Characteristics of the schools’ surrounding environment, distance from home and active commuting in adolescents from Curitiba, Brazil

Silva, Alexandre Augusto de Paula; Lopes, Adalberto Aparecido dos Santos; Silva, Jeruza Sech Buck; Prado, Crisley Vanessa; Reis, Rodrigo Siqueira

Alexandre Augusto de Paula Silva

Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - Curitiba (PR), Brazil.

Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - Curitiba (PR), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0442-4938

Adalberto Aparecido dos Santos Lopes

Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - Curitiba (PR), Brazil.

Graduate Program in Urban Planning, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - Curitiba (PR), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-6412

Jeruza Sech Buck Silva

Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - Curitiba (PR), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2074-7585

Crisley Vanessa Prado

Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - Curitiba (PR), Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-2295

Rodrigo Siqueira Reis

Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - Curitiba (PR), Brazil.

Graduate Program in Urban Planning, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná - Curitiba (PR), Brazil.

Prevention Research Center, Brown School, Washington University in Saint Louis - St. Louis, MO, United States.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9872-9865

Corresponding author: Alexandre Augusto de Paula da Silva. Grupo de Pesquisa em Atividade Física e Qualidade de Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1.155, Prado Velho, CEP: 80215-901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. E-mail: alexandre_03_19@hotmail.com

Conflict of interests: nothing to declare

Author’s contributions: A.A.P. Silva participated in data collection, initial study design, data analysis, literature review and manuscript writing at all stages. A.A.S. Lopes participated in the initial study design, data collection, data analysis, literature review and manuscript writing at all stages. J.S.B. Silva participated in the initial study design, data collection, literature review, and manuscript writing. C.V. Prado participated in the initial study design, data collection and writing of the manuscript. R.S. Reis was responsible for the design and coordination of the project and participated in the critical review of the manuscript. All of the authors approved the final version of the article.

Individual variables		Active commuting^†
		Does not		Does		p*	Total
		N	%	n	%	p*	n	%
Sex	Male	78	41.9	161	53.0	0.018^h	239	48.8
Sex	Female	108	58.1	143	47.0	0.018^h	251	51.2
Age range (years)	12-13	89	47.8	122	40.1	0.448^t	211	43.1
	14-15	52	28.0	115	37.8		167	34.1
	16-17	45	24.2	67	22.0		112	22.9
Socioeconomic status	High	51	27.4	23	7.6	< 0.001^t	74	15.1
	Average	122	65.6	197	65.0		319	65.2
	Low	13	7.0	83	27.4		96	19.6
Car ownership	No	17	9.1	76	25.0	< 0.001^h	93	19.0
Car ownership	Yes	169	90.9	228	75.0	< 0.001^h	397	81.0
Type of school	Private	99	53.5	45	14.8	< 0.001^h	144	29.4
Type of school	Public	86	46.5	259	85.2	< 0.001^h	345	70.6
Characteristics of the environment around the school
Bus stop	No	13	9.4	49	18.2	0.018^h	62	15.2
Bus stop	Yes	126	90.6	220	81.8	0.018^h	346	84.8
Bike paths	No	113	81.3	246	91.4	0.003^h	359	88.0
Bike paths	Yes	26	18.7	23	8.6	0.003^h	49	12.0
Bike lanes	No	135	97.1	267	99.3	0.186^f	402	98.5
Bike lanes	Yes	4	2.9	2	0.7	0.186^f	6	1.5
Sidewalks	No	3	2.2	1	0.4	0.117^f	4	1.0
Sidewalks	Yes	136	97.8	268	99.6	0.117^f	404	99.0
Crosswalks	No	24	17.3	77	28.6	0.012^h	101	24.8
Crosswalks	Yes	115	82.7	192	71.4	0.012^h	307	75.2
Speed reducers	No	20	14.4	60	22.3	0.056^h	80	19.6
Speed reducers	Yes	119	85.6	209	77.7	0.056^h	328	80.4
School signage	No	11	7.9	28	10.4	0.417^h	39	9.6
School signage	Yes	128	92.1	241	89.6	0.417^h	369	90.4
Traffic signs	No	3	2.2	12	4.5	0.282^f	15	3.7
Traffic signs	Yes	136	97.8	257	95.5	0.282^f	393	96.3
Route signage for bikers	No	114	82.0	248	92.2	0.002^h	362	88.7
Route signage for bikers	Yes	25	18.0	21	7.8	0.002^h	46	11.3
General score	Low	43	30.9	109	40.5	< 0.002^t	152	37.3
	Average	71	51.1	141	52.4		212	52.0
	High	25	18.0	19	7.1		44	10.8
Distance from residence (meters)	≤ 1,500	22	15.9	205	76.5	<0.001^t	227	55.9
	1,501-3,500	61	44.2	47	17.5		108	26.6
	≥ 3,501	55	39.9	16	6.0		71	17.5

Covariates		Active commuting^†
Covariates		PR	95%CI	p*
Sex	Male	1
Sex	Female	0.84	0.73 - 0.97	0.024
Age range (years)	12-13	1
	14-15	1.19	1.00 - 1.41	0.044
	16-17	1.03	0.82 - 1.28	0.761
Socioeconomic status	High	1
	Average	1.98	1.42 - 2.76	< 0.001
	Low	2.78	2.00 - 3.86	< 0.001
Car ownership	No	1
Car ownership	Yes	0.70	0.60 - 0.81	< 0.001
Type of school	Private	1
Type of school	Public	2.40	1.79 - 3.23	< 0.001

Characteristics of the environment around the school		Active commuting^†
		Crude			Adjusted^‡
		PR	95%CI	p*	RP	95%CI	p*
Bus stop	No	1			1
Bus stop	Yes	0.80	0.65 - 0.98	0.039	0.95	0.80 - 1.13	0.612
Bike paths	No	1			1
Bike paths	Yes	0.68	0.41 - 1.12	0.135	0.80	0.56 - 1.13	0.202
Bike lanes	No	1			1
Bike lanes	Yes	0.50	0.18 - 1.33	0.162	0.49	0.17 - 1.40	0.181
Sidewalks	No	1			1
Sidewalks	Yes	0.82	0.65 - 1.02	0.083	0.95	0.80 - 1.14	0.619
Speed reducers	No	1			1
Speed reducers	Yes	0.84	0.66 - 1.07	0.180	1.02	0.82 - 1.26	0.816
School signage	No	1			1
School signage	Yes	0.90	0.66 - 1.24	0.548	0.90	0.68 - 1.18	0.444
Traffic signs	No	1			1
Traffic signs	Yes	0.81	0.57 - 1.16	0.259	0.78	0.66 - 0.91	0.003
Route signage for bikers	No	1			1
Route signage for bikers	Yes	0.66	0.40 - 1.09	0.107	0.80	0.56 - 1.12	0.196
Overall score	Low	1			1
	Medium	0.92	0.73 - 1.16	0.521	1.01	0.84 - 1.20	0.897
	High	0.60	0.35 - 1.02	0.064	0.76	0.51 - 1.12	0.175
Distance from residence (meters)	≤ 1,500	1			1
	1,501-3,500	0.48	0.35 - 0.64	<0.001	0.53	0.40 - 0.70	< 0.001
	≥ 3,501	0.24	0.15 - 0.39	<0.001	0.29	0.18 - 0.45	< 0.001

[1] Corresponding author: Alexandre Augusto de Paula da Silva. Grupo de Pesquisa em Atividade Física e Qualidade de Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná. Rua Imaculada Conceição, 1.155, Prado Velho, CEP: 80215-901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. E-mail: alexandre_03_19@hotmail.com

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Characteristics of the schools’ surrounding environment, distance from home and active commuting in adolescents from Curitiba, Brazil

ABSTRACT:

Introduction:

Aim:

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Conclusion: