Gopalakrishnan et al.(11 Gopalakrishnan S, Mehrvar S, Maleki S, Schmitt H, Summerfelt P, Dubis AM, et al. Photobiomodulation preserves mitochondrial redox state and is retinoprotective in a rodent model of retinitis pigmentosa. Sci Rep. 2020 Dec;10(1):20382.) |
Experimental study |
P23H rats |
N/A |
830 |
25 |
4,5 |
Once a day in 15 days (5 days on 2 days off) |
Preserves the mitochondrial redox state (higher redox ratio, increasing NADH, decreasing FAD), preserving retinal structure (retinal and ONL thickness), protect photoreceptor cell loss |
Kirk et al.(33 Kirk DK, Gopalakrishnan S, Schmitt H, Abroe B, Stoehr M, Dubis A, et al. Photobiomodulation reduces photoreceptor death and regulates cytoprotection in early states of P23H retinal dystrophy. In: Mechanisms for Low-Light Therapy VIII [Internet]. SPIE; 2013 [cited 2022 Jan 25]. p. 84–93. Available from: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/8569/85690F/Photobiomodulation-reduces-photoreceptor-death-and-regulates-cytoprotection-in-early-states/10.1117/12.981791.full https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/confe...
) |
Experimental study |
P23H rats |
9 |
670 |
50 |
9 |
Once a day in 5 days for 180 seconds |
Increase retinal mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (in INL and GCL), improve photoreceptors function and reduce photoreceptors cell loss. (TUNEL+ cells in the ONL was reduced 70%), preserve retinal tissue |
Kang et al.(88 Kang S, Lorach H, Bhuckory MB, Quan Y, Dalal R, Palanker D. Retinal Laser Therapy Preserves Photoreceptors in a Rodent Model of MERTK-Related Retinitis Pigmentosa. Translational Vision Science & Technology. 2019 Aug 7;8(4):19.) |
Experimental study |
Rats |
30 rats divided into 6 groups (n=5 per group) Fellow eye as control |
N/A |
40 |
N/A |
Single dose for 15 ms |
FA: hyperreflective spots, indicating disruption of the RPE in laser treated areaERG: Waveforms decline slower with time in treated eye than in control eyeB-wave: the laser pattern density of 1.5 d was optimal for functional preservationOCT: ONL preservation in laser-treated eyes until P180 while in control, ONL was not distinguishable after P98mfERG: preservation of ONL only in the treated central retina, whereas little to no ONL was observed in untreated eyeHistology: in treated eye, exhibited the best-preserved photoreceptor layer, up to five rows of photoreceptor nuclei, while in control eye displayed no discernible photoreceptor layer or their nuclei |
Lorach et al.(99 Lorach H, Kang S, Dalal R, Bhuckory MB, Quan Y, Palanker D. Long-term Rescue of Photoreceptors in a Rodent Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa Associated with MERTK Mutation. Sci Rep. 2018 Jul 27;8(1):11312.) |
Experimental study |
Rats |
12 eyes (fellow eyes as control) |
577 |
40 |
N/A |
N/A |
mfERG: responses only in the laser-treated area, no response in control OCT: delays the loss of photoreceptorsHistology: twice thicker ONL in the laser-treated area (p < 0.05)B-wave: amplitudes were higher in the laser-treated eyes than control |
Ivandic et al.(1313 Ivandic BT, Ivandic T. Low-Level Laser Therapy Improves Vision in a Patient with Retinitis Pigmentosa. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery. 2014 Mar;32(3):181–4.) |
Case report |
RP patient |
2 |
780 |
N/A |
0,4 |
2 times per w for 2 weeks (for 40 s each) |
Increased visual acuity from 20/50 at baseline to 20/20 in each eye (uncorrected)No adverse effect was noted |
Ghanian et al.(1212 Ghanian Z, Maleki S, Gopalakrishnan S, Sepehr R, Eells JT, Ranji M. Optical imaging of oxidative stress in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in rodent model. In: Optical Diagnostics and Sensing XIII: Toward Point-of-Care Diagnostics [Internet]. SPIE; 2013 [cited 2022 Jun 15]. p. 138–43. Available from: https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/conference-proceedings-of-spie/8591/85910S/Optical-imaging-of-oxidative-stress-in-retinitis-pigmentosa-RP-in/10.1117/12.2004843.full https://www.spiedigitallibrary.org/confe...
) |
Experimental study |
P23H rats |
12 eyes divided into 3 groups (4 eyes per groups) |
670 |
50 |
4,5 |
for 90 sec |
Less oxidative stress in mitochondrial respiratory chain (20% increase the NADH RR), which reveals a significant recovery of photoreceptors cell function in retina |
830 |
25 |
4,5 |
for 180 sec |
Gkotsi et al.(1414 Gkotsi D, Begum R, Salt T, Lascaratos G, Hogg C, Chau KY, et al. Recharging mitochondrial batteries in old eyes. Near infra-red increases ATP. Experimental Eye Research. 2014 May 1;122:50–3.) |
Experimental study |
rats |
79 |
670 |
40 |
N/A |
7 times spaced evenly over 84 hours, for 90 seconds |
ATP is increased significantly by 670 nm exposure, associated with increased COX and reduced acrolein expression |