Palaniyappan41
|
Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry
|
56 (0) |
34.6 (SD 10.4); 32.9 (SD 8.9) |
Schizophrenia (34) and bipolar disorder (22). |
3 |
Three 1-minute instances of freely generated speech on the presentation of the pictures for the TLI. |
Connectedness (graph analysis) |
Moderate association between speech connectedness and brain markers, global functioning, and thought disorder. |
Pauselli42
|
Psychiatry Research
|
105 (47) |
33.2 (SD 9.9) |
58 patients (two groups: derailment and no derailment) with DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or first-episode non-affective psychosis (schizophreniform disorder and psychotic disorder, not otherwise specified). |
1 |
The subject is asked to say as many words belonging to a semantic category (e.g., animals, vegetables) as possible in a certain amount of time, usually 60 seconds. |
Mean similarity, coherence, coherence 5, coherence 10 |
Significant differences among groups, number of words, coherence 5, coherence 10. |
Minor43
|
Psychological Medicine
|
81 (0) |
49.7 (SD 10.71) |
81 outpatients from a Midwestern VA Medical Center. All participants had a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia (n=56) or schizoaffective disorder (n=25) confirmed via the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Disorders – Patient Edition. |
30-60 |
Automated analysis was conducted on speech generated in response to the IPII, a semi-structured interview that assesses perceptions of one’s life and illness. The open-ended nature of the IPII was a key reason for its selection; its format differs from many structural interviews and speech tasks in that subjects control how long they speak with little input or affective prompting from examiners. IPII interviews were typically 30-60 min in length, allowing subjects to generate substantial samples for analysis (total words: mean 2,786, SD 2,117). |
Deep cohesion, referential cohesion, word concreteness, syntactic simplicity, syllables per word, type-token ratio |
Correlation with neurocognition, social cognition, and metacognition. |
Gupta44
|
Schizophrenia Research
|
84 (43) |
Ultra high-risk 19.33 (SD 1.44); control 18.76 (SD 2.63) |
84 individuals (ultra high-risk = 41, control = 43). |
10 |
Participants were instructed to write a brief story about an image depicting a woman washing dishes while two children take cookies from a jar. Participants were given up to 10 min to produce their narratives. |
Three measures of referential overlap in themes (words vs. words; sentence, words; sentence vs. sentence) |
Group differences in referential cohesion. |
Corcoran45
|
World Psychiatry
|
59 (40) |
Several groups: UCLA 17.36 (SD 3.7), 16.46 (SD 3.0), 18.06 (SD 2.8), 15.86 (SD 1.7)/NYC 22.26 (SD 3.4), 21.26 (SD 3.6) |
Ultra high-risk and FEP: two centers located at NYC and UCLA. |
N/A; 60 |
UCLA: Caplan’s Story Game, in which participants retell and then answer questions about a story they hear (“what do you like about it?”; “is it true?”), and then construct and tell a new story; NYC: open-ended narrative interviews of about one hour were obtained by interviewers trained by an expert in qualitative research methods. |
Maximum semantic coherence, variance in semantic coherence, minimum semantic coherence, frequency of use of possessive pronouns. |
Psychosis in the UCLA cohort accuracy 83% using the logistic regression classifier. CHR with respect to psychosis onset (p < 0.05 upon label randomization), with a true negative ratio of 0.82 (24/29) and a true positive ratio of 0.60 (3/5), that is, an overall accuracy of 0.79. AUC of 0.87 in the receiver operating characteristic. NYC: true negative ratio of 0.82 (24/29) and a true positive ratio of 0.60 (3/5), i.e., an overall accuracy of 0.79. AUC of 0.72. Accuracy of 0.72 for FEP. |
Hong46
|
Psychiatry Research
|
39 (16) |
33.21 |
23 schizophrenia and 16 controls. |
N/A |
Narrative of five emotions. |
Generic (e.g., average word length/word repetition), word identity, dictionary (LIWC), language models (LMs, PP) |
Classification accuracy of 65% using one story and 74% using all stories. |
Buck & Penn47
|
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
|
90 (48) |
25-60 |
DSM-IV criteria for either schizophrenia or schizoaffective. |
|
NET. |
Words per sentence; pronoun use. |
The AUC in predicting group membership was 0.823 (p < 0.001) for words per sentence and 0.790 (p < 0.001) for pronoun use, indicating acceptable to good sensitivity and specificity in identifying individuals with schizophrenia and non-clinical controls using these lexical characteristics. |
Bonfils48
|
Psychiatry Research
|
45 (N/A) |
48.5 |
Schizophrenia (17) and schizoaffective (28) Participants were eligible for the study if they were receiving mental health services at either a VA Medical Center or a local community mental health center, were older than18 years of age, had a diagnosis of schizophrenia. |
30-60 |
The IPII is a semi-structured interview that asks participants to tell the story of their lives in as much detail as possible. Participants were interviewed by trained research assistants. Interviews were typically less than 1 hour (n=38, 84%). |
LIWC (64 word categories); means and SDs for overall word count, lexical categories, and hope variables. Considering the large proportion of the sample diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder (62%), the authors ran a series of independent t tests to assess for any impact of diagnosis. |
Speech features correlated with “hope.” |
Moe49
|
Schizophrenia Research
|
47 (15) |
41.6 |
DSM-IV-TR + SADS. |
N/A |
IPII. |
Idea density |
|
Fineberg50
|
Psychological Medicine
|
46 (23) |
35.2 |
Psychosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and bipolar); 23 subjects with psychosis from the inpatient psychiatric hospital and outpatient clinic. |
10 |
Recorded and transcribed speech. Prompt: We like to begin by hearing about you. Would you tell us a little about yourself? |
Word category frequencies (LWIC) |
Lexical markers previously identified as specific language changes in depression and psychosis are probably markers of illness in general. |
Mota51
|
Front in Psychology
|
73 (28) |
34 schizophrenia (39 bipolar) |
25 schizophrenia, 20 bipolar; DSM-IV + PANSS and BPRS. |
N/A |
Reports from the most recent memorable dream, followed by questions about regular dreaming (translated from Portuguese): Do your dreams usually resemble your daily life? Do your dreams usually resemble your psychotic symptoms?Do your dreams change following changes in medication? Also about lucid dreaming: Can you be aware of dreaming during sleep? Can you control your dream when this happens? How frequently does this happen? How do you feel when you wake up from these dreams? |
Graph analysis |
There was no clinical advantage for lucid dreamers among psychotic patients, even for the diagnostic question specifically related to lack of judgment and insight. |
Bedi26
|
NPJ Schizophrenia
|
34 (29) |
22 |
At risk for psychosis. |
60 |
Participants were asked to describe changes they had experienced and the impact of these changes, what had been helpful or unhelpful for them, and their expectations for the future. |
LSA; maximum phrase length, use of determiners (e.g., which) |
100% accuracy to predict psychosis after 2.5 years. |
Elvevåg52
|
Journal of Neurolinguistics
|
83 (30) |
N/A |
Individuals were selected as part of two large cohort studies, one a family study of individuals from families with a high density of schizophrenia and another a longitudinal study of first episode patients with schizophrenia over time. |
N/A |
Participants were asked to talk about whatever came to mind, perhaps what they did yesterday or what they would like to be doing. |
LSA, LDA |
0.77 accuracy. |
Rosenstein53
|
Cortex
|
122 (76) |
N/A |
Schizophrenia (n=28), unaffected siblings (n=18), and unrelated healthy control participants (n=76). |
N/A |
N/A |
Word recall, LSA, character n-gram |
Accuracy ∼ 70%. LSA was the most accurate predictor. Taken individually, the semantic feature is most predictive, while a model combining the features improves accuracy of group membership prediction slightly above the semantic feature alone as well as over the human rating approach. |
Elvevåg27
|
Schizophrenia Research
|
51 (25) |
34 |
SM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. |
45 |
Speech generated in a 45 minute semi-structured clinical interview with open-ended questions (including questions regarding symptoms, current events, as well as why some people believe in God and what free-will is). |
LSA |
82.4% accuracy (78.4% cross-valid). |
Tagamets20
|
Cortex
|
22 (11) |
40 |
11 schizophrenia and 11 controls. |
N/A |
Free speech about religion. |
CSA, fMRI, behavioral data |
In persons with schizophrenia, coherence was mainly related to auditory and visual regions, depending on the modality of monitoring, but superior/middle temporal cortex related to coherence regardless of task; these findings are consistent with existing evidence for a role of the superior temporal cortex in thought disorder, and demonstrate that computational measures of semantic content capture objective measures of coherence in speech that can be usefully related to underlying neurophysiological processes. |
Mota54
|
PLoS One
|
24 (8) |
N/A |
DSM-IV – Schizophrenia and mania. |
20-60 |
Subjects were requested to report exclusively on their most recently experienced dream, which served as an anchor topic. Recordings proceeded without interference from the interviewer. |
Graphs: nodes, edges, average total degree, largest connected component, largest strongly connected component, parallel edges, loops with one, two, and three nodes (L1, L2, L3), waking nodes, waking edges, density, diameter, average shortest path |
High AUROC values vs. controls. |
Thomas55
|
British Journal of Psychiatry
|
65 (16) |
N/A |
First psychotic episode; schizophrenia and mania. |
N/A |
Interview with five sections. |
% well-formed major sentences, mean maximum depth of embedding, % deviant sentences, % syntactically deviant sentences, % errors of commission |
Results indicated that, even at the earliest stages of illness, schizophrenic speech is distinct from that of other groups. |
García-Laredo56
|
Medicine (Baltimore)
|
62 (15) |
39.6 |
Paranoid schizophrenia; bipolar with and without psychotic symptoms; controls; DSM-IV. |
1 |
PVF-FAS: participants were requested to produce the maximum possible number of words beginning with a specific letter (F, A, and S). SVF: participants were requested to produce the maximum possible number of words that belong to the animal (high fluency) and tools (low fluency) categories. |
Phonemic verbal fluency, semantic verbal fluency. |
Performance was lower in psychotic groups (schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar). |
Buck et al.57
|
Journal of Clinical Psychology
|
41 (0) |
49.2 |
23 schizophrenia and 18 schizoaffective disorder. |
30-60 |
IPII, TEPS, PANSS, LIWC. |
Relative frequencies of various content and word type categories |
Results revealed that relatively higher levels of both anticipatory and consummatory anhedonia were linked with fewer past-related words and lesser use of first-person plural pronouns. |
Buck et al.58
|
Comprehensive Psychiatry
|
58 (0) |
49.9 |
34 schizophrenia and 24 schizoaffective disorder. |
N/A |
IPII (30 ∼ 60 minutes), MAS (informant-rated: self-reflectivity, understanding the mind of others, mastery, and decentration), LIWC. |
LIWC |
Lexical characteristics indicative of cognitive complexity were significantly related to level of metacognitive capacity, while social cognition was related to second-person pronoun use, articles, and prepositions, and pronoun use overall. |
Holshausen59
|
Cortex
|
165 (0) |
66 |
Geriatric schizophrenia patients. |
1.5 |
Semantic fluency task participants were required to find as many different animals as possible in the span of 90 seconds. |
LSA (average vector length, cosine) |
Mostly negative findings; small impacts (delta R2 in logistic regression blocks ∼0.03). Dependent: severity of deficits in community affairs on the CDRS; unusualness was significantly associated with semantic fluency and phonological fluency, disconnectedness in speech, and impaired functioning, even after considering the contribution of premorbid cognition, positive and negative symptoms, and demographic variables. |
Nicodemus60
|
Cortex
|
665 (307/controls; 164 siblings) |
N/A |
Siblings study – DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, depressed type, all siblings were free from schizophrenia spectrum disorders. |
1 |
The authors used a category fluency task where a participant generated words in response to the cue animal for one minute. |
LSA: coherence, total number of valid words, N words sequence coherence, vector length, cosine to “animal,” average cosine between all terms. |
Some genes (DISC1; KIAA0319; ZNF804A) associated with LSA derived variables. |
Bearden33
|
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
|
105 (51) |
17 |
CHR participants met criteria for of one of three prodromal syndrome categories, as assessed by the SIPS 27: 1) attenuated (subthreshold) psychotic symptoms; 2) transient, recent-onset psychotic symptoms; or 3) a substantial drop in social/role functioning in conjunction with schizotypal personality disorder diagnosis or a first-degree relative with a psychotic disorder. |
20-25 |
A three part audiotape was played. In the first and the last part, the subject listens to a brief audiotaped story and is asked to retell it, as well as to answer a set of open-ended questions about the narrative. Examples of questions: What did (or didn’t) you like about that story? Do you think this is a true story? Why (or why not)? In the middle part, the participant is asked to select one of four topics and asked to construct their own story. |
FTD |
Illogical thinking was uniquely predictive of subsequent conversion to psychosis, whereas poverty of content and referential cohesion were significant predictors of social and role functioning, respectively. |
Cabana61
|
Schizophrenia Research
|
5 (1) |
N/A |
4 samples of schizophrenia patients and 1 control. |
N/A |
Exploratory analysis with focus on measures. |
Graphs; entropy |
Mean tropic entropy was higher in patients. |
Shakeel62
|
Cortex
|
48 (24) |
N/A |
24 schizophrenia patients and 24 controls. |
N/A |
N/A |
Word repetition, semantic category word generation |
The performance of patients with schizophrenia was significantly inferior to that of healthy control subjects in both the “pre-scan” and “intra-scan” sessions of the computerized task. |