In vitro biomass production of Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult)

Produção de biomassa in vitro de Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult)

ARTIGO

In vitro biomass production of Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult)

Produção de biomassa in vitro de Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult)

Annie Elizabeth Santiago Beltrão^{I, *}; Anna Cláudia de A. Tomaz^I; Fabiana Augusta S. Beltrão^I; Paulo Marinho^II

^ILaboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica "Delby Fernandes de Medeiros" Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Caixa Postal 5009, 58051-970 João Pessoa-PB, Brazil

^IIDepartamento de Biologia e Genética Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Caixa Postal 1656, 59078-970 Natal-RN, Brazil

ABSTRACT

Sideroxylon obtusifolium belongs to the family Sapotaceae which occurs in the Southwest and Northeast of Brazil. It is used in folk medicine due to its anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. The intense use of its barks and the lack of cultivation of the plant made rare its occurrence in the natural habitat. This study was performed in order to get information about the biomass production of this native species using the techniques of plant tissues culture. The Murashige & Skoog (1962) and Gamborg et al. (1968) culture media containing auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic and kinetin kin were used for callus induction. Fragments of leaves were used as explants and sterilized with sodium hypochlorite for 40 minutes. The best outcome for callus induction was obtained with concentrations of auxin/kinetin of 0.1 mg/L / 1 mg/L in the Murashige & Skoog culture medium.

Keywords:Sideroxylon obtusifolium, Sapotaceae, medicinal plants, callus induction.

RESUMO

Sideroxylon obtusifolium é uma planta medicinal pertencente à família Sapotaceae que ocorre no Sudoeste e Nordeste do Brasil, utilizada por possuir propriedades antiinflamatórias e hipoglicêmicas. O uso intenso das cascas e a falta de cultivo da planta tornaram rara sua ocorrência no habitat natural. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter informações sobre a produção de biomassa desta espécie nativa utilizando as técnicas da cultura de tecidos vegetais. Foram utilizados os meios de cultura de Murashige & Skoog (1962) e o de Gamborg et al. (1968) adicionados de auxina 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético e cinetina kin, para a indução da calogênese. Fragmentos de folhas foram usados como explantes, esterilizados com solução de hipoclorito de sódio por 40 minutos. Este estudo demonstrou que o melhor resultado para a calogênese foi obtido com as concentrações de auxina/cinetina de 0,1 mg/L / 1mg/L em meio de cultura de Murashige & Skoog.

Unitermos: Sideroxylon obtusifolium, Sapotaceae, planta medicinal, calogênese.

INTRODUCTION

Sideroxylon obtusifolium is a plant of the Brazilian flora that occurs in different soil types in the savanna. It is threatened with extinction mainly by the extraction of its bark, which is used in the treatment of diabetes. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 194 million people suffer from this disease worldwide. In Brazil, it is estimated to affect 12 million in the coming years (Diabetes, 2008). The species of the family Sapotaceae are characterized by the diversity of substances resulting from their secondary metabolism, as triterpenes, steroids, tannins, polyphenols besides alkaloids, carotenes, cyanogenic compounds, carbohydrate and fatty acids (Beltrão, 2000; Perfeito et al., 2005; Montenegro et al., 2006; Barbosa-Filho et al., 2008). Studies on medicinal plants used in popular medicine have been performed in order to search for new hypoglycemic drugs (Barbosa-Filho et al., 2005; Cavalli et al., 2007; Menezes et al., 2007; Torrico et al., 2007; Ferreira et al., 2008; Figueiredo & Modesto-Filho, 2008; Santos et al., 2008). Steroids and triterpenes with hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory activities were isolated from Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Almeida et al., 1985, Naik et al., 1991). This species presents the following scientific synonymy: Bumelia sartorum Mart, Bumelia obtusifolium Roemer & Schut and Bumelia rotundifolia Schut. It is used as expectorant and analgesic, according to Filipoy (1994). The fresh fruit is used as food (Schmeda-Hirschmann, 1994). The entire plant is also used against ovarian inflammations and diabetes. A decoction or maceration of a handful in a liter of water. It is drunk "as water" or tea until the symptoms disappear (Agra et al., 2007 and 2008).

The development of techniques for in vitro cultivation of plants and the mastery over the use of growth-regulating hormones in specific culture media allowed the continued cultivation of plants and callus in laboratory. The study on the cultivation of plant cells since then took different approaches. The callus can be used to regenerate a plant or to study the secondary metabolites of pharmacological interest, mainly of threatened with extinction medicinal plants as "quixabeira". The callus obtained can be used to study the type of cell, to promote cell selection or to organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and biomass and secondary metabolites production. The growth of callus in different species may be independent of auxin and cytokinin, auxin-dependent, dependent on cytokinins or both (Torres, 1990; Santos et al., 2007). The auxins and cytokinins are the most used growth regulators in plant tissues culture. Based on this information, experiments were performed to obtain the biomass of the tissues of the plant popularly known as "quixabeira".

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Plant material

The experiments were performed using explants of 0.5 cm of fragments of Sideroxylon obtusifolium leaves collected in the orchard of the Laboratório de Tecnologia Farmacêutica from Universidade Federal da Paraíba. The explants went through a process of asepsis and were subjected to sterilization with the 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite for 40 minutes, then were washed three times in distilled and sterile water.

Experiment - I

Two culture media, Murashige & Skoog (1962) and Gamborg et al. (1968), were used for induction of callus. Two growth regulators were added to the medium, an auxin, 2.4-D and a kinetin, KIN, in concentrations of 0.0 mg / L, 0.1 / 1 mg / L, 0.50 / 1 mg / L and 0.25 / .1 mg / L.

The culture media were distributed in test tubes containing 10 mL volume of the medium. They were autoclaved under pressure of 1 kgf. during 15 minutes. After autoclaving media, the explants were implanted on the medium in test tubes in aseptic chamber with the help of tweezers. The material was transferred to in vitro culture room, where conditions of temperature and photoperiod were controlled by following the rules for in vitro cultivation of plant tissues (Torres, 1990).

Experiment - II

After the acquisition of callus to the first replanted was performed in order to enhance growth. The callus culture began using the Murashige & Skoog medium. In this experiment, which was set out to achieve the optimization of the callus culture in the medium indicated by the previous experiment, callus with 30 days of cultivations divided into fragments of 30 mg per tube test were used as explants. Auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic and kinetin KIN at concentrations of 0.1 / 0.0 mg / L, 0.0 / 1.0 mg / L, 0.0 / 0.0 mg / L and 1.0 / 1.0 mg / L were used as plant growth regulators.

The completely randomized statistical model with eight repetitions was used.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

To obtain the callus of Sideroxylon obtusifolium, Murashige & Skoog (1962) and Gamborg et al. (1968) culture media were used in the initial experiment with 2,4-D and KIN growth regulators. In both media, callus induction was observed in the explants of leaves except for the controls. The callus began to appear around the edges of the explant where there was the cutting of the tissue and was also observed at the center of the explant. Callus obtained in the Gamborg et al. (1968) medium were friable and whitish while the ones obtained in the Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium were compressed and greenish. During their formation, the parameters of swelling of the explants were observed, prior to their appearance. They began emerging from the third week of the deployment of explants in the culture medium. They grew up to 120 days. Table 1 shows the average weight in the culture media used.

All culture media tested were solid in equal conditions of temperature and photoperiod. The callus induction of this plant depends on the growth regulators. The composition and concentration of hormones in the culture medium were determining factors in the growth of callus. Initially, cellular diversity caused cells to grow differently in shape, pigmentation and metabolism. According to Smith (1992) many of these features are not visible. The data of fresh weight of callus at the end of the culture period were unequal. In the experiment of growth there was a significant decrease in variation of fresh weight until the full stabilization of the culture. This fact indicates the homogenization of culture and the establishment and optimization of the medium, setting up a protocol for callus induction and growth of this plant. This study showed that the best outcome for the culture of callus was obtained with the Murashige & Skoog (1962) medium containing 0.1 mg / L 2,4-D and 1 mg / L KIN (Table 2).

CONCLUSION

The experiments conducted to obtain the callus with the aim of producing biomass from Sideroxylon obtusifolium showed that callus induction and obtaining are possible in both culture media (Murashige & Skoog, 1962 and Gamborg et al., 1968) with 2,4-D and KIN.

The best result was obtained with the medium of Murashige & Skoog (1962) with the concentration of auxin 2,4-D at 0.1 mg / L combined with 1 mg / L kinetin KIN.

The formation of callus did not occur in the absence of hormones. The "quixabeira" is dependent on plant growth regulators.

Received 5 October 2008

15 November 2008

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  09 Mar 2009
• Date of issue
  Dec 2008

History

• Accepted
  15 Nov 2008
• Received
  05 Oct 2008