Azúcar y café en São Paulo: estructura familiar y doméstica en Itu y Areias en 1829

Klein, Herbert; Luna, Francisco Vidal

doi:10.20947/S0102-3098a0297

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. bras. estud. popul. 42 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.20947/S0102-3098a0297 linkcopiar

Azúcar y café en São Paulo: estructura familiar y doméstica en Itu y Areias en 1829

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

Este artículo examina el impacto de las exportaciones comerciales de azúcar y de café en las estructuras domésticas y familiares de dos centros de producción de São Paulo en la segunda década del siglo XIX. Utilizando registros manuscritos de censos de hogares, este estudio también explora cómo estas economías influyeron en el color, el sexo, la edad, el estado civil y la situación legal de estas dos poblaciones distintas. En 1829, Areias e Itu se encontraban en dos etapas diferentes de su desarrollo en la producción de azúcar y de café. Cómo estas diferencias en las condiciones económicas moldearon las estructuras sociales y la vida doméstica en estos importantes centros de producción de la época es el tema básico de este estudio.

Palabras clave:
Brasil; Café; Azúcar; Hogares; Estructura poblacional

Slave holding	Owners who grew coffee	Coffee arrobas produced	Slaves working in coffee	Slave owners not growing coffee	Slaves not on coffee plantations
1	62	2,905	62	67	67
2-5	123	9,900	394	75	219
6-10	98	14,159	789	20	142
11-20	61	16,383	884	7	96
21-30	25	12,150	597	1	25
31+	38	49,051	2,298	1	42
Total	407	104,548	5,024	171	591

Population	1817	1822	1829
Total number of households	1,072	1,117	1,568
Total number of persons	6,565	8,470	12,196
Total numbers of slaves	1,713	3,409	5,409

Color/sex	Hshlds	Slaves	Mean	Std. dev.	Median
Color of household head
White	540	5,486	10.2	16.8	4
Brown	38	129	3.4	3.3	2
Total	578	5,615	9.7	16.4	4
Sex of household head
Male	506	4,989	9.9	16.4	4
Female	72	626	8.7	16.3	4
Total	578	5,615	10.9	16.4	4

Color	Households	Total children	Mean children per Hshld	Std. dev.	Median
Male
White	789	2,582	3.3	2.0	3
Black	11	23	2.1	0.9	2
Brown	192	596	3.1	1.8	3
Total	992	3,201	3.2	1.9	3
Female
White	97	264	2.7	1.7	2
Black	1	1	1.0		1
Brown	41	95	2.3	1.5	2
Total	139	360	2.6	1.7	2
Total
White	886	2,846	3.2	2.0	3
Black	12	24	2	1.0	2
Brown	233	691	3.0	1.8	3
Total	1,131	3,561	3.2	1.9	3

Color	Free			Slave			Total
Color	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
1805
White	1,514	1,663	3,177	-	-		3,177
Brown	346	524	870	193	216	409	1,279
Black	58	79	137	1,927	1,213	3,140	3,277
Total	1,918	2,266	4,184	2,120	1,429	3,549	7,733
1810
White	1,579	1,804	3,383				3,383
Brown	362	434	796	180	220	400	1,196
Black	70	101	171	1,946	1,086	3,032	3,203
Total	2,011	2,339	4,350	2,126	1,306	3,432	7,782
1816
White	1,319	1,602	2,921				2,921
Brown	293	493	786	134	153	287	1,073
Black	73	104	177	2,284	1,205	3,489	3,666
Total	1,685	2,199	3,884	2,418	1,358	3,776	7,660
1829
Whites	1,324	1,559	2,883				2,883
Brown	268	444	712	126	146	272	984
Black	61	60	121	2,390	1,406	3,796	3,917
Total	1,653	2,063	3,716	2,516	1,552	4,068	7,784

Sex/color	Single	Maried	Widows	Total
Sex
Male	59	606	39	704
Female	180	22	141	343
Total	239	628	180	1,047
Color
White	130	504	150	784
Black	8	18	5	31
Brown	98	106	25	229
Total	236	628	180	1,044

Color/sex	Hshlds	Children	Mean	Std. dev.	Median
Color of household head
White	485	1,346	2.8	1.7	2.0
Brown	131	307	2.3	1.4	2.0
Black	14	24	1.7	0.8	1.5
Total	630	1,677	2.7	1.7	2.0
Sex of household head
Male	435	1,256	2.9	1.7	3.0
Female	195	421	2.2	1.4	2.0
Total	630	1,677	2.7	1.7	2.0

Color/sex	Hshlds	Slaves	Mean	Std. dev.	Median
Color of household head
White	353	4,079	11.6	15.6	5
Black	4	4	1.0	0.0	1
Brown	22	51	2.3	2.4	2
Total	379	4,134	10.9	15.3	4
Sex of household head
Male	272	3,269	12.0	15.8	5
Female	107	865	8.1	13.5	4
Total	379	4,134	10.9	15.3	4

Size of slave holding	Slave owners	Slaves
Size of slave holding	Slave owners	Number	Mean	Std. dev.	Median
Areias
1	129	129	1.0	0.0	1
2-5	198	613	3.1	1.1	3
6-10	118	931	7.9	1.5	8
11-20	68	980	14.4	2.8	14
21-30	26	622	23.9	2.3	25
31+	39	2,340	60.0	27.7	49
Total	578	5,615	9.7	16.4	4
Itu
1	75	75	1,0	0,0	1
2-5	135	433	3,2	1,1	3
6-10	55	419	7,6	1,4	8
11-20	59	894	15,2	3,0	14
21-30	23	603	26,2	3,1	27
31+	35	1,756	50,2	18,4	43
Total	382	4,180	10,9	15,3	4

Sex/color	Single	Maried	Widows	Total
AREIAS
Sex
Male	112	1,190	58	1,360
Female	36	31	135	202
Total	148	1,221	193	1,562
Color
White	122	947	147	1,216
Black	2	22	4	28
Brown	24	252	42	318
Total	148	1,221	193	1,562
ITU
Sex
Male	59	606	39	704
Female	180	22	141	343
Total	239	628	180	1,047
Color
White	130	504	150	784
Black	8	18	5	31
Brown	98	106	25	229
Total	236	628	180	1,044

Birth place	Married	Widowed	Single	Total	Ever married (%)
AREIAS
Male
Brazil	79	3	215	297	28.0
Africa	399	20	2,382	2,801	15.0
total	478	23	2,597	3,098	16.0
Female
Brazil	93	2	133	228	42.0
Africa	353	18	548	919	40.0
Total	446	20	681	1,147	41.0
Total
Brazil	172	5	348	525	34.0
Africa	752	38	2,930	3,720	21.0
Total	924	43	3,278	4.245	23.0
ITU
Male
Brazil	184	11	961	1,156	17.0
Africa	326	27	1,095	1,448	24.0
Total	510	38	2,056	2,604	21.0
Female
Brazil	232	23	749	1,004	25.0
Africa	264	12	283	559	49.0
Total	496	35	1,032	1,563	34.0
Total
Brazil	416	34	1,710	2,160	21.0
Africa	590	39	1,378	2,007	31.0
Total	1,006	73	3,088	4,167	26.0

Size of slaveholding	African born		American born
Size of slaveholding	Male	Female	Male	Female
Areias
1-5	391	141	34	29
6-10	431	164	58	39
11-20	441	152	46	40
21-40	529	157	48	47
41++	1009	305	105	69
Total	2801	919	291	224
Itu
1-5	86	59	107	115
6-10	111	51	69	69
11-20	269	86	203	132
21-40	391	126	222	157
41++	442	174	164	116
Total	1299	496	765	589

Sex/color	Households	Mean age of Head	Std. dev.	Median age
AREIAS
Sex
Male	1.365	39.4	13.6	38
Female	203	44.6	15.1	42
Total (1)	1,568	40.1	13.9	39
Color
White	1341	39.7	13.8	38
Black	36	50.8	14.6	48
Brown	379	39.2	13.7	38
Total	1,756	39.9	13.9	39
ITU
Sex
Male	704	41.9	13.8	40
Female	342	45.1	14.4	45
Total	1,046	42.9	14.1	41
Color
White	783	43.4	14.1	42
Black	31	45.2	14.8	50
Brown	229	41.1	13.8	40
Total	1,043	42.9	14.1	41

Sex/color	Households	Agregagados
Sex/color	Households	Number	Mean	Std. dev.	Median
AREIAS
Sex
Male	100	222	2.2	1.7	2
Female	11	15	1.4	0.5	1
Total (1)	111	237	2.1	1.6	2
Color
White	97	202	2.1	1.6	2
Black	4	11	2.8	1.7	2.5
Brown	10	24	2.4	2.0	1.5
ITU
Sex
Male	108	211	2.0	1.4	2
Female	59	101	1.7	1.5	1
Total	167	312	1.9	1.4	1
Color
White	133	253	1.9	1.5	1
Black	4	9	2.3	1.9	1.5
Brown	30	50	1.7	1.2	1

Household head	Homes	All resident persons
Household head	Homes	Number	Mean	Std. deviation	Median
AREIAS
Sex
Male	1,365	10,752	7.9	11.7	5
Female	203	1,193	5.9	11.1	4
Color
White	1,221	10,527	8.6	12.9	5
Black	28	76	2.7	1.7	2,5
Brown	319	1,342	4.2	3.0	4
Total (1)	1568	11,945	7.6	11.6	5
ITU
Sex
Male	704	6,023	8.6	12.1	4
Female	342	1,762	5.2	8.8	3
Total (2)	1.046	7,785	7.4	11.3	4
Color
White	783	6,960	8.9	12.6	4
Black	31	86	2.8	1.2	2
Brown	229	736	3.2	2.2	3
Total (2)	1,043	7,782	7.5	11.3	4

Civil status	Male	Female	Total
Areias
Widow	49.7	48.2	48.7
Married	39.2	36.7	39.1
Single	37.4	37.1	37.3
Total	39.5	44.5	40.1
Itu
Widow	52.7	50.8	51.2
Married	41.2	39.1	41.1
Single	41.6	41.4	41.5
Total	41.9	45.1	42.9

Husband	Wife			Total
Husband	White	Brown	Black
Areias
White		1	1	2
Brown	1		3	4
Black	1	3		4
Total	2	4	4	10
Itu
White		2	1	23
Brown	2		1	6
Black		3		4
Total	2	5	2	33

Civil status	Households	Children	Mean	Std. dev.	Median
Areias
Widow	145	408	2.8	1.8	3
Married	953	3.083	3.2	2.0	3
Single	32	67	2.1	1.4	2
Total	1,130	3,558	3.2	1.9	3
Itu
Widow	125	311	2.5	1.7	2
Married	415	1,199	2.9	1.7	3
Single	91	174	1.9	1.1	2
Total	631	1,684	2.7	1.7	2
Single heads with own children by sex
Areias
Male	17	38	2.2	1.5	2
Female	15	29	1.9	1.2	2
Itu
Male	3	6	2.0	1.7	1
Female	88	168	1.9	1.0	2

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