Socioeconomic and cultural features of consensual unions in Brazil

Covre-Sussai, Maira

doi:10.20947/S0102-309820160004

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Brasil

Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População

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Artigos • Rev. bras. estud. popul. 33 (1) • Jan-Apr 2016 • https://doi.org/10.20947/S0102-309820160004 copy

Socioeconomic and cultural features of consensual unions in Brazil

Características socioeconômicas e culturais das uniões consensuais no Brasil

Características socioeconómicas y culturales de las uniones consensuales en Brasil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Consensual unions are a well-known practice among the lower social strata in Latin America. However, this type of union is increasing in the region, among higher educated groups and in countries where they were never widespread, such as in Brazil. This study uses couples' data from the demographic census available at IPUMS (N=193,689) to identify the socioeconomic and cultural features of consensual unions in Brazil. The effects of women's education, couples' income, children, and religion on nuptial behavior are analyzed. Utilizing logistic multilevel analysis, special attention is paid to the effect of differences in the cultural environment of states in the five major regions in which these unions occur. Results indicate that socioeconomic factors affect the incidence of consensual unions in Brazil. Consensual unions are more common among lower income couples and less educated women, but are also found among the upper classes. Cultural diversity between Brazilian states is also reflected in nuptial behavior. Significant variance at the state level is partially explained by the ethnic composition of each state.

Keywords:
Consensual Unions; Cultural Differences; Couple's income; Religion; Children; Multilevel analysis

Couples' level variables	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Couples' level variables	Β	SE	Odds	Β	SE	Odds	Β	SE	Odds
Children: None (ref.)
Children: Up to two	-0.642^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.110)	0.526	-0.506	(0.586)	0.603	-0.646^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.112)	0.524
Children: Three or more	-0.529^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.110)	0.589	-0.276	(0.586)	0.759	-0.532^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.112)	0.587
Social class (income): Upper (ref.)
Social class: Poor	0.454^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.026)	1.575	0.727	(0.611)	2.069	0.457^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.027)	1.579
Social class: Working	0.296^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.026)	1.344	0.414	(0.630)	1.513	0.300^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.027)	1.35
Social class: Middle	0.236^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.024)	1.266	0.374	(0.614)	1.454	0.239^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.025)	1.27
Religion: Different religion (ref.)
Religion: Catholics	-0.393^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.016)	0.675	-0.393^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.016)	0.675	-0.396^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.016)	0.673
Religion: Evengelicals	-1.352^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.021)	0.259	-1.352^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.021)	0.259	-1.365^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.021)	0.255
Religion: Other	0.101^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.023)	1.106	0.099^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.023)	1.104	0.101^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.023)	1.106
Women Education: University (ref.)
Women Education: Less than primary	1.212^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.031)	3.36	1.220^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.031)	3.387	1.223^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.032)	3.397
Women Education: Primary	0.890^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.024)	2.435	0.890^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.024)	2.435	0.899^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.025)	2.457
Women Education: Secondary	0.968^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.024)	2.633	0.964^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.024)	2.622	0.977^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.024)	2.656
Cohort (man): 1940 (ref.)
Cohort (man): 1950	0.551^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.020)	1.735	0.548^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.020)	1.73	0.555^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.021)	1.742
Cohort (man): 1960	1.047^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.019)	2.849	1.044^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.019)	2.841	1.054^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.020)	2.869
Cohort (man): 1970	1.625^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.019)	5.078	1.619^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.019)	5.048	1.637^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.020)	5.14
Cohort (man): 1980	2.325^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.021)	10.23	2.314^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.021)	10.11	2.343^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.022)	10.41
Cohort (man): 1990	3.259^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.065)	26.02	3.250^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.065)	25.79	3.283^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.064)	26.66
Migrant	0.273^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.013)	1.314	0.273^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.013)	1.314	0.275^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.013)	1.317
No child*Upper class (ref.)
Up to two children*Poor class				-0.197^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.611)	0.821
Three or more children*Poor class				-0.364^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.612)	0.695
Up to two children*Working class				-0.005^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.631)	0.995
Three or more children*Working class				-0.237^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.631)	0.789
Up to two children*Middle class				-0.119^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.615)	0.888
Three or more children*Middle class				-0.167^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.615)	0.846
Proportion of Whites (States level)							-1.005^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.338)
Random Part
Intercept	-1.841^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.135)	0.159	-2.018^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.619)	0.133	-1.460^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.187)	0.232
Contextual variance	0.134^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.037)		0.135^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.037)		0.101^* ***** p-value < 0.001	(0.028)

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