Retropharyngeal abscess and stridor in infants

CASE REPORT

Retropharyngeal abscess and stridor in infants

Regina Helena Garcia Martins^I; Emanuel Celice Castilho^II; Silke Tereza Weber^III; Graziela de Oliveira Semenzati^IV; Lígia M. P. de Campos^V

^IAssistant professor, doctorate in surgery, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. Head of the phoniatrics and voice outpatient unit. Faculty member of the Otorhinolaryngology Discipline, Universidade Estadual Paulista-Unesp, Botucatu campus

^IIAdjunct professor, physician of the Otorhinolaryngology Discipline, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP

^IIIAdjunct professor, faculty member of the Otorhinolaryngology Discipline, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu-Unesp

^IVMedical residence, Otorhinolaryngology Discipline, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP

^VMedical residence, Otorhinolaryngology Discipline, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - UNESP - Campus Botucatu

Address for correspondence

Keywords: retropharyngeal abscess, dyspnea, stridor, infants.

INTRODUCTION

Retropharyngeal abscesses generally result from upper aerodigestive infection or trauma, such as accidental swallowing of a foreign body or traumatic orotracheal intubation. Such abscesses occur mostly in children up to age 5 years. Initial symptoms are non-specific, such as irritability, loss of appetite and fever; as the condition progresses, there may be dysphagia, odynophagia, sialorrhea, a "hot potato" (garbled) voice or a muffled cry.^1-2 The severity of symptoms is directly related with the volume of the abscess; there may be severe respiratory distress.²

The presentation may be dramatic, because as the abscess forms in the retropharyngeal space it grows towards the soft palate, base of tongue, posterior pharyngeal wall and larynx, which narrows considerably the airway lumen. This may lead to respiratory failure, especially in nursing babies.

Upon confirmation of the diagnosis of a retropharyngeal abscess, the child should immediately be admitted to hospital for continuous monitoring of vital signs, therapy with endovenous antibiotics, and surgical drainage. Spontaneous rupture of the abscess may lead to massive aspiration of pus and the development of pulmonary empyema, mediastinitis and septicemia. Orotracheal intubation or a tracheotomy is required to assure airway patency.^3-6

CASE REPORT

RVNS, a female child aged 10 months, was admitted to the Emergency Unit; the mother informed that the child had been feverish for the past 20 days, and that there was a yellowish secretion from the nose and nose block. She had sought a clinic in her own town, and the child had been prescribed amoxicillin to be taken during 10 days. Two days after this treatment ended, the child started to breathe and swallow with difficulty; there was also neck enlargement. In the physical examination, the child was fatigued, febrile, tachycardic and tachypneic; there was a stridor and retraction of the furcula, and the child was either awake or drowsy. There was a yellowish secretion in the nasal fossae, the right contour of the neck and the posterior oropharyngeal wall were altered. Oral intubation was done promptly, blood samples were taken for a complete blood count and culture, and endovenous antibiotics (amoxicillin + clavulanate and metronidazole) were started. Computed tomography of the neck revealed a large retropharyngeal abscess (Fig. 1). Surgical drainage was achieved by a transoral approach; there was abundant pus. Cultures of the pus and blood were negative. The child progressed favorably and was extubated on the day after surgery.

DISCUSSION

The main cause of stridor in children below one year of age is laryngomalacia. Retropharyngeal abscesses - usually secondary to upper airway infections^1,4 - are another important cause, given the severity of this condition. The diagnosis is based on the clinical history and the physical examination; it should be supplemented by image exams, such as ultrasound, CT and MRI, which provide information about the extent of the disease and complications. The case above stands out because of the severity of respiratory distress due to the size of the abscess. Additionally, symptoms arose early if we consider that the child was aged less than one year, a period in which a precise diagnosis is usually not made initially, as in this case. Cultures of the oropharyngeal secretion and of blood were negative, since the child was on antibiotics. The usual microorganisms in retropharyngeal abscesses are Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and anaerobes.^5,6

FINAL COMMENTS

The retropharyngeal abscess is an important cause of stridor in nursing babies. This is a severe disease that may cause major respiratory distress. Delays in the diagnosis may result in high morbidity and mortality; prompt treatment with medication and surgery is mandatory.

REFERENCES

• ¹
  Soong WJ, Jewng MJ, Hwang B. Respiratory support of children with a retropharyngeal abscess with nasal CPAP. Clin Pediatr. 2001;40:55-6.
• ²
  Kirse DJ, Roberson DW. Surgical management of retro pharyngeal space infection in children. Laryngoscope. 2001;111:1413-22.
• ³
  Smith LM, Osborne RF. Infections of the head and neck. Emerg Med 2003;25:106-16.
• ⁴
  Buder CSL, Ruess L, Rooks VJ. Stridor in children: imaging and etiologie. Contemp Diag Radiol. 2005;28:1-6.
• ⁵
  Su FH, Chen PT, Chiu YC, Chen JW. Salmonella retropharyngeal abscess in a child: case report and literature review. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:833-6.
• ⁶
  Suryadevara AC, Kellman RM. Incision and drainage of a retropharyngeal abscess located adjacent to C1 with InstaTrak Image Guidance. Laryngoscope. 2006;116:499-501.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  10 June 2009
• Date of issue
  Apr 2009