Could Low Birth Weight be Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescence?

Alves, Priscila de Jesus dos Santos; Araujo Júnior, Edward; Henriques, Ana Ciléia Pinto Teixeira; Carvalho, Francisco Herlânio Costa

doi:10.1055/s-0036-1583171

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Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia

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Sumário

Original Articles • Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet. 38 (04) • Apr 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1583171 copy

Could Low Birth Weight be Associated with Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescence?

Poderia o baixo peso ao nascimento ser associado com risco cardiovascular na adolescência?

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Purpose

Previous studies have shown that low birth weight (LBW) is associated with cardiovascular risk in late adulthood. Recent studies in adolescents suggest that modifiable factors may have greater influence on increased cardiovascular risk. This study aims to investigate the association between LBW and changes in anthropometric and biochemical risk factors during adolescence in a population with low average socioeconomic status.

Methods

In a retrospective double cohort, data of birth weight were extracted from hospital records of children born on the same day between 1992 and 2002. According to the World Health Organization, we classified the children as having LBW or normal birth weight. A total of 172 subjects among children, adolescents and adults were researched. We measured anthropometric and clinical data, lipid profile and glucose after an overnight fasting. The low and normal weight groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U, Fischer exact, Chi-square (2) and Student's t tests.

Results

Pregnant women with preeclampsia delivered more newborns with LBW (p< 0.001). Anthropometric and clinical parameters were similar between groups. No differences were found in the family history of cardiovascular diseases (p= 0.1), family incomes (p= 0.8) and maternal school education (p= 0.8) between groups.

Conclusion

In this study, LBW did not increase cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents. We observed absence of association between low birth weight and poor health outcomes among adolescents with low socioeconomic status from an urban city in the Brazilian northeast.

Keywords
low birth weight; cardiovascular disease risk factors; anthropometry; low socioeconomic status; adolescence

	LBWQ1 (M) Q3		NBWQ1 (M) Q3		p
Age (years)	18.0 (24.5) 30.0		20.0 (23.0) 28.0		0.5*
Pregnancy complications (n,%)
Preeclampsia	32	37.2	23	26.7	< 0.001†
Diabetes	2	2.3	0	0.0
Other diseases	43	49.9	13	15.2
Mode of delivery (n,%)
Vaginal	45	52.3	32	37.2	< 0.05§
Cesarean	41	47.7	54	62.8
Number of pregnancies	0.8 ± 1.2		1.4 ± 2.7		0.2*
Number of births	0.6 ± 0.9		0.9 ± 1.8		0.5*
Number of abortions	0.2 ± 0.5		0.5 ± 1.3		0.3*
Complications in other pregnancies (n,%)	22	25.6	20	23.3	0.4§
Smoking (n,%)	2	2.4	8	9.6	0.1§

	LBWQ1 (M) Q3		NBWQ1 (M) Q3		p
Gender
Boys (n,%)	30	34.9	34	39.5	0.5^†
Girls (n,%)	56	65.1	52	60.5
SGA (n,%)	49	57.0	9	10.5	< 0.001^†
Current data
Age (years)	11.0 (12.0) 14.0		11.0 (13.0) 16.0		0.2*
Weight (kg)	40.2 (47.7) 56.7		40.6 (49) 58.5		0.8*
Z-score weight	-0.01 ± 1.0		0.01 ± 1.0		0.8^§
Height (m)	1.5 (1.5) 1.6		1.5 (1.6) 1.6		0.1*
Z-score height	-0.1 ± 1.0		0.1 ± 1.0		0.1^§
Abdominal circumference (m)	0.6 (0.7) 0.8		0.6 (0.7) 0.8		0.6*
Z-score abdominal circumference	0.02 ± 1.0		-0.02 ± 1.0		0.6^§
Hip circumference (m)	0.6 (0.7) 0.8		0.6 (0.7) 0.7		0.8^§
Z-score hip circumference	0.03 ± 1.0		-0.03 ± 1.0		0.5^§
Waist/hip ratio	0.8 (0.8) 0.8		0.7 (0.8) 0.8		0.2*
Z-score waist/hip ratio	0.1 ± 0.1		-0.1 ± 0.1		0.1^§
BMI (mean)	17.6 (20.1) 23.9		17.5 (19.9) 23.1		0.8*
Z-score BMI	0.46 ± 1.0		-0.46 ± 1.0		0.5^§
Classification according to BMI
Overweightness/obesity (n,%)	23	26.8	23	26.8	0.5^†
Normal (n,%)	54	62.8	55	64.0
Body fat mass (%)	20.9 (26.5) 35.2		20.7 (25.2) 33.3		0.4*
Z-score body fat mass	0.1 ± 0.1		-0.1 ± 0.1		0.4^§
Biceps skinfold thickness (m)	0.005 (0.007) 0.011		0.005 (0.007) 0.009		0.6*
Z-score biceps skinfold thickness	0.05 ± 1.0		-0.05 ± 1.0		0.6^§
SBP (mmHg)	97 (108) 110		90 (100) 108		0.1*
Z-score SBP	0.1 ± 0.1		-0.1 ± 0.1		0.1^§
PAS ≥ 95^th percentile	9	10.5	9	10.5	0.9^†
DBP (mmHg)	60 (65) 70		58 (63.5) 67		0.1*
Z-score DBP	0.1 ± 1.1		-1.1 ± 0.8		0.1^§
PAD ≥ 95^th percentile	1	1.2	0	0	0.1^†
Family history of CVDʃ
Yes (n,%)	83	96.5	78	90.7	0.1^†
No (n,%)	3	3.5	8	9.3
Menarche age	11 (11) 12		11 (12) 13		0.2*
Familiar incomes (MW)	1 (1.5) 2		1 (1) 2		0.8*
Maternal school education (years)	5 (8.5) 11		5 (8) 11		0.8*

	LBW	NBW	p*
Glucose (mg/dL)	79.7 (9.6)	82.3 (9.5)	0.2
TC (mg/dL)	143.0 (24.4)	143.4 (26.2)	0.9
HDL-C (mg/dL)	43.4 (10.2)	44.3 (10.1)	0.5
LDL-C (mg/dL)	84.6 (21.1)	84.4 (23.6)	0.7
VLDL (mg/dL)	14.6 (6.5)	13.9 (7.1)	0.4
TG (mg/dL)	73.0 (32.6)	70.9 (30.0)	0.5

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[1] Address for correspondence Edward Araujo Júnior, MD, PhD, Rua Napoleão de Barros, 875, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, Brazil 04024- 002 (e-mail: araujojred@terra.com.br).