(de Groot et al.,2525 de Groot PCE, Hjeltnes N, Heijboer AC, Stal W, Birkeland K. Effect of training intensity on physical capacity, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in early rehabilitation of spinal cord injured individuals. Spinal Cord. 2003;41(12):673-9. 2003) |
To evaluate the effect of training intensity on physical capacity, lipid profile, and insulin sensitivity in early rehabilitation of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients and to assess the correlation between peak aerobic capacity (VO2peak) and insulin sensitivity. |
6 SCI individuals. |
1 - High intensity (HI; 70-80% of heart rate reserve (HRR)) 2 - Low intensity (LI; 40-50% HRR) |
Arm training intervention (not specified) Repeated 3 min sessions of ACE (70-80%HRR) |
8 weeks |
3x week |
20 min |
Post-test values relative to pre-test values expressed in percent (SD). HI Group: %(SD) VO2peak = 150 (24) Insulin sensitivity = 67 (9) TC/HDL ratio = 77 (6) Triglycerides = 69 (7) Group LI: %(SD) VO2peak = 117 (4) Insulin sensitivity = 156 (55) TC/HDL ratio = 100 (20) Triglycerides = 95 (14) |
(Tordi et al.,3333 Tordi N, Dugue B, Klupzinski D, Rasseneur L, Rouillon JD, Lonsdorfer J. Interval training program on a wheelchair ergometer for paraplegic subjects. Spinal Cord. 2001;39(10):532-7. 2001) |
It investigated the effects of a short-interval training program designed specifically for patients with spinal cord injuries. |
5 Paraplegic man. |
No group. |
. Repeated 5-minute wheelchair ergometry sessions 50 and 80% PPO. |
4 weeks |
3x week |
30-min |
↑ VO2peak (ml min kg/1): -Pre = 21 -Post = 24 |
↑ HR peak (b min1): -Pre = 191 -Post = 183 |
↑ VE peak (l min11 McDonald JW, Sadowsky C. Spinal-cord injury. Lancet. 2002;359(9304):417-25.): -Pre = 64 -Post = 78 |
↑ O2p (ml b1): -Pre = 7.9 -Post = 9.9 |
(Brurok et al.,2626 Brurok B, Helgerud J, Karlsen T, Leivseth G, Hoff J. Effect of aerobic high-intensity hybrid training on stroke volume and peak oxygen consumption in men with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90(5):407-14. 2011) |
To determine the effect of high-intensity interval training during combined arm cycling (ACE) exercise in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) and functional electrical stimulation of leg cycling (hybrid exercise), on peak systolic volume and peak oxygen consumption |
6 men with SCI in stable neurological recovery (ASIA Impairment Scale grade A) |
No Group |
Hybrid cycling interval training. Repeated 4 min sessions of ACE + FES 85-90 %PPO. |
8 weeks preceded by a 7-week control period of regular daily activity |
3x week |
Not reported |
↑ at VO 2 peak. |
Hybrid Training VO2pre = 1.96l/min VO2post = 2.43l/min |
↑ SV (ml/beat) Pre= 83.2 (9.1) Post= 103.4 (17.1) |
Arm cycle training VO2pre = 1.48L/min VO2post = 2L/min |
FES leg cycling VO2pre = 0.62L/min VO2post = 0.78L/min |
↑ VE, liter/min: -Pre = 66.7 (24.4) -Post = 80.2 (29.4) |
↑ Peak HR: -Pre = 171 (12) -Post = 170 (26) |
(Hasnan et al.,2929 Hasnan N, Engkasan JP, Husain R, Davis GM. High-Intensity Virtual-reality Arm plus FES-leg Interval Training in Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury. Biomed Tech (Berl). 2013;58(Suppl 1). 2013) |
To investigate the effect of “hybrid” high-intensity interval training (arm cycling and leg FES) in a virtual reality environment on aerobic fitness, power, lipid profiles, and glucose tolerance in people with LM. |
8 individuals with SCI |
No Group |
Hybrid high-intensity interval training (HIT) using an arm tricycle + leg FES. Repeated 8 min sessions of ACE + FES 80-90 %HRmax. |
6 weeks |
2-3x week |
32 min or 48 min |
↑ VO2peak mL-kg-1-min: Pre = 19.3(3.4) Post = 23.2(3.4) |
Biochemical blood markers of cardiovascular risk, including total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and oral glucose tolerance scores, remained unchanged after training, although some individuals observed modest improvements. |
(Wouda et al.,2222 Wouda MF, Lundgaard E, Becker F, Strøm V. Effects of moderate- and high-intensity aerobic training program in ambulatory subjects with incomplete spinal cord injury-a randomized controlled trial. Spinal Cord. 2018;56(10):955-63. 2018) |
Investigate whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) increases physical capacity and activity levels more than moderate-intensity training (MIT) and usual treatment. |
25 men and 5 women with incomplete spinal cord injury. |
MIT, HIIT and control. |
The MIT group was instructed to exercise three times a week at 70% of HRmax, while the HIIT group was instructed to exercise twice a week at 85-95% of HRmax. The control group received treatment as usual. |
12 weeks |
3x week |
35 min |
↑ VO2 peak. |
HIIT VO2pre = 2.7 l/min VO2post = 3 l/min |
MIT VO2pre = 2.79l/min VO2post = 3.23L/min |
Control VO2pre = 2.78L/min VO2post = 3.15L/min |
(Gauthier et al.,3232 Gauthier C, Brosseau R, Hicks AL, Gagnon DH. Feasibility, Safety, and Preliminary Effectiveness of a Home-Based Self-Managed High-Intensity Interval Training Program Offered to Long-Term Manual Wheelchair Users. Rehabil Res Pract. 2018;2018:8209360. 2018) |
To investigate and compare the feasibility, safety and preliminary efficacy of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) programs in a self-managed manual wheelchair at home. |
11 manual wheelchair users. Users with SCI. |
HIIT and MICT |
HIIT: Participants were asked to propel their wheelchair at a high and low intensity during 30 and 60 second intervals, respectively, and repeat this sequence 20 times over 30 minutes. During the 30-second high-intensity interval, participants needed to achieve an RPE between 6 and 8 (very difficult). Each high-intensity interval was followed by a low-intensity interval of 60 seconds at an RPE between 1 (very light) and 2 (light). MICT: Participants were then asked to propel their wheelchairs for 30 minutes at a constant speed, maintaining an RPE between 4 (somewhat difficult) and 5 (difficult). |
6 weeks |
3x week |
40min |
↑ in VO2peak(ml.min) |
HIIT Pre = 19.5(0.7) Post = 20.4(3.9) MICT Pre = 18.5 (6.8) Post = 18.9 (8.4) |
(Astorino & Thum,3131 Astorino TA, Thum JS. Within-session responses to high-intensity interval training in spinal cord injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2018;40(4):444-9. 2018) |
To examine enjoyment in response to CEX and HIIT differences in people with SCI. |
9 habitually active men and women with SCI. |
No Group |
CEX (45%Wpico), SIT (105%Wpico), or HIIT (70%Wpico in random order. |
2-3 weeks |
3 sessions consisted of CEX, HIIT, or SIT, whose order was randomized. A minimum of 2 days and a maximum of 7 days apart each trial. |
∼40 min |
↑ VO2peak. |
VO2rest= 0.25-0.28 l/min. |
VO2HIIT= 1.13l/min |
VO2SIT= 1.02l/min. |
VO2MCIT=0.90l/min. |
(Astorino,2020 Astorino TA. Hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory responses to various arm cycling regimens in men with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord Ser Cases. 2019;5:2. 2019) |
Determined hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory responses to different arm cycles in men with LM. hemodynamic responses compared to high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) |
5 men with LM. |
MICE, HIIE and SIE |
MICE: continuous cycling required at 35% PPO. HIIE consisted of repeated sessions of 60 s at 85% PPO with 120 s recovery at 10% PPO. SIE: 30 s sessions required at 115% PPO separated by 90 s recovery at 10% PPO. |
1-2 weeks |
5 randomized sessions |
∼30min |
↑ VO2 peak. |
VO2rest= 0.24l/min |
VO2HIIE= 1.3(0.4) l/min |
VO2SIE= 1.2(0.5) l/min. |
VO2MICE=0.8(0.3) l/min |
(Thum & Astorino,5151 Thum JS, Astorino TA. Greater enjoyment in two modes of high intensity interval training (hiit) compared to continuous exercise training (cex) in persons with spinal cord injury (sci). 2016;10:1-10. 2016) |
Compare the changes in cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables between two regimes of interval training and moderate-intensity exercise |
8 men and 1 woman with chronic LM. |
No Group |
MICT- 45%Wpico; HIIT- 70%Wpico; SIT- 105% Wpico.
|
2-3 week |
The participants completed four exercise sessions in the lab. The sessions were held simultaneously between participants and were preceded by a 3-hour fast and 24-hour abstention from exercise. |
MICT: 30min
HIIT: 25min
SIT: 25min
|
↑ in VO2 peak. Effect size = 0.82 |
VO2pre= 0.25-0.28 l/min. |
VO2post= |
HIIT= 1.13L/min |
SIT= 1.02L/min. |
MCIT=0.90L/min. |
(KOONTZ,3030 Koontz AM, Garfunkel CE, Crytzer TM, Anthony SJ, Nindl BC. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a handcycling high-intensity interval training program for individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(1):34-43. 2021) |
The objective of this study was to explore the feasibility of of a HIIT handcycling training program for wheelchair users with SCI. |
7 men and 3 women with chronic SCI. 7 quadriplegics and 3 paraplegics. |
No Group |
The HIIT training sessions were held in the participant's home with a trainer from the study. HIIT: 90% PPO. |
6 weeks |
2x week |
HIIT: 2x 25min.
10 hand-cycling intervals (1:1).
|
VO2 peak: Average (SD) |
Baseline: 14.3 (5.0) |
Post-intervention: 14.3 (4.8) |
Peak power output (watts) |
Baseline: 60.0 (33.3) |
Post-intervention: 65.0 (38.5) |
(McMillan et al.,2424 McMillan DW, Maher JL, Jacobs KA, Nash MS, Bilzon JLJ. Physiological responses to moderate intensity continuous and high-intensity interval exercise in persons with paraplegia. Spinal Cord. 2021;59(1):26-33. 2021) |
To test for differences in the duration and magnitude of the physiological response to the moderate isocaloric intensity continuous sessions (MICE) and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) in people with spinal cord injury. |
10 adult men with complete chronic paraplegia (T2-T10). |
HIIT group and continuous moderate-intensity group (MICE) |
HIIT Group: >80% VO2peak during the work phase, with a peak intensity of ∼ 90% VO2peak. MICE Group: 50% VO2peak. |
2 weeks |
1 week. |
HIIT: (80:10% POpeak 2:2 min) |
MICE: Duration(min) 39.8(4.6) HRmax: 105(12) VO2ml·kg−1min−1) 10.1(2.2) %VO2peak 53(6.6) Energy expended (kcal): 115.9(21.8) |
HIIT Duration(min): 32.2(6.2) FCmax: 124(17) VO2(ml·kg−1min−1): 12.6(3.1) %VO2peak: 66.1(5.2) Energy expended (kcal): 116.6(35) |