Simaroubaceae family: botany, chemical composition and biological activities

Alves, Iasmine A.B.S.; Miranda, Henrique M.; Soares, Luiz A.L.; Randau, Karina P.

doi:10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.021

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Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia

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Reviews • Rev. bras. farmacogn. 24 (4) • Jul-Aug 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2014.07.021 copy

Simaroubaceae family: botany, chemical composition and biological activities

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The Simaroubaceae family includes 32 genera and more than 170 species of trees and brushes of pantropical distribution. The main distribution hot spots are located at tropical areas of America, extending to Africa, Madagascar and regions of Australia bathed by the Pacific. This family is characterized by the presence of quassinoids, secondary metabolites responsible of a wide spectrum of biological activities such as antitumor, antimalarial, antiviral, insecticide, feeding deterrent, amebicide, antiparasitic and herbicidal. Although the chemical and pharmacological potential of Simaroubaceae family as well as its participation in official compendia; such as British, German, French and Brazilian pharmacopoeias, and patent registration, many of its species have not been studied yet. In order to direct further investigation to approach detailed botanical, chemical and pharmacological aspects of the Simaroubaceae, the present work reviews the information regarding the main genera of the family up to 2013.

Chemical constituents ; Simaba; Simarouba; Simaroubaceae; Quassia

Genus	Chemical constituents	Part of the plant	Reference
Quassinoids
Ailanthus	ailanthone (8)	Seeds	Okunade et al., 2003Okunade, A.L., Bikoff, E.L., Casper, S.J., Oskman, A., Goldberg, D.E., Lewis, W.H., 2003. Antiplasmodial activity of extracts and quassinoids isolated from seedlings of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaeae). Phytother. Res. 17,675-670.
	shinjulactone	Root	Ishibashi et al., 1983Ishibashi, M., Tsuyuki, T., Murae, T., Hirota, H., Takahashi, T., Itai, A., Itaka, Y., 1983. Constituents of the root bark of Ailanthus altissima Swingle. Isolation and X-ray crystal structures of shinjudilactone and shinjulactone C and conversion of ailanthone into shunjudilactone. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 56,3683-3693.
	shinjulactones B (9), C, D, E, L, I, J, K	Root, Stem	Ishibashi et al., 1984Ishibashi, M., Yoshimura, S., Suyuki, T., Takahashi, T., Itai, A., Iitaka, Y., 1984. Structure determination of bitter principles of Ailanthus altissima. Structures of shinjulactones F, I, J and K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 57,2885-2892.
			Furuno et al., 1984Furuno, T., Ishibashi, M., Naora, H., Murae, T., Hirota, H., Tsuyuki, T., Takahashi, T., Itai, A., Iitaka, Y., 1984. Structure determination of bitter principles of Ailanthus altissima. Structures of shinjulactones B, D and E. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 57,2484-2489.
			Ishibashi et al., 1985Ishibashi, M., Tsuyuki, T., Takahashi, T., 1985. Structure determination of a new bitter principle, shinjulactone L, from Ailanthus altissima. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 58,2723-2724.
	chaparrinone (10)	Root	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.
	2,12-didemethylquassin	Root	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.
	ailantinone	Root	Ogura et al., 1977Ogura, M., Cordell, G.A., Kinghorn, A.D., Farnsworth, N.R., 1977. Potential anticancer agents VI. Constituents of Ailanthus excelsa(Simaroubaceae). Lloydia 40,579-584.
	glaucarubinone (11)	Root	Ogura et al., 1977Ogura, M., Cordell, G.A., Kinghorn, A.D., Farnsworth, N.R., 1977. Potential anticancer agents VI. Constituents of Ailanthus excelsa(Simaroubaceae). Lloydia 40,579-584.
	glaucarubol (12)	Root	Ogura et al., 1977Ogura, M., Cordell, G.A., Kinghorn, A.D., Farnsworth, N.R., 1977. Potential anticancer agents VI. Constituents of Ailanthus excelsa(Simaroubaceae). Lloydia 40,579-584.
	excelsin	Stem	Joshi et al., 2003Joshi, B.C., Pandei, A., Sharma, R.P., Khare, A., 2003. Quassinoids from Ailanthus excelsa. Phytochemistry 62,579-584.
	glaucarubin (13)	Stem	Joshi et al., 2003Joshi, B.C., Pandei, A., Sharma, R.P., Khare, A., 2003. Quassinoids from Ailanthus excelsa. Phytochemistry 62,579-584.
	glaucarubolone (14)	Stem	Joshi et al., 2003Joshi, B.C., Pandei, A., Sharma, R.P., Khare, A., 2003. Quassinoids from Ailanthus excelsa. Phytochemistry 62,579-584.
Brucea	bruceins E and D	Seeds	Noorshahida et al., 2009Noorshahida, A., Wong, T.W., Choo, C.Y., 2009. Hypoglycemic effect of quassinoids from Brucea javanica (l.) Merr (Simaroubaceae) seeds. J. Ethnopharmacol. 124,586-591.
	2,12-didemethylquassin	Fruit	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.
	bruceins A, B, C	Fruit	Bawn et al., 2008Bawn S, Matsuura H, Elkhateeb A, Nabeta K, Subeki, Nonaka K, Oku Y, Katakura K 2008. In vitro antitrypanosomalactivities of quassinoid compounds from the fruits of a medicinal plant, Brucea javanica. Vet Parasitol158:288-294.
	bruceantinol (15)	Fruit	Bawn et al., 2008Bawn S, Matsuura H, Elkhateeb A, Nabeta K, Subeki, Nonaka K, Oku Y, Katakura K 2008. In vitro antitrypanosomalactivities of quassinoid compounds from the fruits of a medicinal plant, Brucea javanica. Vet Parasitol158:288-294.
	brusatol	Fruit	Bawn et al., 2008Bawn S, Matsuura H, Elkhateeb A, Nabeta K, Subeki, Nonaka K, Oku Y, Katakura K 2008. In vitro antitrypanosomalactivities of quassinoid compounds from the fruits of a medicinal plant, Brucea javanica. Vet Parasitol158:288-294.
	bruceajavanines A, B	Stem	Kitagawa et al., 1994Kitagawa, I., Mahmud, T., Simanjuntak, P., Hori, K., Uji, T., Shibuya, H., 1994. Indonesian medicinal plants VIII. Chemical structures of three new triterpenoids, bruceajavanin B, and a new alkaloidal glycoside, bruceacanthinoside, from the stems of Brucea javanica (Simaroubaceae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42,1416-1421.
Castela	glaucarubolone (14)	Aerial Parts	Jacobs et al., 2007Jacobs, H., Simpson, D., Reynolds, W., 2007. Quassinoids and a coumarin from Castela macrophylla (Simaroubaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 35,42-44.
	holacantona	Aerial Parts	Jacobs et al.,2007Jacobs, H., Simpson, D., Reynolds, W., 2007. Quassinoids and a coumarin from Castela macrophylla (Simaroubaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 35,42-44.
	2,12-didemethylquassin	Root	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.
	chaparrinone (10)	Root	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.
	glaucarubinone (11)	Stem	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.
	amarolide (16)	Leaves	Dou et al., 1996bDou, J., McChesney, J.D., Sindelar, R.D., Going, D.K., Walker, L.A., 1996b. A new quassinoid from Castela texana. J. Nat. Prod. 59,73-76.
	glaucarubol (12)	Leaves	Dou et al., 1996bDou, J., McChesney, J.D., Sindelar, R.D., Going, D.K., Walker, L.A., 1996b. A new quassinoid from Castela texana. J. Nat. Prod. 59,73-76.
	chaparrin	Aerial Parts	Geissman and Chandorkar, 1961Geissman, T.A., Chandorkari, K.R., 1961. Bitter principles of the Simaroubaceae. I. Chaparrin from Castela nicholsoni. J. Org. Chem. 26,1217-1220.
	chaparrolide	Not Described	Mitchell et al., 1971Mitchell, R., Stocklin, W., Stefanovic, M., Geissman, T.A., 1971. Chaparrolide and castelanolide, new bitter principles from Castela nicholsoni. Phytochemistry 10,411-417.
	castelanolide	Not Described	Mitchell et al., 1971Mitchell, R., Stocklin, W., Stefanovic, M., Geissman, T.A., 1971. Chaparrolide and castelanolide, new bitter principles from Castela nicholsoni. Phytochemistry 10,411-417.
	peninsularinone	Root	Grieco et al., 1994Grieco, P.A., Moher, E.D., Seya, M., Huffman, J.C., Grieco, H.J., 1994. A quassinoid (peninsularinone) and a steroid from Castela peninsularis. Phytochemistry 37,1451-1454.
	casteloside C	Bark	Kubo and Chaudhuri, 1993Kubo, I., Chaudhuri, S.K., 1993. A quassinoid glucoside from the bark of Castela tortuosa. Phytochemistry 32,215-217.
	chaparramarine	Bark	Kubo et al., 1992Kubo, I., Murae, Y., Chaudhuri, S.K., 1992. Structure of chaparramarin, a quassinoid from Castela tortuosa. Phytochemistry 31,3262-3264.
	castelalin	Bark	Kubo et al., 1993Kubo, I., Murae, Y., Chaudhuri, S.K., 1993. Castelin, a quassinoid from Castela tortuosa. Phytochemistry 33,461-463.
	polyandrol	Root	Grieco et al., 1995Grieco, P.A., Roest, J.M.V., Campaigne, M.M.P.N.E.E., Carmak, M., 1995. Polyandrol, a C19 quassinoid from Castela polyandra. Phytochemistry 38.1463-1465.
	castelanone (17)	Not Described	Polonsky et al., 1979Polonsky, J., Varon, Z., Soler, E., 1979. Constituants amers de Castela tweedii (Simaroubaceae). Structure d'un nouveau quassinoide, la castelanone.C. R. Acad. Sci. 288,269.
Picrasma	picrajavanins A (19) e B	Stem	Yoshikawa et al., 1993Yoshikawa, M., Harada, E., Aoki, S., Yamahara, J., Murakami, N., Shibuya, H., Kitagawa, I., 1993. Indonesian medicinal-plants. VI. On the chemical-constituents of the bark of Picrasma javanicaBL (Simaroubaceae) from Flores Island. Absolute stereostructures of picrajavanin-A and picrajavanin-B. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41,2101-2105.
	javanicins H, I, J, K, L, O, R, S	Leaves	Koike et al., 1991aKoike, K., Ishi, K., Mitsunaga, K., Ohmoto, T., 1991a. Quassinoids from Picrasma javanica. Phytochemistry 30,933-936.,bKoike, K., Ishi, K., Mitsunaga, K., Ohmoto, T., 1991b. New des-4methylpicrasane quassinoids from Picrasma javanica. J. Nat. Prod. 54,837-843.
	javanicinosides I, J, K, L	Stem	Koike and Ohmoto, 1992Koike, K., Ohmoto, T., 1992. New quassinoids glucosides, javanicinosides I, J, K, and L, from Picrasma javanica. J. Nat. Prod. 55,482-486.
	javanicins T, U eZ	Stem	Koike et al., 1995Koike, K., Yoko, M., Furukawa, M., Ishii, S., Ohmoto, T., 1995. Picrasane quassinoids from Picrasma javanica. Phytochemistry 40,233-238.
	nigakilactones B, C, E e F	Leaves, Stem	Chen et al., 2009Chen, J., Yan, X.H., Dong, J.H., Sang, P., Fang, X., Di, Y.T., Zhang, Z.K., Hao, X.J., 2009. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) inhibitors from Picrasma quassioides Benn. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57,6590-6595.
	quassin (6)	Leaves	Shields et al., 2009Shields, M., Niazi, U., Badal, S., Yee, T., Sutcliffe, M.J., Delgoda, R., 2009. Inhibition of CYP1A1 by quassinoids found in Picrasma excelsa. Planta Med. 75,137-141.
	neoquassin (7)	Stem	Wagner and Nestler, 1978Wagner, H., Nestler, T., 1978. N-methoxy-1-vinyl-β-carbolin, en neues alkaloid aus Picrasma excels (Swartz) Planchon. Tetrahedron Lett. 31,2777-2778.
	isoquassin	Stem	Wagner and Nestler, 1978Wagner, H., Nestler, T., 1978. N-methoxy-1-vinyl-β-carbolin, en neues alkaloid aus Picrasma excels (Swartz) Planchon. Tetrahedron Lett. 31,2777-2778.
	picrasins A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H	Stem	Hikino et al., 1975Hikino, H., Ohta, T., Takemoto, T., 1975. Picrasins, simaroubolides of japanese quassia tree Picrasna quassioides. Phytochemistry 14,2473-1481.
	picraqualides A, B, C, D e E	Bark	Yang and Yue, 2004Yang, S.P., Yue, J.M., 2004. Five new quassinoids from the bark of Picrasma quassioides. Helv. Chim. Acta 87,1591-1600.
	kusulactone	Bark	Yang and Yue, 2004Yang, S.P., Yue, J.M., 2004. Five new quassinoids from the bark of Picrasma quassioides. Helv. Chim. Acta 87,1591-1600.
	simalikalactone C	Bark	Yang and Yue, 2004Yang, S.P., Yue, J.M., 2004. Five new quassinoids from the bark of Picrasma quassioides. Helv. Chim. Acta 87,1591-1600.
	picrasinols B, D	Stem	Daido et al., 1995Daido, M., Fukamiya, N., Okano, M., 1995. Picrasinol D, a new quassinoid from the stem wood of Picrasma ailanthoides. J. Nat. Prod. 58,605-608.
	picrasinosides B, C, D, E, G, H	Stem	Matsuzaki et al., 1991Matsuzaki, T., Fukamiya, N., Okano, M., Fujita, T., 1991. Picrasinoside H, a new quassinoid glucoside, and related compounds from the stem wood of Picrasma ailanthoides. J. Nat. Prod. 54,844-848.
Picrolemma	isobrucein B	Stem	Silva et al., 2009bSilva, E.C.C., Amorim, R.C.N., Tadei, W.P., Pohlit, A.M., 2009b. Gram-scale isolation of isobrucein B and neosergeolide from Picrolemma spruce hook.F. Acta Amaz. 39,229-232.
	neosergeolide	Root, Leaves	Silva et al., 2009bSilva, E.C.C., Amorim, R.C.N., Tadei, W.P., Pohlit, A.M., 2009b. Gram-scale isolation of isobrucein B and neosergeolide from Picrolemma spruce hook.F. Acta Amaz. 39,229-232.
	sergeolide (20)	Root	Moretti, 1982Moretti, C., Polonsky, J., Vuilhorgne, M., Prange, T., 1982. Isolation and structure of sergeolide, a potent cytotoxic quassinoid from Picrolemma pseudocoffea. Tetrahedron Lett. 23,647-650.
	simalikalactone D (21)	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1993Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1993. Quassinoids and tetranortriterpenoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 34,501-504.
	ailatinone	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1993Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1993. Quassinoids and tetranortriterpenoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 34,501-504.
	glaucarubolone (14)	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1996Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.C., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., Schpector, J.Z., Lima, R.M.O.C., Nascimento, S.C., Thomas, W., 1996. Protolimonoids and quassinoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 43,857-862.
	glaucarubinone (11)	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1996Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.C., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., Schpector, J.Z., Lima, R.M.O.C., Nascimento, S.C., Thomas, W., 1996. Protolimonoids and quassinoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 43,857-862.
	glaucarubol (12)	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1996Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.C., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., Schpector, J.Z., Lima, R.M.O.C., Nascimento, S.C., Thomas, W., 1996. Protolimonoids and quassinoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 43,857-862.
	excelsin	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1996Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.C., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., Schpector, J.Z., Lima, R.M.O.C., Nascimento, S.C., Thomas, W., 1996. Protolimonoids and quassinoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 43,857-862.
Quassia	simalikalactones D (21), E	Leaves	Houël et al., 2009Houël, E., Bertani, S., Bourdy, G., Deharo, E., Jullian, V., Valentin, A., Chevalley, S., Stien, D., 2009. Quassinoid constituents of Quassia amara I. Leaf herbal tea. Impact on its antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity.J. Ethnopharmacol. 126,114-118.
			Cachet et al., 2009Cachet, N., Valentin, A., Jullian, V., Stien, D., Houël, E., Gornitzka, H., Fillaux, J., Chevalley, S., Hoakwe, F., Bertani, S., Bourdy, G., Deharo, E., 2009. Antimalarial activity of simalikalactone E, a new quassinoid of Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Antimicrob. Agents Ch. 53,4393-4398.
	quassin (6)	Leaves	Bertani et al., 2012Bertani, S., Houël, E., Stien, D., Chevolot, L., Jullian, V., Garavito, G., Bourdy, G., Deharo, E., 2012. New findings on simalikalactone D, an antimalarial compound from Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Exp. Parasitol. 130,341-347.
	neoquassin (7)	Leaves	Bertani et al., 2012Bertani, S., Houël, E., Stien, D., Chevolot, L., Jullian, V., Garavito, G., Bourdy, G., Deharo, E., 2012. New findings on simalikalactone D, an antimalarial compound from Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Exp. Parasitol. 130,341-347.
	picrasins B, H, I, J, K	Leaves	Cachet et al., 2012Cachet, N., Ho-A-Kwie, F., Rivaud, M., Houe, E., Deharo, E., Bourdy, G., Jullian, V., 2012. Picrasin k, a new quassinoid from Quassia amaraL. (Simaroubaceae). Phytochem. Lett. 5,162-164.
	parain	Stem	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.
	quassimarin	Bark	Kupchan and Streelman, 1976Kupchan, S.M., Streelman, D.R., 1976. Quassimarin, a new antileukemic quassinoid from Quassia amara. J. Org. Chem. 41,3481-3482.
	chaparrinone (10)	Aerial Parts	Latif et al., 2000Latif, Z.L., Craven, L., Hartley, T.G., Kemp, B.R., Potter, J., Rice, M.J., Waigh, R.D., Waterman, P.G., 2000. An insecticidal quassinoid from the new australian species Quassia sp. aff. bidwillii. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 28,183-184.
	samaderins B, E, X, Y, Z	Stem	Kitagawa et al., 1996Kitagawa, I., Mahmud, T., Yokota, K., Nakagawa, S., Mayumi, T., Kobayashi, M., Shibuya, H., 1996. Indonesian medicinal plants. XVII. Characterization of quassinoids from the steams of Quassia indica. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 44,2009-2014.
	simarinolide	Stem	Kitagawa et al., 1996Kitagawa, I., Mahmud, T., Yokota, K., Nakagawa, S., Mayumi, T., Kobayashi, M., Shibuya, H., 1996. Indonesian medicinal plants. XVII. Characterization of quassinoids from the steams of Quassia indica. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 44,2009-2014.
	indaquassins A, B, C, D, E, F	Stem	Koike and Ohmoto, 1993Koike, K., Ohmoto, T., 1993. Indaquassin A and B: quassinoids from Quassia indica. Phytochemistry 34,502-509.
	brucein D	Stem	Koike and Ohmoto, 1994Koike, K., Ohmoto, T., 1994. Quassinoids from Quassia indica. Phytochemistry 35,459-463.
	soulameolide	Stem	Koike and Ohmoto, 1994Koike, K., Ohmoto, T., 1994. Quassinoids from Quassia indica. Phytochemistry 35,459-463.
Samadera	glaucarubin (13)	Not Described	Gibbons et al., 1997Gibbons, S., Craven, L., Dunlop, C., Gray, A.I., Hartley, T.G., Waterman, P.G., 1997. The secondary metabolites of SamaderaSAC-2825: an Australian Simaroubaceae with unusual chemistry. Phytochemistry 44,1109-1114.
	samaderins B (22), C	Leaves	Merrien and Polonsky, 1971Merrien, A., Polonsky, J., 1971. The natural occurrence of melianodiol and its diacetate in Samadera madagascariensis (Simaroubaceae): model experiments on melianodiol directed towards simarolide. Chem. Commun. 6,261-263.
Simaba	chaparrin	Root, Fruit	Moretti et al., 1986Moretti, C., Bhatnagar, S., Beloeil, J.C., Polonsky, J., 1986. Two new quassinoids from Simaba multiflora fruits. J. Nat. Prod. 49,440-444.
	chaparrinone (10)	Root	Moretti, 1986Moretti, C., 1986. Contribution à l'étude de quatre simaroubacées médicinales de 1a guyane. Quassinoïdes de: Picrolemma pseudocoffea Ducke, Simaba cuspidateSpruce, Simaba multlflora Juss., Simaba morettii C. Feuillet. Paris, 156 p. PhD Thesis, Université Paris.
	karinolide	Stem	Moretti, 1986Moretti, C., 1986. Contribution à l'étude de quatre simaroubacées médicinales de 1a guyane. Quassinoïdes de: Picrolemma pseudocoffea Ducke, Simaba cuspidateSpruce, Simaba multlflora Juss., Simaba morettii C. Feuillet. Paris, 156 p. PhD Thesis, Université Paris.
	simarolide (23)	Root	Moretti, 1986Moretti, C., 1986. Contribution à l'étude de quatre simaroubacées médicinales de 1a guyane. Quassinoïdes de: Picrolemma pseudocoffea Ducke, Simaba cuspidateSpruce, Simaba multlflora Juss., Simaba morettii C. Feuillet. Paris, 156 p. PhD Thesis, Université Paris.
	simarinolide	Root	Moretti, 1986Moretti, C., 1986. Contribution à l'étude de quatre simaroubacées médicinales de 1a guyane. Quassinoïdes de: Picrolemma pseudocoffea Ducke, Simaba cuspidateSpruce, Simaba multlflora Juss., Simaba morettii C. Feuillet. Paris, 156 p. PhD Thesis, Université Paris.
	guanepolide	Root	Moretti, 1986Moretti, C., 1986. Contribution à l'étude de quatre simaroubacées médicinales de 1a guyane. Quassinoïdes de: Picrolemma pseudocoffea Ducke, Simaba cuspidateSpruce, Simaba multlflora Juss., Simaba morettii C. Feuillet. Paris, 156 p. PhD Thesis, Université Paris.
Simarouba	amarolide (16)	Root	Arriaga et al., 2002Arriaga, A.M.C., Mesquita, A.C., Pouliquen, Y.B.M., Lima, R.A., Cavalcante, S.H., Carvalho, M.G., Siqueira, J.A., Alegrio, L.V., Braz-Filho, R., 2002. Chemical constituents of Simarouba versicolor. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 74,415-424.
	glaucarubinone (11)	Fruit	Gosh et al., 1977Gosh, P.C., Larrahondo, J.E., LeQuesne, P.W., Raffauf, R.F., 1977. Antitumor plants. IV. Constituents of Simarouba versicolor. Lloydia 40,364-369.
	glaucarubin (13)	Fruit	Mesquita et al., 1997Mesquita, A.G., Arriaga, A.M.C., Oliveira, F.A., Braz-Filho, R., 1997. Quassinoide de Simarouba versicolor. 20ª Reunião Anual da SBQ, Poços de Caldas, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
			Ham et al., 1954Ham, E.A., Schafer, H.M., Denkewalter, R.G., Rink, N.G., 1954. Structural studies on glaucarubin from Simarouba glauca. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76,6066-6068.
	ailanthinone	Fruit	O'Neill et al., 1988O'Neill, M.J., Bray, D.H., Boardman, P., Wright, C.W., Phillipson, J.D., Warhurst, D.C., Gupta, M.P., Correya. M., Solis, P., 1988. Plants as sources of antimalarial drugs, Part 6: activities of Simarouba amara fruits. J. Ethnopharmacol. 22,183-190.
	glaucarubolone (14)	Seeds	Bhatnagar et al., 1984Bhatnagar, S., Polonsky, J., Prange, T., Pascard, C., 1984. New toxic quassinoid glucosides from Simarouba glauca. Tetrahedron Lett. 25,299-302.
	glaucarubolol	Seeds	Bhatnagar et al., 1984Bhatnagar, S., Polonsky, J., Prange, T., Pascard, C., 1984. New toxic quassinoid glucosides from Simarouba glauca. Tetrahedron Lett. 25,299-302.
	gimarolide (23)	Root	Polonsky,1964Polonsky, J., 1964. The structure of simarolide, the bitter principle of Simarouba amara. Proc. Chem. Soc. 1,292-293.
	chaparrinone (10)	Root	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.
	2,12-didemethylquassin	Root	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.
	holacantone	Root	Dou et al., 1996aDou, J., Khan, I.A., McChesney, J.D., Burandt, C.L., 1996a. Qualitative and quantitative High Performance Liquid Chromatographic analysis of quassinoids in Simaroubaceae plants. Phytochem. Analysis 7,192-200.

Alkaloids
Brucea	bruceacanthinoside (24)	Stem	Kitagawa et al., 1994Kitagawa, I., Mahmud, T., Simanjuntak, P., Hori, K., Uji, T., Shibuya, H., 1994. Indonesian medicinal plants VIII. Chemical structures of three new triterpenoids, bruceajavanin B, and a new alkaloidal glycoside, bruceacanthinoside, from the stems of Brucea javanica (Simaroubaceae). Chem. Pharm. Bull. 42,1416-1421.
Picrasma	4-methoxy-1-ethyl-β-carbolin	Stem	Yoshikawa et al., 1993Yoshikawa, M., Harada, E., Aoki, S., Yamahara, J., Murakami, N., Shibuya, H., Kitagawa, I., 1993. Indonesian medicinal-plants. VI. On the chemical-constituents of the bark of Picrasma javanicaBL (Simaroubaceae) from Flores Island. Absolute stereostructures of picrajavanin-A and picrajavanin-B. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41,2101-2105.
	4- methoxy-1-acetyl-β-carbolin	Stem	Yoshikawa et al., 1993Yoshikawa, M., Harada, E., Aoki, S., Yamahara, J., Murakami, N., Shibuya, H., Kitagawa, I., 1993. Indonesian medicinal-plants. VI. On the chemical-constituents of the bark of Picrasma javanicaBL (Simaroubaceae) from Flores Island. Absolute stereostructures of picrajavanin-A and picrajavanin-B. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41,2101-2105.
	N-methoxy-1-vinyl-β-carbolin (25)	Stem	Wagner and Nestler, 1978Wagner, H., Nestler, T., 1978. N-methoxy-1-vinyl-β-carbolin, en neues alkaloid aus Picrasma excels (Swartz) Planchon. Tetrahedron Lett. 31,2777-2778.
	β-carbolin-1-yl-4,8-dimethoxy-β-carbolin-1-ilethyl ketone	Stem	Chen et al., 2009Chen, J., Yan, X.H., Dong, J.H., Sang, P., Fang, X., Di, Y.T., Zhang, Z.K., Hao, X.J., 2009. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) inhibitors from Picrasma quassioides Benn. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57,6590-6595.
	4,8-dimethoxy-1-vinyl-β-carbolin and other β-carbolins	Stem	Chen et al., 2009Chen, J., Yan, X.H., Dong, J.H., Sang, P., Fang, X., Di, Y.T., Zhang, Z.K., Hao, X.J., 2009. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) inhibitors from Picrasma quassioides Benn. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57,6590-6595.
	3-methylcanthin-5,6-dione	Stem	Chen et al., 2009Chen, J., Yan, X.H., Dong, J.H., Sang, P., Fang, X., Di, Y.T., Zhang, Z.K., Hao, X.J., 2009. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) inhibitors from Picrasma quassioides Benn. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57,6590-6595.
	dimethoxy-3-(1-hidroxylethyl)-β-carbolin	Stem	Jiao et al., 2010aJiao, W,H,, Gao, H., Li, C.Y., Zhou, G.X., Kitanaka, S., Ohmura, A., Yao, X.S., 2010a. β-carboline alkaloids from the stems of Picrasma quassioides. Magn. Reson. Chem. 48,490-495.
	3-etoxycarbonyl-β-carbolin	Stem	Koike et al., 1990Koike, K., Ohmoto, T., Ikeda, K., 1990. β-caboline alkaloids from Picrasma quassioides. Phytochemistry 29,3060-3061.
	picrasidin X (26)	Stem	Jiao et al., 2010aJiao, W,H,, Gao, H., Li, C.Y., Zhou, G.X., Kitanaka, S., Ohmura, A., Yao, X.S., 2010a. β-carboline alkaloids from the stems of Picrasma quassioides. Magn. Reson. Chem. 48,490-495.
	quassidins A, B, C, D	Stem	Jiao et al., 2010bJiao, W.H., Gao, H., Li, C.Y., Zhao, F., Jiang, R.W., Wang, Y., Zhou, G.X., Yao, X.S., 2010b. Quassidines A-D, bis-β-carboline alkaloids from the stems of Picrasma quassioides. J. Nat. Prod. 73,167-171.
	picrasidin C	Stem	Jiao et al., 2010bJiao, W.H., Gao, H., Li, C.Y., Zhao, F., Jiang, R.W., Wang, Y., Zhou, G.X., Yao, X.S., 2010b. Quassidines A-D, bis-β-carboline alkaloids from the stems of Picrasma quassioides. J. Nat. Prod. 73,167-171.
	picrasidin U	Stem	Koike and Ohmoto, 1988Koike, K., Ohmoto, T., 1988. Picrasidine-U, dimeric alkaloid from Picrasma quassioides. Phytochemistry 27,3029-3030.
	picrasidin T	Bark	Koike et al., 1987Koike, K., Ohmoto, T., Higushi, T., 1987. Picrasidine-T, a dimeric β-carboline alkaloid from Picrasma quassioides. Phytochemistry 26,3375-3377.
Picrolemma	9-methoxycanthin-6-one (27)	Twigs	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1992Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1992. Canthin-6-one alkaloids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 31,2499-2501.
	9-hidroxycanthin-6-one	Twigs	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1992Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1992. Canthin-6-one alkaloids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 31,2499-2501.
	4,5-dimetoxycantin-6-one	Twigs	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1992Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1992. Canthin-6-one alkaloids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 31,2499-2501.
Quassia	astramelin A (28)	Bark	Tanigushi et al., 2012Tanigushi, K., Takizawa, S., Hirano, T., Murata, S., Kagechika, H., Kishid, A., Ohsaki, A., 2012. Amarastelline A: a fluorescent alkaloid from Quassia amara and its properties in living cells. Chem. Plus Chem. 77,427-431.
	2-methoxycanthin-6-one	Not Described	Raji and Oloyede, 2012Raji, Y., Oloyede, G.K., 2012. Antiulcerogenic effects and possible mechanism of action of Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) extract and its bioactive principles in rats. Afr. J. Tradit. Complem. 9,112-119.
	4-methoxy-5-hidroxycanthin-6-one	Stem	Grandolini et al., 1987Grandolini, G., Casinovi, C.G., Barbetti, P., Fardella, G., 1987. A new neoquassin derivative from Quassia amara. Phytochemistry 26,3085-3087.
	1-vinyl-4,8-dimethoxy-β-carbolin (29)	Stem	Barbetti et al., 1987Barbetti P, Grandolini G, Fardela G, Chiappini I 1987. Indole alkaloids from Quassia amara. Planta Med53(3):289-290.
	3-methylcanthin-2,6-dione	Stem	Barbetti et al., 1987Barbetti P, Grandolini G, Fardela G, Chiappini I 1987. Indole alkaloids from Quassia amara. Planta Med53(3):289-290.
	canthin-2,6-dione	Stem	Koike and Ohmoto, 1994Koike, K., Ohmoto, T., 1994. Quassinoids from Quassia indica. Phytochemistry 35,459-463.
	2-hidroxy-11-hidroxy-canthin-6-one	Stem	Pettit et al., 1990Pettit, G.R., Singh, S.B., Goswami, A., Nieman, R.A., 1988. Antineoplastic agents 157. Quassia kerstingiii. Tetrahedron 44,3349-3354.
	canthin-6-one (30)	Root	Lumonadio and Vanhaelen, 1985Lumonadio, L., Vanhaelen, M., 1985. Indole alkaloids and quassin from Quassia africana. J. Nat. Prod. 49,940-940.
	4-methyltiocanthin-6-one	Root	Ayafor et al., 1993Ayafor, J.F., Tchuendem, M.K., Mbazoa, C.M., Ngadjui, B.T., Tillequin, F., 1993. 13CNMR and other spectral data of 4-methylthiocanthin-6-one from Quassia Africana. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 7,121-124.
Samadera	1,8-dihidroxyacridan-9-one	Not described	Gibbons et al., 1997Gibbons, S., Craven, L., Dunlop, C., Gray, A.I., Hartley, T.G., Waterman, P.G., 1997. The secondary metabolites of SamaderaSAC-2825: an Australian Simaroubaceae with unusual chemistry. Phytochemistry 44,1109-1114.
	2-(10’-acetoxyundecanil)-1-acetoxymetil-4-quinolone	Not described	Gibbons et al., 1997Gibbons, S., Craven, L., Dunlop, C., Gray, A.I., Hartley, T.G., Waterman, P.G., 1997. The secondary metabolites of SamaderaSAC-2825: an Australian Simaroubaceae with unusual chemistry. Phytochemistry 44,1109-1114.
Simaba	canthin-2,6-dione (31)	Stem	Saraiva et al., 2006Saraiva, R.C.G., Pinto, A.C., Nunomura, S.M., Pohlit, A.M., 2006. Triterpenos e alcaloide tipo cantinona dos galhos de Simaba polyphylla (Cavalcante) W. W. Thomas (Simaroubaceae). Quim. Nova 29,264-268.
	9-methoxy-canthin-6-one	Stem	Saraiva et al., 2006Saraiva, R.C.G., Pinto, A.C., Nunomura, S.M., Pohlit, A.M., 2006. Triterpenos e alcaloide tipo cantinona dos galhos de Simaba polyphylla (Cavalcante) W. W. Thomas (Simaroubaceae). Quim. Nova 29,264-268.
	3-methoxycanthin-2,6-dione	Bark	Giesbrecht et al., 1980Giesbrecht, A.M., Gottlieb, H.E., Gottlieb, O.R., Goulart, M.O.F., de Lima, R.A., Sant'ana, A.E.G., 1980. Canthinones from Simaba cuspidate. Phytochemistry 19,313-315.
Simarouba	5-hidroxycanthin-6-one (32)	Root	Lassak et al., 1977Lassak, E.V., Polonsky, J., Jacquemin, H., 1977. 5-hydroxiy-canthin6-one from Simarouba amara. Phytochemistry 16,1126-1127.
	canthin-6-one (30) and other canthinonic alkaloids	Twigs	Rivero-Cruz et al., 2005Rivero-Cruz, J.F., Lezutekong, R., Lobo-Echeverri, T., Ito, A., Mi, Q., Chai, H.B., Soejarto, D.D., Cordell, G.A., Pezzuto, J.M., Swanson, S.M., Morelli, I., Kinghorn, A.D., 2005. Cytotoxic constituents of the twigs of Simarouba glauca collected from a plot in southern Florida. Phytoter. Res. 19,136-140.

Triterpenes
Ailanthus	AECHL-1 (33)	Root	Lavhale et al., 2009Lavhale, M.S., Kumar, S., Mishra, S.H., Sitasawad, S.L., 2009. A novel triterpenoid isolated from the root bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb (tree of heaven), AECHL-1 as a potential anti-cancer agent. Plos One4, e5365. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005365. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.000...
Castela	α- and β-amirin acetates (34)	Twigs	Jacobs et al., 2007Jacobs, H., Simpson, D., Reynolds, W., 2007. Quassinoids and a coumarin from Castela macrophylla (Simaroubaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 35,42-44.
	nilocitin (35)	Twigs, thorns	Grieco et al., 1999aGrieco, P.A., Haddad, J., Piñeiro-Núñez, Huffman, J.C., 1999a. Quassinoid constituents from the twigs and thorns of Castela polyandra. Phytochemistry 50,637-645.
Picrolemma	melyanodiol (36)	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1993Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1993. Quassinoids and tetranortriterpenoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 34,501-504.
	dihidroxy-3-oxo-24,25,26,27-tetranorapotirucall-14,20(22)-dien-21,23-olida and others	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1993Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1993. Quassinoids and tetranortriterpenoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 34,501-504.
	21,23-epoxy-7α,20,21,24,25-pentahidroxyapotirucall α-14-en-3-one and others	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1996Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.C., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., Schpector, J.Z., Lima, R.M.O.C., Nascimento, S.C., Thomas, W., 1996. Protolimonoids and quassinoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 43,857-862.
Quassia	quassiols A, B, C, D	Root	Miller and Tinto, 1995aMiller, S., Tinto, W., 1995a. Quassiols B-D, new squalene triterpenes from Quassia multiflora. Tetrahedron 51,11959-11966.
Tinto et al., 1993Tinto, W., Reynolds, S., Carter, C., 1993. Quassiol A, a novel squalene triterpene from Quassia multifrora. Tetrahedron Lett. 34,1705-1708.
	glabretal triterpene (C₃₅H₅₆O₇) (37)	Root	Miller and Tinto, 1995bMiller, S., Tinto, W., 1995b. Isolation and characterization of a new glabretal triterpene from Quassia multiflora. J. Nat. Prod. 58,1640-1642.
Simaba	nilocitin (35)	Stem	Saraiva et al., 2006Saraiva, R.C.G., Pinto, A.C., Nunomura, S.M., Pohlit, A.M., 2006. Triterpenos e alcaloide tipo cantinona dos galhos de Simaba polyphylla (Cavalcante) W. W. Thomas (Simaroubaceae). Quim. Nova 29,264-268.
	taraxerone	Stem	Saraiva et al., 2006Saraiva, R.C.G., Pinto, A.C., Nunomura, S.M., Pohlit, A.M., 2006. Triterpenos e alcaloide tipo cantinona dos galhos de Simaba polyphylla (Cavalcante) W. W. Thomas (Simaroubaceae). Quim. Nova 29,264-268.
Simarouba	ocotilone (38)	Root	Arriaga et al., 2002Arriaga, A.M.C., Mesquita, A.C., Pouliquen, Y.B.M., Lima, R.A., Cavalcante, S.H., Carvalho, M.G., Siqueira, J.A., Alegrio, L.V., Braz-Filho, R., 2002. Chemical constituents of Simarouba versicolor. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 74,415-424.
	nilocitina (35)	Twigs	Gosh et al., 1977Gosh, P.C., Larrahondo, J.E., LeQuesne, P.W., Raffauf, R.F., 1977. Antitumor plants. IV. Constituents of Simarouba versicolor. Lloydia 40,364-369.
	3-episapelin	Fruit	Arriaga et al., 2002Arriaga, A.M.C., Mesquita, A.C., Pouliquen, Y.B.M., Lima, R.A., Cavalcante, S.H., Carvalho, M.G., Siqueira, J.A., Alegrio, L.V., Braz-Filho, R., 2002. Chemical constituents of Simarouba versicolor. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 74,415-424.
	tirucall-7,24-dien-3-one and others	Fruit	Arriaga et al., 2002Arriaga, A.M.C., Mesquita, A.C., Pouliquen, Y.B.M., Lima, R.A., Cavalcante, S.H., Carvalho, M.G., Siqueira, J.A., Alegrio, L.V., Braz-Filho, R., 2002. Chemical constituents of Simarouba versicolor. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 74,415-424.
	21,20-anydromelianone	Root	Polonsky et al., 1977Polonsky, J., Varon, Z., Rabanal, R.M., 1977. 21,20-Anhydromelianone and melianone from Simarouba amara (Simaroubaceae): Carbon-13 NMR spectral analysis of ∆7-tirucallol-type triterpenes. Isr. J. Chem. 16,16-19.
	melianone (39)	Root	Polonsky et al., 1977Polonsky, J., Varon, Z., Rabanal, R.M., 1977. 21,20-Anhydromelianone and melianone from Simarouba amara (Simaroubaceae): Carbon-13 NMR spectral analysis of ∆7-tirucallol-type triterpenes. Isr. J. Chem. 16,16-19.
	oxo-3-tirucall-7,24-dien	Stem	Polonsky et al., 1976Polonsky, J., Baskevitch-Varon, Z., Das, B.C., 1976. Triterpenes tetracycliques du Simarouba amara. Phytochemistry 15, 337-339.
	Δ⁷-tirucallone (40)	Stem	Polonsky et al., 1977Polonsky, J., Varon, Z., Rabanal, R.M., 1977. 21,20-Anhydromelianone and melianone from Simarouba amara (Simaroubaceae): Carbon-13 NMR spectral analysis of ∆7-tirucallol-type triterpenes. Isr. J. Chem. 16,16-19.
	simaroubins A, B, C, D	Bark	Grosvenor et al., 2006Grosvenor, S.N.J., Mascoll, K., McLean, S., Reynolds, W.F., Tinto, W.F., 2006. Tirucallane, apotirucallane, and octanorapotirucallane triterpenes of Simarouba amara. J. Nat. Prod. 69,1315-1318.
	octanorsimaroubin A	Bark	Grosvenor et al., 2006Grosvenor, S.N.J., Mascoll, K., McLean, S., Reynolds, W.F., Tinto, W.F., 2006. Tirucallane, apotirucallane, and octanorapotirucallane triterpenes of Simarouba amara. J. Nat. Prod. 69,1315-1318.
	24,25-epoxy-3-oxotirucall-8-em-23-ol	Bark	Grosvenor et al., 2006Grosvenor, S.N.J., Mascoll, K., McLean, S., Reynolds, W.F., Tinto, W.F., 2006. Tirucallane, apotirucallane, and octanorapotirucallane triterpenes of Simarouba amara. J. Nat. Prod. 69,1315-1318.
	14-deacetileurilene	Twigs	Rivero-Cruz et al., 2005Rivero-Cruz, J.F., Lezutekong, R., Lobo-Echeverri, T., Ito, A., Mi, Q., Chai, H.B., Soejarto, D.D., Cordell, G.A., Pezzuto, J.M., Swanson, S.M., Morelli, I., Kinghorn, A.D., 2005. Cytotoxic constituents of the twigs of Simarouba glauca collected from a plot in southern Florida. Phytoter. Res. 19,136-140.

Steroids
Castela	3α,17α,20(S)-trihidroxypregnane-6,16-dione	Root	Grieco et al., 1994Grieco, P.A., Moher, E.D., Seya, M., Huffman, J.C., Grieco, H.J., 1994. A quassinoid (peninsularinone) and a steroid from Castela peninsularis. Phytochemistry 37,1451-1454.
	(-)-[3α,16β,17α,20(S)]-3,16,17,20-tetrahidroxypreg-nane-6-one	Twigs, thorns	Grieco et al., 1999bGrieco, P.A., Haddad, J., Piñeiro-Núñez, Huffman, J.C., 1999b. Non-quassinoid constituents from the twigs and thorns of Castela polyandra. Phytochemistry 51,575-578.
Picrolemma	β-sitosterol	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1993Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1993. Quassinoids and tetranortriterpenoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 34,501-504.
	stigmasterol	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1993Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1993. Quassinoids and tetranortriterpenoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 34,501-504.
	campesterol (41)	Stem	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1993Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1993. Quassinoids and tetranortriterpenoids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 34,501-504.
Simarouba	β-sitosterol	Root, Fruit	Arriaga et al., 2002Arriaga, A.M.C., Mesquita, A.C., Pouliquen, Y.B.M., Lima, R.A., Cavalcante, S.H., Carvalho, M.G., Siqueira, J.A., Alegrio, L.V., Braz-Filho, R., 2002. Chemical constituents of Simarouba versicolor. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 74,415-424.

Outros Constituintes
Ailanthus	apigenin (42)	Leaves	Loizzo et al., 2007Loizzo, M.R., Said, A., Tundis, R., Rashed, K., Statti, G.A., Hufner, A., Menichi, F., 2007. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) by flavonoids isolated from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) (Simaroubaceae). Phytother. Res. 21,32-36.
	luteolin	Leaves	Loizzo et al., 2007Loizzo, M.R., Said, A., Tundis, R., Rashed, K., Statti, G.A., Hufner, A., Menichi, F., 2007. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) by flavonoids isolated from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) (Simaroubaceae). Phytother. Res. 21,32-36.
	kaempferol (43)	Leaves	Loizzo et al., 2007Loizzo, M.R., Said, A., Tundis, R., Rashed, K., Statti, G.A., Hufner, A., Menichi, F., 2007. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) by flavonoids isolated from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) (Simaroubaceae). Phytother. Res. 21,32-36.
	quercetin (44)	Leaves	Loizzo et al., 2007Loizzo, M.R., Said, A., Tundis, R., Rashed, K., Statti, G.A., Hufner, A., Menichi, F., 2007. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) by flavonoids isolated from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) (Simaroubaceae). Phytother. Res. 21,32-36.
	escalene	Leaves	Jin et al., 2009Jin, M., Bae, K., Chang, H.W., Son, J.K., 2009. Anti-inflammatory compounds from the leaves of Ailanthus altissima. Biomol. Ther. 17,86-91.
	scopoletin (45)	Leaves	Jin et al., 2009Jin, M., Bae, K., Chang, H.W., Son, J.K., 2009. Anti-inflammatory compounds from the leaves of Ailanthus altissima. Biomol. Ther. 17,86-91.
	astragalin	Leaves	Jin et al., 2009Jin, M., Bae, K., Chang, H.W., Son, J.K., 2009. Anti-inflammatory compounds from the leaves of Ailanthus altissima. Biomol. Ther. 17,86-91.
	scopolin	Leaves	Jin et al., 2009Jin, M., Bae, K., Chang, H.W., Son, J.K., 2009. Anti-inflammatory compounds from the leaves of Ailanthus altissima. Biomol. Ther. 17,86-91.
Castela	scopoletin (45)	Aerial Parts	Jacobs et al., 2007Jacobs, H., Simpson, D., Reynolds, W., 2007. Quassinoids and a coumarin from Castela macrophylla (Simaroubaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 35,42-44.
	methyl vanilate	Aerial Parts	Jacobs et al., 2007Jacobs, H., Simpson, D., Reynolds, W., 2007. Quassinoids and a coumarin from Castela macrophylla (Simaroubaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 35,42-44.
	prosopin	Bark	Kubo et al., 1993Kubo, I., Murae, Y., Chaudhuri, S.K., 1993. Castelin, a quassinoid from Castela tortuosa. Phytochemistry 33,461-463.
	physetinydol (46)	Bark	Kubo et al., 1993Kubo, I., Murae, Y., Chaudhuri, S.K., 1993. Castelin, a quassinoid from Castela tortuosa. Phytochemistry 33,461-463.
	methyl gallate	Bark	Kubo et al., 1993Kubo, I., Murae, Y., Chaudhuri, S.K., 1993. Castelin, a quassinoid from Castela tortuosa. Phytochemistry 33,461-463.
	lucoside 1	Twigs	Grieco et al., 1999bGrieco, P.A., Haddad, J., Piñeiro-Núñez, Huffman, J.C., 1999b. Non-quassinoid constituents from the twigs and thorns of Castela polyandra. Phytochemistry 51,575-578.
	(C₁₉H₂₈O₈)	Thorns	Grieco et al., 1999bGrieco, P.A., Haddad, J., Piñeiro-Núñez, Huffman, J.C., 1999b. Non-quassinoid constituents from the twigs and thorns of Castela polyandra. Phytochemistry 51,575-578.
Picrasma	6-metoxy-7,8-metilenodioxy-coumarin	Stem	Yoshikawa et al., 1993Yoshikawa, M., Harada, E., Aoki, S., Yamahara, J., Murakami, N., Shibuya, H., Kitagawa, I., 1993. Indonesian medicinal-plants. VI. On the chemical-constituents of the bark of Picrasma javanicaBL (Simaroubaceae) from Flores Island. Absolute stereostructures of picrajavanin-A and picrajavanin-B. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 41,2101-2105.
	nigakialcohol	Leaves	Sugimoto et al., 1978Sugimoto, Y., Sakita, T., Moriyama, Y., Murae, T., Tsuyuki, T., Takahashi, T., 1978. Structure of gniakialcohol, a new ionone derivative from Picrasma ailanthoides Planchon. Tetrahedron Lett. 44,4285-4288.
	vomifoliol (47)	Leaves	Sugimoto et al., 1978Sugimoto, Y., Sakita, T., Moriyama, Y., Murae, T., Tsuyuki, T., Takahashi, T., 1978. Structure of gniakialcohol, a new ionone derivative from Picrasma ailanthoides Planchon. Tetrahedron Lett. 44,4285-4288.
	picrasmalignane A	Stem	Jiao et al., 2011Jiao, W.H., Gao, H., Zhao, F., He, F., Zhou, G.X., Yao, X.S., 2011. A new neolignan and a new sesterterpenoid from the stems of Picrasma quassioides Bennet. Chem. Biodiversity 8,1163-1169.
	buddlenol A, C	Stem	Jiao et al., 2011Jiao, W.H., Gao, H., Zhao, F., He, F., Zhou, G.X., Yao, X.S., 2011. A new neolignan and a new sesterterpenoid from the stems of Picrasma quassioides Bennet. Chem. Biodiversity 8,1163-1169.
	2’-isopicrasine A	Stem	Jiao et al., 2011Jiao, W.H., Gao, H., Zhao, F., He, F., Zhou, G.X., Yao, X.S., 2011. A new neolignan and a new sesterterpenoid from the stems of Picrasma quassioides Bennet. Chem. Biodiversity 8,1163-1169.
	physetin (48)	Stem	Jiao et al., 2011Jiao, W.H., Gao, H., Zhao, F., He, F., Zhou, G.X., Yao, X.S., 2011. A new neolignan and a new sesterterpenoid from the stems of Picrasma quassioides Bennet. Chem. Biodiversity 8,1163-1169.
	arbutin (49)	Fruit	Yoshikawa et al., 1995Yoshikawa, M., Sugawara, S., Arihara, S., 1995. Phenylpropanoids and other secondary metabolites from fresh fruits of Picrasma quassioides. Phytochemistry 40,253-256.
	florin	Fruit	Yoshikawa et al., 1995Yoshikawa, M., Sugawara, S., Arihara, S., 1995. Phenylpropanoids and other secondary metabolites from fresh fruits of Picrasma quassioides. Phytochemistry 40,253-256.
	coaburaside	Fruit	Yoshikawa et al., 1995Yoshikawa, M., Sugawara, S., Arihara, S., 1995. Phenylpropanoids and other secondary metabolites from fresh fruits of Picrasma quassioides. Phytochemistry 40,253-256.
	syringine	Fruit	Yoshikawa et al., 1995Yoshikawa, M., Sugawara, S., Arihara, S., 1995. Phenylpropanoids and other secondary metabolites from fresh fruits of Picrasma quassioides. Phytochemistry 40,253-256.
	citrusine B	Fruit	Yoshikawa et al., 1995Yoshikawa, M., Sugawara, S., Arihara, S., 1995. Phenylpropanoids and other secondary metabolites from fresh fruits of Picrasma quassioides. Phytochemistry 40,253-256.
Picrolemma	scopoletin (45)	Twigs	Rodrigues-Filho et al., 1992Rodrigues-Filho, E., Fernandes, J.B., Vieira, P.C., Silva, M.F.G.F., 1992. Canthin-6-one alkaloids from Picrolemma granatensis. Phytochemistry 31,2499-2501.
Quassia	gallic acid (50)	Leaves	Fabre et al., 2012Fabre, N., Deharo, E., Le, H.L., Girardi, C., Valentin, A., Jullian, G.B.V., 2012. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of Quassia amara leaves tea. Is antiplasmodial activity of the tea is due to quassinoids? Planta Med. 78,1262-1262.
	methyl gallate	Leaves	Fabre et al., 2012Fabre, N., Deharo, E., Le, H.L., Girardi, C., Valentin, A., Jullian, G.B.V., 2012. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of Quassia amara leaves tea. Is antiplasmodial activity of the tea is due to quassinoids? Planta Med. 78,1262-1262.
	apiosyl gallate	Leaves	Fabre et al., 2012Fabre, N., Deharo, E., Le, H.L., Girardi, C., Valentin, A., Jullian, G.B.V., 2012. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of Quassia amara leaves tea. Is antiplasmodial activity of the tea is due to quassinoids? Planta Med. 78,1262-1262.
	vitexin (51)	Leaves	Fabre et al., 2012Fabre, N., Deharo, E., Le, H.L., Girardi, C., Valentin, A., Jullian, G.B.V., 2012. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of Quassia amara leaves tea. Is antiplasmodial activity of the tea is due to quassinoids? Planta Med. 78,1262-1262.
Samadera	(-)-sesamin	Not Described	Gibbons et al., 1997Gibbons, S., Craven, L., Dunlop, C., Gray, A.I., Hartley, T.G., Waterman, P.G., 1997. The secondary metabolites of SamaderaSAC-2825: an Australian Simaroubaceae with unusual chemistry. Phytochemistry 44,1109-1114.
	fargesin (52)	Not Described	Gibbons et al., 1997Gibbons, S., Craven, L., Dunlop, C., Gray, A.I., Hartley, T.G., Waterman, P.G., 1997. The secondary metabolites of SamaderaSAC-2825: an Australian Simaroubaceae with unusual chemistry. Phytochemistry 44,1109-1114.
	(-)-eudesmin (53)	Not Described	Gibbons et al., 1997Gibbons, S., Craven, L., Dunlop, C., Gray, A.I., Hartley, T.G., Waterman, P.G., 1997. The secondary metabolites of SamaderaSAC-2825: an Australian Simaroubaceae with unusual chemistry. Phytochemistry 44,1109-1114.
	limonin	Not Described	Gibbons et al., 1997Gibbons, S., Craven, L., Dunlop, C., Gray, A.I., Hartley, T.G., Waterman, P.G., 1997. The secondary metabolites of SamaderaSAC-2825: an Australian Simaroubaceae with unusual chemistry. Phytochemistry 44,1109-1114.
	melyanodiol	Leaves	Merrien and Polonsky, 1971Merrien, A., Polonsky, J., 1971. The natural occurrence of melianodiol and its diacetate in Samadera madagascariensis (Simaroubaceae): model experiments on melianodiol directed towards simarolide. Chem. Commun. 6,261-263.
Simarouba	kampferol	Root, Fruit	Arriaga et al., 2002Arriaga, A.M.C., Mesquita, A.C., Pouliquen, Y.B.M., Lima, R.A., Cavalcante, S.H., Carvalho, M.G., Siqueira, J.A., Alegrio, L.V., Braz-Filho, R., 2002. Chemical constituents of Simarouba versicolor. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 74,415-424.
	epilupeol	Not Described	Gosh et al., 1977Gosh, P.C., Larrahondo, J.E., LeQuesne, P.W., Raffauf, R.F., 1977. Antitumor plants. IV. Constituents of Simarouba versicolor. Lloydia 40,364-369.
	melyanodiol	Twigs	Rivero-Cruz et al., 2005Rivero-Cruz, J.F., Lezutekong, R., Lobo-Echeverri, T., Ito, A., Mi, Q., Chai, H.B., Soejarto, D.D., Cordell, G.A., Pezzuto, J.M., Swanson, S.M., Morelli, I., Kinghorn, A.D., 2005. Cytotoxic constituents of the twigs of Simarouba glauca collected from a plot in southern Florida. Phytoter. Res. 19,136-140.
	scopoletin	Twigs	Rivero-Cruz et al., 2005Rivero-Cruz, J.F., Lezutekong, R., Lobo-Echeverri, T., Ito, A., Mi, Q., Chai, H.B., Soejarto, D.D., Cordell, G.A., Pezzuto, J.M., Swanson, S.M., Morelli, I., Kinghorn, A.D., 2005. Cytotoxic constituents of the twigs of Simarouba glauca collected from a plot in southern Florida. Phytoter. Res. 19,136-140.
	fraxidin	Twigs	Rivero-Cruz et al., 2005Rivero-Cruz, J.F., Lezutekong, R., Lobo-Echeverri, T., Ito, A., Mi, Q., Chai, H.B., Soejarto, D.D., Cordell, G.A., Pezzuto, J.M., Swanson, S.M., Morelli, I., Kinghorn, A.D., 2005. Cytotoxic constituents of the twigs of Simarouba glauca collected from a plot in southern Florida. Phytoter. Res. 19,136-140.
	palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids	Seeds	Jeyarani and Reddy, 2001Jeyarani, T., Reddy, S.Y., 2001.Cocoa butter extender from Simarouba glauca fat. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 78,271-276.
			Joshi and Hiremath, 2000Joshi, S., Hiremath, S., 2000. Simarouba: a potential oilseed tree. Curr. Sci. 78,694-697.
	saponins	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	phenolic compounds	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	phytic acid (54)	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	aminoacids	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	saponins	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	phenolic compounds	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	phytic acid (54)	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	aminoacids	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	saponins	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	phenolic compounds	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	phytic acid (54)	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.
	aminoacids	Seeds	Govindaraju et al., 2009Govindaraju, K., Darukeshwara, J., Srivastava, A.K., 2009. Studies on protein characteristics and toxic constituents of Simarouba glaucaoilseed meal. Food Chem. Toxicol. 47,1327-1332.

Genus	Activity	Reference
Ailanthus	Anti asthmatic	Kumar et al., 2011Kumar, D., Bhat, Z.A., Singh, P., Khatanglakar, V., Bhujbal, S.S., 2011. Antiasthmatic and antiallergic potential of methanolic extract of leaves of Ailanthus excelsa. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 21,139-145.
	Anti allergenic
	Cytotoxic (carcinoma and mammary adeno-carcinoma, melanoma and prostate cancer)	Lavhale et al., 2009Lavhale, M.S., Kumar, S., Mishra, S.H., Sitasawad, S.L., 2009. A novel triterpenoid isolated from the root bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb (tree of heaven), AECHL-1 as a potential anti-cancer agent. Plos One4, e5365. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005365. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.000...
	Hypotensor: Angiotensin conversion enzyme inhibition	Loizzo et al., 2007Loizzo, M.R., Said, A., Tundis, R., Rashed, K., Statti, G.A., Hufner, A., Menichi, F., 2007. Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) by flavonoids isolated from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) (Simaroubaceae). Phytother. Res. 21,32-36.
	Anti plasmodial	Okunade et al., 2003Okunade, A.L., Bikoff, E.L., Casper, S.J., Oskman, A., Goldberg, D.E., Lewis, W.H., 2003. Antiplasmodial activity of extracts and quassinoids isolated from seedlings of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaeae). Phytother. Res. 17,675-670.
Brucea	Cytotoxic	Ehata et al., 2012Ehata, M.T., Phuati, A.M., Lumpu, S.N., Munduku, C.K., Phongi, D.B., Lutete, G.T., Kabangu, O.K., Kanyanga, R.C., Matheeussen, A., Cos, P., Apers, S., Pieters, L., Maes, L., Vlietnick, A.J., 2012. In vitro antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity of the aqueous extract, the 80% methanol extract and its fractions from the seeds of Brucea sumatrana Roxb. (Simaroubaceae) growing in Democratic Republic of Congo. Chin. Med. 3,65-71.
	Antiprotozoa (against Trypanossoma cruzi and T. brucei, Leishmania infantum, Plasmodium fálciparum)
	Hypoglycaemic	Noorshahida et al., 2009Noorshahida, A., Wong, T.W., Choo, C.Y., 2009. Hypoglycemic effect of quassinoids from Brucea javanica (l.) Merr (Simaroubaceae) seeds. J. Ethnopharmacol. 124,586-591.
	Antiprotozoa (Trypanossoma evansi)	Bawn et al., 2008Bawn S, Matsuura H, Elkhateeb A, Nabeta K, Subeki, Nonaka K, Oku Y, Katakura K 2008. In vitro antitrypanosomalactivities of quassinoid compounds from the fruits of a medicinal plant, Brucea javanica. Vet Parasitol158:288-294.
Eurycoma	Increase in spermatogenesis and fertility	Low et al., 2013Low, B.S., Das, P.K., Chan, K.L., 2013. Standardized quassinoidrich Eurycoma longifolia extract improved spermatogenesis and fertility in male rats via the hypothalamic-pituitarygonadal axis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 145,706-714.
Picrolemma	Anthelmintic	Nunomura et al., 2006Nunomura, R.C.S., Silva, E.C.C., Oliveira, D.F., Garcia, A.M., Boeloni, J.N., Nunomura, S.M., Pohlit, A.M., 2006. In vitro studies of the anthelmintic activity of Picrolemma sprucei Hook. F. (Simaroubaceae). Acta Amaz. 36,327-330.
	Larvacide (against Aedes aegypti) Antimalarial (against P. falciparum)	Silva et al., 2009aSilva, E.C.C., Cavalcanti, B.C., Amorim, R.C.N., Lucena, J.F., Quadros, D.S., Tadi, W.P., Montenegro, R.C., Costa-Lotufo, L.V., Pessoa, C., Moraes, M.O., Nunomura, R.C.S., Nunomura, S.M., Melo, M.R.S., Andrade-Neto, V.F., Silva, L.F.R., Vieira, P.P.R., Pohlit, A.M., 2009a. Biological activity of neosergeolide and isobrucein B (and two semi-synthetic derivatives) isolated from the Amazonian medicinal plant Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae). Mem. I. Oswaldo Cruz 104,48-56.
Quassia	Antimalarial (Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium falciparum resistant to chloroquine)	Ajaiyeoba et al., 1999Ajaiyeoba, E., Abalogu, U.I., Krebs, H.C., Oduola, A.M.J., 1999. In vivo antimalarial activities of Quassia amaraand Quassia undulata plant extracts in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 67,321-325.
		Bertani et al., 2006Bertani, S., Houël, E., Stien, D., Chevolot, L., Jullian, V., Garavito, G., Bourdy, G., Deharo, E., 2006. Simalikalactone D is responsible for the antimalarial properties of an amazonian traditional remedy made with Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). J. Ethnopharmacol. 108,155-157., 2012Bertani, S., Houël, E., Stien, D., Chevolot, L., Jullian, V., Garavito, G., Bourdy, G., Deharo, E., 2012. New findings on simalikalactone D, an antimalarial compound from Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Exp. Parasitol. 130,341-347.
		Cachet et al., 2009Cachet, N., Valentin, A., Jullian, V., Stien, D., Houël, E., Gornitzka, H., Fillaux, J., Chevalley, S., Hoakwe, F., Bertani, S., Bourdy, G., Deharo, E., 2009. Antimalarial activity of simalikalactone E, a new quassinoid of Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Antimicrob. Agents Ch. 53,4393-4398.
	Antiulcerogenic	García-Barrantes and Badilla, 2011García-Barrantes, P.M., Badilla, B., 2011. Anti-ulcerogenic properties of Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) standardized extracts in rodent models. J. Ethnopharmacol. 134,904-910.
		Toma et al., 2002Toma, W., Gracioso, J.S., Andrade, F.D.P., Hiruma-Lima, C.A., Vilegas, W., Souza Brito, A.R.M., 2002. Antiulcerogenic activity of four extracts obtained from the bark wood of Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25,1151-1155.
	Antidiabetic	Hussain et al., 2011Hussain, G.M., Singh, P.N., Singh, R.K., Kumar, V., 2011. Antidiabetic activity of standardized extraxt of Quassia amara in nicotinamide-streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Phytoter. Res. 25,1806-1812.
	Antifertilizer	Raji and Bolarinwa, 1997Ehata, M.T., Phuati, A.M., Lumpu, S.N., Munduku, C.K., Phongi, D.B., Lutete, G.T., Kabangu, O.K., Kanyanga, R.C., Matheeussen, A., Cos, P., Apers, S., Pieters, L., Maes, L., Vlietnick, A.J., 2012. In vitro antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity of the aqueous extract, the 80% methanol extract and its fractions from the seeds of Brucea sumatrana Roxb. (Simaroubaceae) growing in Democratic Republic of Congo. Chin. Med. 3,65-71.
	Sedating and anticonceptive	Toma et al., 2003Toma, W., Gracioso, J.S., Hiruma-Lima, C.A., Andrade, F.D.P., Vilegas, W., Souza Brito, A.R.M., 2003. Evaluation of the analgesic and antiedematogenic activities of Quassia amara bark extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 85,19-23.
	Cytotoxic (against lymphocytic leukaemia, human nasopharynx carcinoma and human mammary adenocarcinoma)	Kupchan and Streelman, 1976Kupchan, S.M., Streelman, D.R., 1976. Quassimarin, a new antileukemic quassinoid from Quassia amara. J. Org. Chem. 41,3481-3482.
		Houèl et al, 2009Houël, E., Bertani, S., Bourdy, G., Deharo, E., Jullian, V., Valentin, A., Chevalley, S., Stien, D., 2009. Quassinoid constituents of Quassia amara I. Leaf herbal tea. Impact on its antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity.J. Ethnopharmacol. 126,114-118.
	Antifeeding (Bemisia, tabaci and Hypsipyla grandella)	Flores et al., 2008Flores, G., Hilje, L., Mora, G.A., Carballo, M., 2008. Antifeedant activity of botanical crude extracts and their fractions on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) adults: III. Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae). Rev. Biol. Trop. 56,2131-2146.
		Mancebo et al., 2000Mancebo, F., Hilje, L., Mora, G.A., Salazar, R., 2000. Antifeedant activity of Quassia amara (Simaroubaceae) extracts on Hypsipyla grandella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvae. Crop. Prot. 19,301-305.
	Insecticide (against Tetranychus urticae, Myzus persicae and Meloidogyne incognita)	Latif et al., 2000Latif, Z.L., Craven, L., Hartley, T.G., Kemp, B.R., Potter, J., Rice, M.J., Waigh, R.D., Waterman, P.G., 2000. An insecticidal quassinoid from the new australian species Quassia sp. aff. bidwillii. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 28,183-184.
	Antimalarial (Plasmodium berghei)	Ajaiyeoba et al., 1999Ajaiyeoba, E., Abalogu, U.I., Krebs, H.C., Oduola, A.M.J., 1999. In vivo antimalarial activities of Quassia amaraand Quassia undulata plant extracts in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 67,321-325.
Simaba	Antiulcerogenic	Almeida et al., 2011Almeida, E.S.S., Filho, V.C., Niero, R., Clasen, B.K., Balogun, S.O., Martins, D.T.O., 2011. Pharmacological mechanisms underlying the anti-ulcer activity of methanol extract and canthin-6-one of Simaba ferruginea A. St-Hil.in animal models. J. Ethnopharmacol. 134,630-636.
Simarouba	Antiplasmodial (Plasmodium falciparum and P. berghei)	O'Neill et al., 1988O'Neill, M.J., Bray, D.H., Boardman, P., Wright, C.W., Phillipson, J.D., Warhurst, D.C., Gupta, M.P., Correya. M., Solis, P., 1988. Plants as sources of antimalarial drugs, Part 6: activities of Simarouba amara fruits. J. Ethnopharmacol. 22,183-190.
	Antiprotozoal (Trypanossoma brucei and T. cruzi, Leishmania infantum and Plasmodium falciparum)	Valdez et al, 2008Valdez, A.F.C., Martinez, J.M., Lizama, R.S., Vermeersch, M., Cos, P., Maes, L., 2008. In vitro anti-microbial activity of the cuban medicinal plants Simarouba glauca DC, Melaleuca leucadendron L. and Artemisia absinthium L. Mem. I. Oswaldo Cruz 103,615-618.

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[1] *Corresponding author. E-mail: karina.prandau@ufpe.br