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Analysis of the accuracy of different laboratory methods for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites from stray and domiciled cats (Felis catus domesticus) in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

Análise da acurácia de diferentes técnicas parasitológicas no diagnóstico de parasitos entéricos de gatos (Felis catus domesticus) errantes e domiciliados em Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil

Abstract

Cats are carriers of zoonotic agents to humans, including intestinal parasites. The purpose of this study was to analyze the accuracy of different laboratory methods for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. Fecal samples were processed by the Willis, Sheather, Faust and Hoffman-Janer-Pons-Lutz (HJPL) methods. Accuracy analysis was performed determining the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value and Kappa. A total of 149 fecal samples were collected, 65 from stray cats and 84 from domiciled cats. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in stray cats was 60% while in domiciled cats it was 17%. In the analysis of accuracy, the techniques that showed the greatest accuracy for Ancylostomids were Willis and Faust, for Cystoisospora spp. Sheather with Faust or HPJL, and Toxoplasma gondii/Hammondia hammondi the association between Willis and Faust. Therefore, for a reliable evaluation of the prevalence of intestinal parasites, at least two different techniques should be used in parasitological exams of feces.

Keywords:
Cats; clinical laboratory techniques; parasitic diseases

Resumo

Gatos são veiculadores de agentes zoonóticos para o homem, entre eles os parasitos intestinais. O objetivo foi analisar a acurácia de diferentes métodos laboratoriais para o diagnóstico de parasitos entéricos. As amostras de fezes foram processadas pelos métodos de Willis, Sheather, Faust e Hoffman-Janer-Pons-Lutz (HJPL). A análise de acurácia foi realizada determinando a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e negativo e índice Kappa. Foram coletadas 65 amostras de fezes de gatos errantes e 84 amostras de gatos domiciliados, total de 149 amostras. A prevalência de parasitos entéricos nos errantes foi 60% e nos domiciliados 17%. Na análise de acurácia as técnicas que associadas apresentaram maior acurácia para Ancilostomídeos foram Willis e Faust, para Cystoisospora spp. Sheather com Faust ou HPJL, e para Toxoplasma gondii/Hammondia hammondi a associação entre Willis e Faust. Portanto, para uma avaliação fidedigna da prevalência de parasitos entéricos, deve-se usar no mínimo duas técnicas diferentes ao realizar os exames parasitológicos de fezes.

Palavras-chave:
Gatos; técnicas de laboratório clínico; doenças parasitárias

Introduction

Domestic and stray cats are responsible for environmental contamination and may be responsible for the transmission of zoonotic. In this respect, few studies have compared the zoonotic potential of these two groups of animals (GENNARI et al., 1999Gennari SM, Kasai M, Pena HFJ, Cortez A. Ocorrência de protozoários e helmintos em amostras de fezes de cães e gatos da cidade de São Paulo. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 1999; 36(2): 87-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-95961999000200006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-95961999...
; SERRA et al., 2003Serra CMB, Uchôa CMA, Coimbra RA. Exame parasitológico de fezes de gatos (Felis catus domesticus) domiciliados e errantes da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003; 36(3): 331-334. PMid:12908032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822003000300003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822003...
).

Cats are carriers of parasites therefore enlarging the risk of environmental contamination. Human contact with feces of infected animals is considered a public health problem due to the possibility of zoonotic transmission (TESSEROLLI et al., 2005Tesserolli GL, Fayzano L, Agottani JVB. Ocorrência de parasitas gastrintestinais em fezes de cães e gatos, Curitiba-PR. Rev Acad Ciênc Agrár Ambient 2005; 3(4): 31-34.; BRENER et al., 2005Brener B, Lisboa L, Mattos DPBG, Arashiro EKN, Millar PR, Sudré AP, et al. Frequência de enteroparasitas em amostras fecais de cães e gatos dos municípios do Rio de Janeiro e Niterói. Rev Bras Cienc Vet 2005; 12(1-3): 102-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbcv.2014.313.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbcv.2014.313...
; JOFFILY et al., 2013Joffily D, Souza LM, Gonçalves SM, Pinto JV, Barcellos MCB, Alonso LS. Medidas para o controle de animais errantes desenvolvidas pelo grupo Pet Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Rev Em Ext 2013; 12(1): 197-211.; BEIGI et al., 2017Beigi S, Nourollahi-Fard SR, Akhtardanesh B. Prevalence of zoonotic and other intestinal protozoan parasites in stray cats (Felis domesticus) of Kerman, South-East of Iran. J Fac Vet Med Instanbul Univ 2017; 43(1): 23-27.; LIMA et al., 2017Lima MCF, Mittestainer JC, Rocha PB, Carvalho ER, Verotti BD, Pellicciari PR, et al. Principais zoonoses em pequenos animais: breve revisão. Vet Zootec 2017; 24(1): 84-106.).

The diagnosis of such parasitic infections is of utmost importance due to the possibility of transmission and environmental contamination. Therefore adequate laboratory techniques that present good sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility are necessary. The evaluation of the accuracy of different parasitological techniques allows the determination of concordance and reproducibility for application in veterinary laboratories. Thus the aim of this study was to analyze the accuracy of different laboratory methods for the diagnosis of intestinal parasite from stray and domestic cats and determine the prevalence of the detected parasites (REZENDE et al., 2015Rezende HH, Avelar JB, Storchilo HR, Vinaud MC, Castro AM. Evaluation of the accuracy of parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 471-474. PMid:26689183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015069.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
; STULL et al., 2015Stull JW, Brophy J, Weese JS. Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections. CMAJ 2015; 187(10): 736-743. PMid:25897046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.141020...
).

Given the possibility of transmission of intestinal parasites by cats, and their role in environmental contamination, laboratory techniques with good sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility are necessary to diagnose such parasites. The evaluation of the accuracy of different parasitological techniques allows to determine their agreement and reproducibility for application in the veterinary laboratory, being the main objective of this work, the indication of techniques to produce reliable information about the real prevalence of intestinal parasites in the study population.

Material and Methods

Study

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use (CEUA) of the Federal University of Goiás, under Protocol nos. 054/2013 and 024/2016. The animals were divided in two groups: domiciled and stray. Domiciled cats were animals living in houses or apartments with their owners, while the stray cats were captured by the Zoonosis Control Center (ZCC) in Goiânia and by a non-governmental organization (NGO) animal protection. Two groups of cats of different ages and both sexes, from Goiânia, in the state of Goiás, Brazil, were analyzed. In the group of stray cats, 33 were females and 32 males. 32 were less than one year old and 32 were over 1 year old. Of the domiciled cats, 49 were females and 35 males. 40 were less than one year old and 44 were older than 1 year.

The samples were collected on demand, totaling 149 fecal samples, 65 from stray cats and 84 from domiciled cats. The sampling period started in March 2015 and ended in May 2016. Stray cat fecal samples were collected directly from the animals’ cages before they were dewormed, and the samples from the domiciled animals were collected by their owners. All the samples were stored in sterile universal containers, and care was taken not to use samples contaminated with soil.

Analysis of samples

The techniques used in this study were Sheather, Hoffman-Janer-Pons or Lutz (HPJL), Faust and Willis, used to identify protozoan cysts and oocysts, helminth eggs and larvae in the cat feces (WILLIS, 1921Willis HHA. A simple levitation method for the detection of hookworm ova. Med J Aust 1921; 2(18): 375-376.; SHEATHER, 1923Sheather AL. The detection of intestinal protozoa and mange parasites by a floatation technique. J Comp Pathol Ther 1923; 36: 266-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0368-1742(23)80052-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0368-1742(23)...
; HOFFMAN et al., 1934Hoffman WA, Pons JA, Janer JL. Sedimentation concentration method in schistosomiasis mansoni. PR J Public Health Trop Med 1934; 9: 283-298.; FAUST et al., 1938Faust ED, D’Antoni JS, Odom V, Miller MJ, Peres C, Sawitz W, et al. A critical study of clinical laboratory technics for the diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in feces. Preliminary communication. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1938; 18(2): 169-183.; COELHO et al., 2009Coelho WM, do Amarante AF, de Soutello RV, Meireles MV, Bresciani KD. Ocorrência de parasitos gastrintestinais em amostras fecais de felinos no município de Andradina, São Paulo. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009; 18(2): 46-49. PMid:19602317. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01802010.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01802010...
).

Statistical analysis

An evaluation was made of the occurrence of intestinal parasites, and the frequency of positivity for each parasite and for each technique. To evaluate the diagnostic tests, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and Kappa (K) of each technique were compared each other. The X2 test was applied to evaluate the statistical correlation between the prevalence of parasites in the groups of stray and domiciled cats. The parasitological results were analyzed using Epi Info 3.2.1 software.

Results and Discussion

Of the total of 149 fecal samples, 65 came from stray cats and 84 from domiciled cats. Of the 65 fecal samples from stray cats, 60% were positive, while of the 84 fecal samples from domiciled cats, 17% were positive.

The test X2 revealed a significant difference between the groups, p= 0.023 (p<0.05), indicating that stray cats are more likely to have parasites than domiciled cats, which may be explained by their poor and inadequate diet, lack of antiparasitic treatment, and/or exposure to infections. This corroborates the study by Serra et al. (2003)Serra CMB, Uchôa CMA, Coimbra RA. Exame parasitológico de fezes de gatos (Felis catus domesticus) domiciliados e errantes da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003; 36(3): 331-334. PMid:12908032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822003000300003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0037-86822003...
conducted in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, which evaluated the prevalence of intestinal parasites in stray and domiciled cats and also reported a high prevalence in stray cats. The present study also corroborates data reported by the study Mattos & Viol (2013)Mattos BB, Viol BM. Ocorrência de parasitos gastrintestinais em fezes de gatos domiciliados. Rev Biol Farm 2013; 7(1): 132-142. conducted in Apucarana, PR, Brazil, where the prevalence of intestinal parasites was higher in cats that had free access to the street than in cats restricted to living indoors.

The X2 test was also applied to sex and age between the groups of stray and domiciled cats and in each specific group, revealing no significant difference. As for types of parasites, the comparison between mono-parasitized stray and domiciled cats also revealed no significant difference.

The parasitological analysis of the cats’ feces using different methods enabled the identification of intestinal parasites in 53 fecal samples. The Willis technique enabled the detection of 83% (44/53). The Faust technique enabled the detection of 74% (39/53) of the positives, followed by the HPJL technique with 46% (24/53) and the Sheather technique with 44% (23/53). An analysis was made of the frequency of positivity by each technique in the 53 positive samples from both stray cats (39 positive) and domiciled (14 positive).

The analysis of the frequency of positivity of the parasitological techniques indicated that the Willis technique presented the best performance (83%), reinforcing the use of this technique as a gold standard. This is in line with the studies of Táparo et al. (2006)Táparo CV, Perri SH, Serrano AC, Ishizaki MN, Costa TP, Amarante AF, et al. Comparação entre técnicas coproparasitológicas no diagnóstico de ovos de helmintos e oocistos de protozoário em cães. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2006; 15(1): 1-5. PMid:16646994., who reported the good performance of the Willis technique applied to eggs, cysts and oocysts (REZENDE et al., 2015Rezende HH, Avelar JB, Storchilo HR, Vinaud MC, Castro AM. Evaluation of the accuracy of parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 471-474. PMid:26689183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015069.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
). The Faust technique obtained a frequency of positivity (74%), while the Sheather technique presented the lowest frequency of positivity (44%). None technique was able to detect 100% of the positive cases, reinforcing the need to use more than one diagnostic technique. The combined use of several methods is useful to detect intestinal infections caused by parasites, particularly helminths and protozoa, increasing the accuracy of the laboratory diagnosis (MENEZES et al., 2013Menezes RAO, Gomes MSM, Barbosa FHF, Machado RLD, Andrade RF, Couto AAR. Sensibilidade de métodos parasitológicos para o diagnóstico das enteroparasitoses em Macapá – Amapá, Brasil. Rev Biol Ciênc Terra 2013; 13(2): 66-73.).

Rezende et al.’s study (REZENDE et al., 2015Rezende HH, Avelar JB, Storchilo HR, Vinaud MC, Castro AM. Evaluation of the accuracy of parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 471-474. PMid:26689183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015069.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
) demonstrated that the HPJL technique detected more positives, while the Faust technique presented the lowest frequency of positivity. However, their finding is discrepant with the present study, in which the Faust technique was achieved better performance. The inconsistency between the results of the present study and those reported by Rezende et al. (2015)Rezende HH, Avelar JB, Storchilo HR, Vinaud MC, Castro AM. Evaluation of the accuracy of parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 471-474. PMid:26689183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015069.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
can be explained by the fact that the study population was different, since Rezende et al. (2015)Rezende HH, Avelar JB, Storchilo HR, Vinaud MC, Castro AM. Evaluation of the accuracy of parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 471-474. PMid:26689183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015069.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
evaluated only stray cats and the present study analyzed two cat populations: stray and domiciled.

In the current study, it was found that associating the Willis with the Faust technique can increase the diagnostic efficacy. This finding diverges from that reported by Rezende et al. (2015)Rezende HH, Avelar JB, Storchilo HR, Vinaud MC, Castro AM. Evaluation of the accuracy of parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 471-474. PMid:26689183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015069.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
and Ribeiro et al. (2015)Ribeiro ES, Amarante AFT, Serrano ACM, Táparo CV, Pierucci JC, Matos LVS, et al. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in cats: a comparison of different methodologies. Acta Vet Bras 2015; 9(4): 381-385., who recommend associating the Willis technique with the HPJL technique in veterinary clinical and laboratory diagnosis.

The accuracy of the HPJL, Faust, Sheather and Willis parasitological techniques were compared for the diagnosis of Ancylostoma sp. eggs. The association of the techniques that presented the greatest precision were Willis and Faust, with 75% sensitivity and 99.1% specificity, PPV of 96%, NPV of 93.5% and Kappa (0.805) (Table 1).

Table 1
Evaluation of the association of the Sheather, Faust and Hoffman -Pons -Janer -Lutz techniques and Willis technique for the diagnosis of Ancylostoma sp.

The study by Cerqueira et al. (2007)Cerqueira EJL, Arcano MS, Alcântara LM. Análise comparativa da sensibilidade da técnica de Willis, no diagnóstico parasitológico da ancilostomíase. Diálogos e Ciência 2007; 5: 1-7., which compared the efficiency of the Willis technique to that of the HPJL method in the diagnosis of Ancylostomatidae, found that the HPJL technique was more sensitive than the Willis technique. In the present study, HPJL associated with the other techniques did not have a good performace, and the Kappa showed weak agreement. However, the Faust and Willis technique displayed a better performance (75% sensitivity and Kappa=0.805), and was considered more suitable for the diagnosis of Ancylostomids, because this parasite has light eggs. Souza-Dantas et al. (2007)Souza-Dantas LM, Bastos OPM, Brener B, Salomão M, Guerrero J, Labarthe NV. Técnica de centrífugo-flutuação com sulfato de zinco no diagnóstico de helmintos gastrintestinais de gatos domésticos. Cienc Rural 2007; 37(3): 904-906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782007000300051.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782007...
demonstrated the importance of using the Faust technique, which reached 100% sensitivity in comparison to necropsy of the intestinal tract of cats. Coelho et al. (2013)Coelho WMD, Gomes JF, Amarante AFT, Bresciani KDS, Lumina G, Koshino-Shimizu S, et al. A new laboratorial method for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2013; 22(1): 1-5. PMid:24252948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000100002.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013...
also obtained a good performance using Faust compared in other techniques used in its diagnosis of Ancylostomatidae.

The of centrifugal flotation technique with zinc sulfate (Faust’s Technique) is a technique of choice in the detection of light structures. It can also be used in the detection of heavy eggs, which suggests it is a technique with good diagnostic sensitivity (FAUST et al., 1938Faust ED, D’Antoni JS, Odom V, Miller MJ, Peres C, Sawitz W, et al. A critical study of clinical laboratory technics for the diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in feces. Preliminary communication. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1938; 18(2): 169-183.; DUBEY, 1993Dubey JP. Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia of human and animals. In: Krier JP, editor. Parasitic Protozoa. San Diego: Academic Press; 1993. p. 1-157.; CARLETON & TOLBERT, 2004Carleton RE, Tolbert MK. Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and gastrointestinal helminths in cats euthanized at animal control agencies in northwest Georgia. Vet Parasitol 2004; 119(4): 319-326. PMid:15154596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.019.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003....
; DRYDEN et al., 2005Dryden MW, Payne PA, Ridley R, Smith V. Comparison of common fecal flotation techniques for the recovery of parasite eggs and oocysts. Vet Ther 2005; 6(1): 15-28. PMid:15906267.). This finding differs from that reported by Rezende et al. (2015)Rezende HH, Avelar JB, Storchilo HR, Vinaud MC, Castro AM. Evaluation of the accuracy of parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 471-474. PMid:26689183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015069.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
, who found that the Sheather technique exhibited higher sensitivity in the diagnosis of Ancylostomatidae.

Analyzing the precision of the diagnosis of Cystoisospora spp. Oocysts, Sheather and Faust presented higher precision, 100% sensitivity, 97.2% specificity, 55.6% PPV, 100% NPV and Kappa 0.701), demonstrating very good agreement. The Sheather and HPJL techniques showed similar accuracy, with 100% sensitivity, specificity of 98.6%, PPV of 66.7%, NPV of 100% and K (0.793), demonstrating a very good agreement (Table 2). The present study reinforces the use of the HPJL technique associated with Sheather technique, which corroborates the finding of Rezende et al. (2015)Rezende HH, Avelar JB, Storchilo HR, Vinaud MC, Castro AM. Evaluation of the accuracy of parasitological techniques for the diagnosis of intestinal parasites in cats. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2015; 24(4): 471-474. PMid:26689183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015069.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612015...
, who stated that the HPJL technique presented higher sensitivity in the diagnosis of Cystoisospora spp. Garcia (2007)Garcia LS. Diagnostic medical parasitology. Washington: ASM Press; 2007. recommended associating the HPJL technique with the Willis or Sheather technique for the diagnosis of coccidia in routine laboratory tests.

Table 2
Evaluation of the association of the Sheather, Faust and Hoffman -Pons -Janer -Lutz techniques and Willis technique for the diagnosis of Cystoisospora spp.

Analyzing the results of accuracy for oocysts of T. gondii/H. hammondi, the Faust technique association whit Willis demonstrated the highest sensitivity of 92.9%, specificity o 94.8%, PPV of 65%, NPV of 99.2% and Kappa (Table 3). In Rezende et al.’s study (2015), the Faust technique also exhibited higher sensitivity in the diagnosis of oocysts of T. gondii/H. hammondi, denoting the good performance of this technique. Flotation techniques in saturated solutions are recommended for oocysts and show good diagnostic sensitivity (SHEATHER, 1923Sheather AL. The detection of intestinal protozoa and mange parasites by a floatation technique. J Comp Pathol Ther 1923; 36: 266-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0368-1742(23)80052-2.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0368-1742(23)...
; FAUST et al., 1938Faust ED, D’Antoni JS, Odom V, Miller MJ, Peres C, Sawitz W, et al. A critical study of clinical laboratory technics for the diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in feces. Preliminary communication. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1938; 18(2): 169-183.; DRYDEN et al., 2005Dryden MW, Payne PA, Ridley R, Smith V. Comparison of common fecal flotation techniques for the recovery of parasite eggs and oocysts. Vet Ther 2005; 6(1): 15-28. PMid:15906267.). Therefore, for the diagnosis of oocysts of T. gondii/H. hammondi, we recommend using the Willis technique associated with the Faust technique, or the Willis technique associated with the Sheather method, where Kappa=0.735 demonstrates good agreement.

Table 3
Evaluation of the association of the Sheather, Faust and Hoffman -Pons -Janer -Lutz techniques and Willis technique for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii/Hammondia hammondi.

In conclusion, the association of parasitological techniques is fundamental for greater precision in the diagnosis of intestinal parasites. As expected the prevalence of intestinal parasites in stray cats was higher than that found in domiciled cats reinforcing their role as sources in the environmental contamination

References

  • Beigi S, Nourollahi-Fard SR, Akhtardanesh B. Prevalence of zoonotic and other intestinal protozoan parasites in stray cats (Felis domesticus) of Kerman, South-East of Iran. J Fac Vet Med Instanbul Univ 2017; 43(1): 23-27.
  • Brener B, Lisboa L, Mattos DPBG, Arashiro EKN, Millar PR, Sudré AP, et al. Frequência de enteroparasitas em amostras fecais de cães e gatos dos municípios do Rio de Janeiro e Niterói. Rev Bras Cienc Vet 2005; 12(1-3): 102-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbcv.2014.313
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbcv.2014.313
  • Carleton RE, Tolbert MK. Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis and gastrointestinal helminths in cats euthanized at animal control agencies in northwest Georgia. Vet Parasitol 2004; 119(4): 319-326. PMid:15154596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.019
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.019
  • Cerqueira EJL, Arcano MS, Alcântara LM. Análise comparativa da sensibilidade da técnica de Willis, no diagnóstico parasitológico da ancilostomíase. Diálogos e Ciência 2007; 5: 1-7.
  • Coelho WM, do Amarante AF, de Soutello RV, Meireles MV, Bresciani KD. Ocorrência de parasitos gastrintestinais em amostras fecais de felinos no município de Andradina, São Paulo. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2009; 18(2): 46-49. PMid:19602317. http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01802010
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.4322/rbpv.01802010
  • Coelho WMD, Gomes JF, Amarante AFT, Bresciani KDS, Lumina G, Koshino-Shimizu S, et al. A new laboratorial method for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2013; 22(1): 1-5. PMid:24252948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000100002
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000100002
  • Dryden MW, Payne PA, Ridley R, Smith V. Comparison of common fecal flotation techniques for the recovery of parasite eggs and oocysts. Vet Ther 2005; 6(1): 15-28. PMid:15906267.
  • Dubey JP. Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia of human and animals. In: Krier JP, editor. Parasitic Protozoa San Diego: Academic Press; 1993. p. 1-157.
  • Faust ED, D’Antoni JS, Odom V, Miller MJ, Peres C, Sawitz W, et al. A critical study of clinical laboratory technics for the diagnosis of protozoan cysts and helminth eggs in feces. Preliminary communication. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1938; 18(2): 169-183.
  • Garcia LS. Diagnostic medical parasitology Washington: ASM Press; 2007.
  • Gennari SM, Kasai M, Pena HFJ, Cortez A. Ocorrência de protozoários e helmintos em amostras de fezes de cães e gatos da cidade de São Paulo. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 1999; 36(2): 87-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-95961999000200006
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-95961999000200006
  • Hoffman WA, Pons JA, Janer JL. Sedimentation concentration method in schistosomiasis mansoni. PR J Public Health Trop Med 1934; 9: 283-298.
  • Joffily D, Souza LM, Gonçalves SM, Pinto JV, Barcellos MCB, Alonso LS. Medidas para o controle de animais errantes desenvolvidas pelo grupo Pet Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Rev Em Ext 2013; 12(1): 197-211.
  • Lima MCF, Mittestainer JC, Rocha PB, Carvalho ER, Verotti BD, Pellicciari PR, et al. Principais zoonoses em pequenos animais: breve revisão. Vet Zootec 2017; 24(1): 84-106.
  • Mattos BB, Viol BM. Ocorrência de parasitos gastrintestinais em fezes de gatos domiciliados. Rev Biol Farm 2013; 7(1): 132-142.
  • Menezes RAO, Gomes MSM, Barbosa FHF, Machado RLD, Andrade RF, Couto AAR. Sensibilidade de métodos parasitológicos para o diagnóstico das enteroparasitoses em Macapá – Amapá, Brasil. Rev Biol Ciênc Terra 2013; 13(2): 66-73.
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Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    19 Feb 2018
  • Date of issue
    Jan-Mar 2018

History

  • Received
    19 June 2017
  • Accepted
    10 Jan 2018
Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br