Lippia alba
|
Costa et al., 1989Costa, M., Di Stasi, L.C., Kirizawa, M., Mendaçolli, S.L.J., Gomes, C., Trolin, G., 1989. Screening in mice of some medicinal plants used for analgesic purposes in the state of Sao Paulo. Part II. J. Ethnopharmacol. 27, 25-33., Brazil |
Ethanolic extract/leaves |
NR |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/F) |
50 mg/ml p.o. |
Significant analgesic effect in screening test |
Viana et al., 1998Viana, G.S.B., Vale, T.G., Rao, V.S.N., 1998. Analgesic and antiinflammatory effects of two chemotypes of Lippia alba: a comparative study. Pharm Biol. 36, 347-351., Brazil |
EO/leaves |
I citral II carvone |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/F) |
0.5, 1, 2, 10/i.p. and p.o. |
Both chemotypes present analgesic effects and only EO I was reversed by the opioid antagonist (naloxone) |
Vale et al., 1999Vale, T.G., Matos, F.J.A., De Lima, T.C.M., Viana, G.S.B., 1999. Behavioral effects of essential oils from Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown chemotypes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 67, 127-133., Brazil |
EO/leaves |
I citral (55.1%) β-Myrcene (10.5%) II citral (63.0%) Limonene (23.2%) III carvone (54.7%) Limonene (12.1%) |
Anxiolytic |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
25=200/i.p.
|
Anxiolytic effect from three chemotypes. However, a more potent activity was presented by EO II which showed a significant effect with a lower dose |
Viana et al., 2000Viana, G.S., do Vale, T.G., Silva, C.M., Matos, F.J., 2000. Anticonvulsant activity of essential oils and active principles from chemotypes of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 23, 1314-1317., Brazil |
EO/leaves |
β-Myrcene Citral Limonene |
Anticonvulsant |
Mice (Swiss/F) |
100, 200, 400/i.p.; p.o.
|
The constituents of the EO present a pharmacological profile similar to that shown by DZP-like drugs and are responsible, at least in part, for the anticonvulsant effect |
Zétola et al., 2002Zétola, M., De Lima, T.C.M., Sonaglio, D., González-Ortega, G., Limberger, R.P., Petrovick, P.R., Bassani, V.L., 2002. CNS activities of liquid and spray-dried extracts from Lippia alba - Verbenaceae (Brazilian false melissa). J. Ethnopharmacol. 82, 207-215. Brazil |
Ethanolic extract/leaves |
Flavonoid |
PTB-induced sleep Anticonvulsant |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
200/p.o. |
Extracted in ethanol 80% (v/v), presents sedative and myorelaxant effects and this presents the highest flavonoid content. |
Neto et al., 2009Neto, A.C., Netto, J.C., Pereira, P.S., Pereira, A.M.S., Taleb-Contini, S.H., França, S.C., Marques, M.O.M., Beleboni, R.O., 2009. The role of polar phytocomplexes on anticonvulsant effects of leaf extracts of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown chemotypes. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 61, 933-939., Brazil |
Ethanolic extract/leaves |
I linalool (77.95%) II geranial (33.49%) Myrtenyl acetate (23.4%) III geranial (35.98%) Myrtenyl acetate (25.58%) |
Anticonvulsant |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
300/i.p. |
Anticonvulsant properties might be correlated to the presence of a complex of non-volatile substances phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and/or inositols, and also to the volatile terpenoids which have been previously validated as anticonvulsants. |
Hatano et al., 2012Hatano, V.Y., Torricelli, A.S., Giassi, A.C.C., Coslope, L.A., Viana, M.B., 2012. Anxiolytic effects of repeated treatment with an essential oil from Lippia alba and (R)-(-)-carvone in the elevated T-maze. Brazil. J. Med. Biol. Res. 45, 238-243., Brazil |
EO/leaves |
Carvone (54.17%) Limonene (23.13%) |
Anxiolytic |
Rats (Wistar/M) |
25/i.p. |
Repeated treatment exerts anxiolytic-like effects |
Heldwein et al., 2012Heldwein, C.G., Silva, L.L., Reckziegel, P., Barros, F.M.C., Bürger, M.E., Baldisserotto, B., Mallmann, C.A., Schmidt, D., Caron, B.O., Heinzmann, B.M., 2012. Participation of the GABAergic system in the anesthetic effect of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown essential oil. Brazil. J. Med. Biol. Res. 45, 436-443., Brazil |
EO/leaves |
Linalool (59.66%) 1,8-Cineole (9.11%) |
Potentiation with BDZ/Reversal of anesthetic effects |
Fishes (Silver catfish/-) |
50, 100, 300 µl/l |
Anestheticeffects of the EO were reversed sooner by flumazenil, suggesting the involvement of the GABAergic system |
Haldar et al., 2012Haldar, S., Kar, B., Dolai, N., Kumar, R.B.S., Behera, B., Haldar, P.K., 2012. In vivo anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Lippia alba. Asian Pacific J. Trop. Dis. 2, S667-S670., India |
PELA, CELA, EELA, AELA/leaves |
Phytosterol, alkaloid, flavonoid, phenolic compound, saponin |
Analgesic |
Rats (Wistar/M) |
460, 500/p.o. |
AELA has a potent analgesic effect probably due to the presence of flavonoids in its composition |
L. multiflora
|
Abena et al., 1998Abena, A.A., Ngondzo-Kombeti, G.R., Bioka, D., 1998. Psychopharmacologic properties of Lippia multiflora. Encephale 24, 449-454., Congo |
Aqueous extract/leaves |
NR |
Analgesic |
Rats (Wistar/F,M) |
200, 400, 600/i.p. or p.o. |
Possess tranquilizer and analgesic activities similar to Diazepam |
Abena et al., 2001Abena, A.A., Atipo-Ebata, J.K., Hondi Assah, T., Diatewa, M., 2001. Psychopharmacological properties of crude extract and essential oil of Lippia multiflora. Encephale 27, 360-364., Congo |
Aqueous extract and EO/leaves |
NR |
Spontaneous motor activity PBT-induced sleep Analgesic |
Rat (Wistar/F,M) |
2 ml/kg p.o. |
The results confirm the tranquillizer and analgesic activities and reveal that the crude extract would be more of a muscle relaxant and the volatile oil more an analgesic |
Abena et al., 2003Abena, A.A., Diatewa, M., Gakosso, G., Gbeassor, M., Hondi-Assah, T., Ouamba, J.M., 2003. Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil of Lippia multiflora. Fitoterapia 74, 231-236., Congo |
EO/leaves |
p-Cymene (41.1%) Thymol (19.0%) Thymylacetate (14.2%) |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
2, 4 and 8 ml/kg p.o.
|
Monoterpenes, as the major constituents of volatile oil of L. multiflora, possesses analgesic and antipyretic activities |
Jigam et al., 2009Jigam, A.A., Akanya, H.O., Ogbadoyi, E.O., Dauda, B.E.N., Evans, E.C., 2009. In vivo antiplasmodial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaf extract of Lippia multiflora mold. J. Med. Plants Res. 3, 148-154., Nigeria |
Crude extract/leaves |
Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, volatile oils |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/F,M) |
200, 400/i.p.
|
Significant analgesic activity by leaf extracts at the two doses used. |
Iwalewa et al., 2007Iwalewa, E.O., Oladimeji, F.A., Adewunmi, C.O., Osoniyi, O.R., Orafidiya, L.O., Adeloye, O., Adeleke, F.B., Omodara, S.K., 2007. Involvement of nitric oxide and other antioxidant markers in the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Lippia multiflora (Moldenke) leaf essential oil emulsion. Int. J. Essent. Oil Ther. 33, 283-285., Nigeria |
EO/leaves (emulsion) |
NR |
Analgesic |
Rats (Wistar/M) |
1.2-4.8/i.p. |
The lippia oil formulation exhibited a significant dose-dependent analgesic effect, showing peripheral and central activities. Level of the antioxidant markers as possible mechanism of this activity. |
Bassoueka et al., 2015Bassoueka, D.J., Loufoua, B.A.E., Etou-Ossibi, A.W., Nsondé-Ntandou, G.F., Ondelé, R., Elion-Itou, R.D.G., Ouamba, J.M., Abena, A.A., 2015. Plantes anticonvulsivantes du Congo, approche ethnobotanique. Phytotherapie 13, 298-305., France |
Aqueous extracts/leaves |
Alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins |
Strychnine-induced convulsion |
Rats (Wistar/F, M) |
400, 800/p.o. |
The extract of Lippia multiflora has no significant effect on the parameters studied |
L. gracilis
|
Mendes et al., 2010Mendes, S.S., Bomfim, R.R., Jesus, H.C.R., Alves, P.B., Blank, A.F., Estevam, C.S., Antoniolli, A.R., Thomazzi, S.M., 2010. Evaluation of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil of Lippia gracilis leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 129, 391-397., Brazil |
EO/leaves |
Thymol (32.68%) p-Cymene (17.82%), methyl thymol (10.83%) |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
50, 100, 200/p.o.
|
The EO inhibited acid-acetic writhing. |
Guilhon et al, 2011, Brazil |
EO/leaves |
Carvacrol (44.43%), ο-cymene (9.42%), γ-terpinene (9.16%) |
Analgesic |
Mice (Balb-c/M) |
10, 30, 100/p.o.
|
Antinociceptive effect (not reversed by Naloxone) could potentially be mediated by cholinergic receptors and the nitric oxide pathway. |
Guimarães et al., 2012Guimarães, A.G., Xavier, M.A., De Santana, M.T., Camargo, E.A., Santos, C.A., Brito, F.A., Barreto, E.O., Cavalcanti, S.C.H., Antoniolli, Â.R., Oliveira, R.C.M., Quintans-Júnior, L.J., 2012. Carvacrol attenuates mechanical hypernociception and inflammatory response. Naunyn. Schmiedebergs. Arch. Pharmacol. 385, 253-263., Brazil |
Methanolic extract/leaves |
Naringenin |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
100, 200, 400/p.o.
|
Methanolic extract has a therapeutic potential for painful conditions. |
Lippia grata
|
Siqueira-Lima et al., 2014Siqueira-Lima, P.S., Araújo, A.A.S., Lucchese, A.M., Quintans, J.S.S., Menezes, P.P., Alves, P.B., de Lucca Júnior, W., Santos, M.R.V., Bonjardim, L.R., Quintans-Júnior, L.J., 2014. β-Cyclodextrin complex containing Lippia grata leaf essential oil reduces orofacial nociception in mice - evidence of possible involvement of descending inhibitory pain modulation pathway. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 114, 188-196., Brazil |
OE/leaves |
Camphor (27.2%), E-Caryophyllene (11.6%), camphene (11.3%), bicyclogermacrene (9.4%) |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
6, 12, 24/p.o. |
EO was capable of reducing the nociceptive face-rubbing in capsaicin, glutamate and both phases of the formalin test. The immunofluorescence protocol demonstrated that the βCD-EO activated important areas in the CNS |
Siqueira-Lima et al., 2017Siqueira-Lima, P.S., Brito, R.G., Araújo-Filho, H.G., Santos, P.L., Lucchesi, A., Araújo, A.A.S., Menezes, P.P., Scotti, L., Scotti, M.T., Menezes, I.R.A., Coutinho, H.D.M., Zengin, G., Aktumsek, A., Antoniolli, A.R., Quintans-Júnior, L.J., Quintans, J.S.S., 2017. Anti-hyperalgesic effect of Lippia grata leaf essential oil complexed with β-cyclodextrin in a chronic musculoskeletal pain animal model: complemented with a molecular docking and antioxidant screening. Biomed. Pharmacother. 91, 739-747., Brazil |
OE/leaves |
Camphor (27.2%) E-Caryophyllene (11.6%) Camphene (11.3%) Bicyclogermacrene (9.4%) |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
6, 12, 24/p.o. |
Decreased paw withdrawal and muscle threshold. The OE was shown to affect the opioidergic and serotoninergic pathways. Fos protein immunofluorescence showed decreased expression in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Docking study showed interaction energies with the alpha-adrenergic and µOpioid receptors. |
Lippia origanoides
|
Marçal et al., 2006Marçal, R.M., Ptak, D.M., Krempser, R.R., Krempser, M.R., Cardoso, G.C., Santos, R.B., Blank, A.F., Alves, P.B., 2006. Antinociceptive effect of the essential oil of Lippia sidoides on mice. Planta Med. 72, 291., Brazil |
OE/leaves |
p-Cymene (26.8%) Thymol (21.9%) Myrcene (12.8%) |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
25-400/s.c. |
The activation of the opioidergic system appears to play a crucial role in the observed antinociceptive effect. |
De Morais et al., 2016, Brazil |
Ethanol extract/leaves |
Isoborneol (14.66%), bornyl acetate (11.86%), α-humulene (11.23%), α-fenchene (9.32%), 1.8-cineole (7.05%) |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
100, 300, 1000/p.o.
|
Crude ethanol extract presented antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities |
Oliveira et al., 2014Oliveira, D.R., Leitão, G.G., Fernandes, P.D., Leitão, S.G., 2014. Ethnopharmacological studies of Lippia origanoides. Rev. Bras. Farmacogn. 24, 206-214., Brazil |
Hydroethanolic extract/aerial parts |
NR |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/M) |
10, 30, 100/p.o. |
Analgesic activity |
Lippia graveolens
|
González-Trujano et al., 2017González-Trujano, M.E., Hernández-Sánchez, L.Y., Ocotero, V.M., Dorazco-González, A., Fefer, P.G., Aguirre-Hernández, E., 2017. Pharmacological evaluation of the anxiolytic-like effects of Lippia graveolens and bioactive compounds. Pharm. Biol. 55, 1569-1576., Mexico |
Aqueous extract/leaves |
Thymol (33.4%) m-Cymen-8-ol (16.37%) Methyl salicylate (10.48%) Carvacrol (6.75%) |
Anxiolytic |
Mice (CD-1/M) |
1, 3, 10, 30/i.p. |
Exerts anxiolytic-like activity involving many kinds of constituents, mainly the terpenoids and flavonoids |
L. geminate
|
Forestieri et al., 1996Forestieri, A.M., Monforte, M.T., Ragusa, S., Trovato, A., Iauk, L., 1996. Antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity in rodents of plant extracts used in African medicine. Phyther. Res. 10, 100-106., Italy |
Petroleum ether, ethanolic/aqueous extracts/leaves |
Flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, sterols |
Analgesic |
Mice (Swiss/M, F) |
0.5/p.o. |
Ethanol extract of L. germinata showed a significant analgesic activity |
L. adoensis
|
Makonnen et al., 2003Makonnen, E., Debella, A., Abebe, D., Teka, F., 2003. Analgesic properties of some Ethiopian medicinal plants in different models of nociception in mice. Phytother. Res. 17, 1108-1112., Ethiopia |
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts/leaves |
Phenolic acids, flavonoids, glycosides |
Analgesic |
Mice (in-house bred/M) |
400, 600, 800/p.o. |
Dose-dependent analgesia produced by both aqueous and ethanol extracts. |
Debella et al., 2003Debella, A., Makonnen, E., Abebe, D., Teka, F., Kidanemariam, A.T., 2003. Pain management in mice using the aqueous and ethanol extracts of four medicinal plants. East Afr. Med. J. 80, 435-439., Ethiopia |
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts/leaves |
Phenolic compounds |
Analgesic |
Mice (in-house bred/M) |
400, 600, 800/p.o. |
Water extract seems to be slightly more potent at low dose |
Debell et al., 2005Debell, A., Makonnen, E., Zerihun, L., Abebe, D., Teka, F., 2005. In-vivo antipyretic studies of the aqueous and ethanol extracts of the leaves of Ajuga remota and Lippia adoensis. Ethiop. Med. J. 43, 111-118., Ethiopia |
Aqueous and ethanolic extracts/leaves |
Phenolic compounds |
Inducing pyrexia |
Mice (in-house bred/M) |
50, 100, 200/p.o. |
Aqueous extract was found to have more potent antipyretic effect than the ethanol extract. |