Corresponding author: Patricia Merly Martinelli. Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Acre. Campus Universitário, BR 364, Km 04, CEP 69915-900, Rio Branco, AC, Brasil. E-mail: martinelli_patricia@hotmail.com