Level of resilience in the elderly according to the Connor-Davidson scale: a systematic review

A systematic review of literature on the level of resilience of the elderly was carried out, based on articles indexed in the Lilacs, IBECS, MedLine and PubMed databases, according to the Prisma method.

Results:

27 studies were identified which included the elderly in their samples and determined the level of resilience through the Connor-Davidson scale. The USA (6), China (6) and Australia (5) had the greatest number of articles. A study carried out with elderly people in Australia had the highest level of resilience, which was attributed to public policies that favor the resilience development capacity of the population. The lowest level of resilience was observed in Japan in a study with survivors of major natural disasters, highlighting resilience as a significant protective factor for elderly persons who experience such events during their lives.

Conclusion:

The studies recognize resilience as an important protective factor for coping with external adversities and natural events, whether arising from the effects of the aging process on health, or through disease.

Keywords:
Resilience Psychological; Health of the Elderly; Diabetes Mellitus; Health Personnel; Neoplasms

Authorship

Maryanne Rodrigues Lemes

Centro Universitário de Maringá (UniCesumar), Programa de Graduação em Medicina. Maringá, Paraná, Brasil.Centro Universitário de MaringáBrazilMaringá, Paraná, BrazilCentro Universitário de Maringá (UniCesumar), Programa de Graduação em Medicina. Maringá, Paraná, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9883-0496

Leonardo Cesar Caldato Brabo Alves

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5650-9576

Mirian Ueda Yamaguchi

Centro Universitário de Maringá (UniCesumar), Instituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (ICETI), Programa de Pós-graduação em Promoção da Saúde. Maringá, Paraná, Brasil.Centro Universitário de MaringáBrazilMaringá, Paraná, BrazilCentro Universitário de Maringá (UniCesumar), Instituto Cesumar de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (ICETI), Programa de Pós-graduação em Promoção da Saúde. Maringá, Paraná, Brasil.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5065-481X

Correspondence
Maryanne Rodrigues Lemes mr.lemes@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1
Schematic representation of the method of identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion of articles, adapted in accordance with the PRISMA Flow Diagram⁹. Maringá, Paraná, 2018.

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Figure 2
Classification of studies in terms of levels of resistance measured by CD-RISC 25 grouped by a range of situations. Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, 2018.

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Figure 3
Classification of studies on resilience levels measured by CD-RISC 25 and grouped by disease type. Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, 2018.

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Table 1
Characteristics of studies on resilience of the elderly according to author, year, journal, central theme, country, age group and journal impact factor, published between 2013 and 2018. Maringá, Paraná, 2018.

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the method of identification, screening, eligibility and inclusion of articles, adapted in accordance with the PRISMA Flow Diagram⁹. Maringá, Paraná, 2018.

Figure 2 Classification of studies in terms of levels of resistance measured by CD-RISC 25 grouped by a range of situations. Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, 2018.

Figure 3 Classification of studies on resilience levels measured by CD-RISC 25 and grouped by disease type. Maringá, Paraná, Brazil, 2018.

Table 1 Characteristics of studies on resilience of the elderly according to author, year, journal, central theme, country, age group and journal impact factor, published between 2013 and 2018. Maringá, Paraná, 2018.

Author	Year	Journal	Central Theme	Country	Age range	Impact factor
Min et al.¹¹11 Min JA, Yoon S, Lee CU, Chae JH, Lee C, Song KY, Kim TS. Psychological resilience contributes to low emotional distress in cancer patients. Support Care Cancer. 2013;21(9):2469-76.	2013	Supportive care in cancer	Cancer	South Korea	18-65	1.3
Sharpley et al.¹²12 Sharpley C, Christie D, Bitsika V. Variability over time-since- diagnosis in the protective effect of psychological resilience against depression in Australian prostate cancer patients: implications for patient treatment models. Am J Men's Health.2013;7(5):414-22.	2013	American journal of men's health	Prostate cancer	Australia	49-84	0.59
Kukihara et al.¹³13 Kukihara H, Yamawaki N, Uchiyama K, Arai S, Horikawa E. Trauma, depression, and resilience of earthquake/tsunami/nuclear disaster survivors of Hirono, Fukushima, Japan. Psychiatr Clin Neurosci. 2014;68(7):524-33.	2014	Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences	Earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident survivors	Japan	>18	1.23
Bahremand et al.¹⁴14 Bahremand M, Rai A, Alikhani M, Mohammadi S, Shahebrahimi K, Janjani P. Relationship between family functioning and mental health considering the mediating role of resiliency in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Global J Health Sci. 2014;7(3):254-9.	2014	Global journal of health Science	Diabetes mellitus	Iran	35-68	0.42
Lee et al.¹⁵15 Lee JS, Ahn YS, Jeong KS, Chae JH, Choi KS. Resilience buffers the impact of traumatic events on the development of PTSD symptoms in firefighters. J Affect Disord. 2014;162:128-33.	2014	Journal of affective disorders	Post-traumatic stress	South Korea	20-69	2.05
Law et al.¹⁶16 Law J, Richmond RL, Kay-Lambkin F. The contribution of personality to longevity: findings from the Australian Centenarian Study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;59(3):528-35.	2014	Archives of gerontology and geriatrics	One hundred years old or older	Australian	100-108	1.01
Senders et al.¹⁷17 Senders A, Bourdette D, Hanes D, Yadav V, Shinto L. Perceived stress in multiple sclerosis: the potential role of mindfulness in health and well-being. J Evid -Based Complement Altern Med. 2014;19(2):104-11.	2014	Journal of evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine	Multiple sclerosis	USA	19-85	0.48
Rudow et al.¹⁸18 Rudow DL, Iacoviello BM, Charney D. Resilience and personality traits among living liver and kidney donors. Prog Transplant. 2014;24(1):82-90.	2014	Progress in transplantation	Liver donors	USA	25-72	0.47
Ni et al.¹⁹19 Ni MY, Li TK, Yu NX, Pang H, Chan BH, Leung GM, et al. Normative data and psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) and the abbreviated version (CD-RISC2) among the general population in Hong Kong. Qual Life Res. 2016;25(1):111-6.	2015	Quality of life research	General population	China	>20	1.22
Dubey et al.²⁰20 Dubey C, De Maria J, Hoeppli C, Betticher DC, Eicher M. Resilience and unmet supportive care needs in patients with cancer during early treatment: a descriptive study. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2015;19(5):582-8.	2015	European journal of oncology nursing	Cancer	Switzerland	29-87	0.94
Rushton et al.²¹21 Rushton CH, Batcheller J, Schroeder K, Donohue P. Burnout and resilience among nurses practicing in high-intensity settings. Am J Crit Care. 2015;24(5):412-20.	2015	American journal of critical care	ICU nurses	USA	22-67	0.78
Lim et al.²²22 Lim ML, Lim D, Gwee X, Nyunt MS, Kumar R, Ng TP. Resilience, stressful life events, and depressive symptomatology among older Chinese adults. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(11):1005-14.	2015	Aging and mental health	Elderly Persons	China	>60	1.19
Markovitz et al.²³23 Markovitz SE, Schrooten W, Arntz A, Peters ML. Resilience as a predictor for emotional response to the diagnosis and surgery in breast cancer patients. Psychooncology. 2015;24(12):1639-45.	2015	Psycho-oncology	Breast cancer	Belgium	20-80	1.67
Lu Canjie et al.²⁴24 Lu C, Yuan L, Lin W, Zhou Y, Pan S. Depression and resilience mediates the effect of family function on quality of life of the elderly. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;71:34-42.	2016	Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics	Elderly Persons	China	>60	1.01
Wu et al.²⁵25 Wu Z, LiuY, Li X, Li X. Resilience and associated factors among mainland chinese women newly diagnosed with breast cancer. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0167976 [13 p.].	2016	Plos one	Breast cancer	China	26-67	1.16
Zhong et al.²⁶26 Zhong X, Wu D, Nie X, Xia J, Li M, Lei F, et al. Parenting style, resilience, and mental health of community-dwelling elderly adults in China. BMC Geriatrics. 2016;16:1-8.	2016	BMC palliative care	Elderly Persons	China	60-91	1.11
Zhang et al.²⁷27 Zhang W, Wang A, Yao S, Luo Y, Li Z, Huang F, et al. Latent profiles of posttraumatic growth and their relation to differences in resilience among only-child-lost people in China. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(12):e0167398 [13 p.].	2016	Plos one	Parents that had lost an only child	China	>49	1.16
Edwards et al.²⁸28 Edwards KA, Alschuler KA, Ehde DM, Battalio SL, Jensen MP. Changes in resilience predict function in adults with physical disabilities: a longitudinal study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;98(2):329-36.	2016	Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation	Multiple Scleroses, muscular dystrophy,	USA	45-64	1.5
Böell et al.²⁹29 Böell JE, Silva DM, Hegadoren KM. Sociodemographic factors and health conditions associated with the resilience of people with chronic diseases: a cross sectional study. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2016;24:e2786 [9 p.].	2016	Revista latino-america de enfermagem (Latin American Nursing Journal)	Chronic kidney disease, diabetes, hypertension	Brazil	>18	0.34
Solano et al.³⁰30 Solano JP, da Silva AG, Soares IA, Ashmawi HA, Vieira JE. Resilience and hope during advanced disease: a pilot study with metastatic colorectal cancer patients. BMC Palliat Care. 2016;15:1-8.	2016	BMC palliative care	Colorectal Cancer	Brazil	29-86	1.11
Hanks et al.³¹31 Hanks RA, Rapport LJ, Waldron Perrine B, Millis SR. Correlates of resilience in the first 5 years after traumatic brain injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2016;61(3):269-76.	2016	Rehabilitation psychology	Brain injury	USA	18-68	0.71
Sottile et al.³²32 Sottile PD, Lynch Y, Mealer M, Moss M. Association Between Resilience and Family Member Psychologic Symptoms in Critical Illness. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(8):721-7.	2016	Critical care medicine	Intensive Care patients	USA	>18	3.12
Edward et al.³³33 Edward KL, Stephenson J, Giandinoto JA, Wilson A, Whitbourn R, Gutman J, et al. An Australian longitudinal pilot study examining health determinants of cardiac outcomes 12 months post percutaneous coronary intervention. BMC Cardiovascr Dis. 2016;16:1-8.	2016	BMC palliative care	Coronary Intervention	Australia	>18	1.11
Sharpley et al.³⁴34 Sharpley C, Bitsika V, Jesulola E, Fitzpatrick K, Agnew LL. The association between aspects of psychological resilience and subtypes of depression: implications for focussed clinical treatment models. Int J Psychiatr Clin Pract. 2016;20(3):151-6.	2016	International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice	Depression	Australia	18-101	1.33
Kohler e Loh³⁵35 Kohler S, Loh SM. Patient resilience in the fracture orthopaedic rehabilitation geriatric environment. Australas J Ageing. 2017;36(1):65-8.	2017	Australasian journal on ageing	Orthopedic Fracture	Australia	>70	0.5
Ong et al.³⁶36 Ong HL, Vaingankar JA, Sambasivam R, Fauziana R, Tan ME, Chong SA, et al. Resilience and burden in caregivers of older adults: moderating and mediating effects of perceived social support. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):1-9.	2018	BMC psychiatry	Caregivers of Elderly Persons	Singapore	21-65	1.35
Horvath and Massey³⁷37 Horvath MAH, Massey K. The impact of witnessing other people's trauma: The resilience and coping strategies of members of the Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. J Forensic Leg Med. 2018;55:99-104.	2018	Journal of forensic and legal medicine	Members of forensic medicine	England	29-73	0.62

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Level of resilience in the elderly according to the Connor-Davidson scale: a systematic review

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[1] Correspondence
Maryanne Rodrigues Lemes mr.lemes@hotmail.com