| Petresco12 (Brazil) |
Cross-sectional |
Total = 149 n=43 offspring of mothers with BD; n=53 offspring of mothers with other psychiatric disorders; n=53 offspring of mothers without any psychiatric disorder |
SCID; K-SADS-PL; CBCL; YSR; YMRS; WASI |
Offspring of mothers with BD were 2.0 times more likely to have one or more axis I diagnoses (PR = 2.11 [95%CI 1.30-3.42] and p = 0.003) and 2.8 times more likely to have an anxiety disorder (PR = 2.83 [95%CI 1.39-5.78] and p = 0.004) throughout life than offspring of women without a mental disorder. Higher scores in the subscale of disruption to core internal regulatory processes and in the subscales of social problems, anxiety/depression and internalization problems. |
75 |
| Goldstein13 (United States) |
Cross-sectional |
n=388 offspring of mothers with BD I or BD II |
SCID; K-SADS-PL |
History of anxiety and/or disruptive behavior disorders, as well as the presence of parental BD, were associated with an increased risk of bipolar spectrum disorder among offspring |
80 |
| Klimes-Dougan14 (United States) |
Cohort |
Total=94 n=22 offspring of mothers with BD; n=42 offspring of mothers with MDD; n=30 offspring of mothers with no significantpsychiatric or medical problems |
CBCL; SCID; Interval SADS; GAS |
Offspring of mothers with BD – Self-regulating deficits, tending toward the cascade for disruption to core internal regulatory processes; offspring of mothers with MDD – tending toward the cascade for internalization problems. Despite the risks, few resources are available for the systematic assessment and implementation of preventive interventions. |
70 |
| Moreno15 (Brazil) |
Case-control |
n (case) = 34 women with type I BD; n (control) = 106 women (53 with minor mental disorders and 53 without psychiatric disorder) |
SCID; K-SADS-PL; CBCL |
Offspring of women with BD had higher rates of neonatal anorexia and reported more physical abuse (16.1%; p1/40.02); 33.3% suffered physical and/or psychological abuse |
75 |
| Johnson16 (United States) |
Cross-sectional |
Total = 658 n=329 6-month-old babies; n=44 mothers with BD; n=244 mothers with MDD; n=41 mothers with axis I disorders |
SCID; Coulbourn Instruments Model # V75-04 |
Infants of mothers with BD – increase in RSA, differences in psychophysiological regulation; infants of mothers with MDD and CTL – decrease in RSA. Current maternal depressive symptoms or exposure and stressful life events may reflect endophenotypic markers of psychopathological risk. |
75 |
| Doucette17 (Canada) |
Cohort |
n=233 offspring of parents with BD |
KSADS |
Mother’s neglect and offspring’s emotionality were associated with risks for mood disorder (HR = 1.1; 95%CI 1.0-1.2 and HR = 1.7; 95%CI 1.0-3.1, respectively). Exposure time to parental BD interacted significantly with the offspring’s emotionality to predict mood disorders (p = 0.01). The mother’s perceived neglect was associated with high emotionality in offspring (p = 0.02). |
70 |
| Cullen18 (United States) |
Cohort |
T1/T2/T3 = 167 offspring and 91 parents; T4 = 146 offspring; T5 = 136 offspring; T4/T5 = 115 offspring |
SADS; GAS; IPDE; SNAP-Y; DICA-R; SCID-I; SCID-II |
Offspring of mothers with mood disorders, especially BD, were at increased risk of diagnosis and symptoms of personality disorders in adolescence and early adulthood. |
80 |
| Narayan19 (United States) |
Cohort |
n=61 married families with 120 adolescents |
SADS-L; SCID |
Mothers with BD – greater perpetration of interparental violence, but not victimization, than mothers who were depressed. Significant association among maternal BD, perpetration of violence, and adolescent aggression. Adolescent offspring of women with BD may be more vulnerable to being aggressive. |
70 |
| Simeonova20 (United States) |
Cross-sectional |
n=30 offspring of mothers with BD |
ECBQ; CBCL |
There was a positive association between the dimensions negative affectivity (ECBQ) and internalization problems (CBCL) through the sadness and shyness dimensions and a negative association through the sociability dimension. |
75 |
| Freed21 (United States) |
Cross-sectional |
n=117 offspring |
CBCL; Interview DSM-IV axis I |
Higher rate of family conflict and lower rate of cohesion were associated with more intense symptoms of internalization and externalization in children. Lower family cohesion was associated with current mood disorders of offspring. The link between lower family cohesion and internalization symptoms was stronger for younger offspring than older ones. |
75 |
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