Bird3535. Bird GL, Sheron N, Goka AK, Alexander GJ, Williams RS. Increased plasma tumor necrosis factor in severe alcoholic hepatitis. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112:917-20. |
TNF-α, IL-1 |
10 |
10 |
70 |
50 |
NA |
Heavy drinkers |
Di Gennaro3939. Di Gennaro C, Biggi A, Barilli AL, Fasoli E, Carra N, Novarini A, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in long-term withdrawing alcoholics. J Hypertens. 2007;25:367-73. |
CRP, ICAM1, VCAM1 |
42 |
39 |
72 |
69 |
1113 (960) |
AUD |
Fox3333. Fox HC, Milivojevic V, Angarita GA, Stowe R, Sinha R. Peripheral immune system suppression in early abstinent alcohol-dependent individuals: links to stress and cue-related craving. J Psychopharmacol. 2017;31:883-92. |
IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TNFR1 |
39 |
46 |
71.8 |
58.7 |
NA |
AUD |
Fox3434. Fox HC, Milivojevic V, MacDougall A, LaVallee H, Simpson C, Angarita GA, et al. Stress-related suppression of peripheral cytokines predicts future relapse in alcohol-dependent individuals with and without subclinical depression. Addict Biol. 2020;25:e12832. |
IL-1ra, IL-6, TNF-α, TNFR1 |
12 |
21 |
86 |
62 |
NA |
AUD |
Garcia-Valdecasas-Campelo4040. Garcia-Valdecasas-Campelo E, Gonzalez-Reimers E, Santolaria-Fernandez F, De La Vega-Prieto MJ, Milena-Abril A, Sánchez-Pérez MJ, et al. Brain atrophy in alcoholics: relationship with alcohol intake; liver disease; nutritional status, and inflammation. Alcohol Alcohol. 2007;42:533-8. |
TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL -10, cortisol |
26 |
12 |
92.30 |
66.66 |
NA |
Heavy drinkers |
Heberlein4242. Heberlein A, Kaser M, Lichtinghagen R, Rhein M, Lenz B, Kornhuber J, et al. TNF-alpha and IL-6 serum levels: neurobiological markers of alcohol consumption in alcohol-dependent patients? Alcohol. 2014;48:671-6. |
TNF-α, IL-6 |
30 |
18 |
100 |
100 |
NA |
AUD |
Irwin4343. Irwin M, Rinetti G, Redwine L, Motivala S, Dang J, Ehlers C. Nocturnal proinflammatory cytokine-associated sleep disturbances in abstinent African American alcoholics. Brain Behav Immun. 2004;18:349-60. |
IL-6, TNF-α |
TNF-α:14 IL-6: 12 |
TNF-α:13 IL-6: 11 |
100 |
100 |
18.8 (8.9) |
AUD |
Kiefer4141. Kiefer F, Jahn H, Schick M, Wiedemann K. Alcohol intake, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, leptin and craving: factors of a possibly vicious circle? Alcohol Alcohol. 2002;37:401-4. |
TNF-α |
30 |
30 |
100 |
100 |
½ - 1 |
AUD |
Laso4444. Laso FJ, Iglesias MC, Lopez A, Ciudad J, San Miguel JF, Orfao A. Increased interleukin-12 serum levels in chronic alcoholism. J Hepatol. 1998;28:771-7. |
IL-4, IL-12, IFNγ |
14 |
10 |
93 |
93 |
NA |
Heavy drinkers |
Leclercq4545. Leclercq S, De Saeger C, Delzenne N, de Timary P, Starkel P. Role of inflammatory pathways, blood mononuclear cells, and gut-derived bacterial products in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76:725-33. |
TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1 β, IL-8 |
15 |
6 |
56 |
50 |
1 |
Heavy drinkers |
Liu2525. Liu Y, Verma VK, Malhi H, Gores GJ, Kamath PS, Sanyal A, et al. Lipopolysaccharide downregulates macrophage-derived IL-22 to modulate alcohol-induced hepatocyte cell death. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2017;313:C305-13. |
IL-22, IL -27, IL-13, CCL 20/MIP3-α, TNF-α |
9 |
10 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
AUD |
Maes2626. Maes M, Lin A, Bosmans E, Vandoolaeghe E, Bonaccorso S, Kenis G, et al. Serotonin-immune interactions in detoxified chronic alcoholic patients without apparent liver disease: activation of the inflammatory response system and lower plasma total tryptophan. Psychiatry Res. 1998;78:151-61. |
IL-6, sIL-6R, IL-1RA, IL-8 |
12 |
12 |
90.90 |
83.33 |
> 30 |
AUD |
Manzardo3636. Manzardo AM, Poje AB, Penick EC, Butler MG. Multiplex immunoassay of plasma cytokine levels in men with alcoholism and the relationship to psychiatric assessments. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:472. |
IL1- α, IL-1 β, IL-1Ra, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, sCD40L, TNF-α, TNF- β, IFNγ, IFN- α2, Flt3 ligand, GCSF, GMCSF, EGF, Eotaxin, FGF2, Fractalkine, RANTES, GRO, IP-10, MCP1, MCP3, MDC, MIP1, MIP1, TGF, VEGF |
40 |
30 |
100 |
100 |
NA |
AUD |
Naveau2727. Naveau S, Emilie D, Balian A, Grangeot-Keros L, Borotto E, Portier A, et al. Plasma levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p55 and p75 in patients with alcoholic liver disease of increasing severity. J Hepatol. 1998;28:778-84. |
TNF-α, TNFsRp55, TNFsRp75 |
23 |
22 |
84 |
68 |
2 |
Heavy drinkers |
Naveau2828. Naveau S, Balian A, Capron F, Raynard B, Fallik D, Agostini H, et al. Balance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2005;29:269-74. |
TNFsRp, IL-10 |
25 |
22 |
NA |
68 |
NA |
Heavy drinkers |
Nikou2929. Nikou T, Ioannidis A, Zoga M, Tzavellas E, Paparrigopoulos T, Magana M, et al. Alteration in the concentrations of Interleukin-7 (IL-7), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in alcohol-dependent individuals without liver disease, during detoxification therapy. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;163:77-83. |
IL-7, IL-10, G-CSF |
48 |
84 |
83 |
NA |
1 |
AUD |
Soylu3030. Soylu AR, Tuglu C, Arikan E, Yetisyigit T, Kunduracılar H, Koker IH, et al. The role of serum cytokines in the pathogenesis of hepatic osteodystrophy in male cirrhotic patients. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2012;2012:425079. |
IL-1 β, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α |
15 |
17 |
NA |
NA |
NA |
Heavy drinkers |
Urbaschek3131. Urbaschek R, McCuskey RS, Rudi V, Becker KP, Stickel F, Urbaschek B, et al. Endotoxin, endotoxin-neutralizing-capacity, sCD14, sICAM-1, and cytokines in patients with various degrees of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2001;25:261-8. |
TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, sICAM-1, sCD14 |
20 |
20 |
NA |
NA |
1 |
Heavy drinkers |
Vidali3232. Vidali M, Hietala J, Occhino G, Ivaldi A, Sutti S, Niemelä O, et al. Immune responses against oxidative stress-derived antigens are associated with increased circulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha in heavy drinkers. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008;45:306-11. |
IL2-, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α |
29 |
34 |
100 |
100 |
2 |
Heavy drinkers |
Warner3838. Warner D, Vatsalya V, Zirnheld KH, Warner JB, Hardesty JE, Umhau JC, et al. Linoleic acid-derived oxylipins differentiate early stage alcoholic hepatitis from mild alcohol-associated liver injury. Hepatol Commun. 2021;5:947-60. |
IL-1 β, TNF-α |
15 |
29 |
46.66 |
- |
NA |
AUD |
Xu3737. Xu YY, Ge JF, Chen J, Liang J, Pang LJ, Gao WF, et al. Evidence of a relationship between plasma leptin, not nesfatin-1, and craving in male alcohol-dependent patients after abstinence. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:159. |
IL-6, TNF-α, cortisol, CRP |
83 |
61 |
100 |
100 |
NA |
AUD |
Yen1616. Yen CH, Ho PS, Yeh YW, Liang CS, Kuo SC, Huan CC, et al. Differential cytokine levels between early withdrawal and remission states in patients with alcohol dependence. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;76:183-91. |
TNF-α, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, GM-CSF |
78 |
86 |
100 |
100 |
½ - 3 |
AUD |
Zahr1515. Zahr NM. Peripheral TNFα elevations in abstinent alcoholics are associated with hepatitis C infection. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0191586. |
IL-1A, IL-1 β, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12-p40, IL-12-p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, sCD40, GCSF, GMC-SF, TNF-α, TNFβ, IFNγ, IFN-α |
81 |
54 |
66 |
51.80 |
96.1 (96.3) |
AUD |