The most important pathophysiological abnormalities of sickle cell disease are reviewed, taking into account three levels: a) molecules and cells, b) tissues, c) organism as a whole. We dedicated especial attention to the chronic inflammatory phenomena, abnormally expressed adhesion molecules, the interaction among sickle cells, endothelial cells, leukocytes and platelets, and their role in the pathophysiology of vaso-occlusion. The clinical manifestations, like anemia, pain crises and multiorgan dysfunction are covered. Factors that modulate disease severity, like the co-inheritance of a-thalassemia, gene mutations related to thrombophilia and the elevation of fetal hemoglobin are discussed.
Sickle cell disease; pathophysiology; inflammation; adhesion molecules
