Abstract
During a survey of the helminth fauna of characiform fishes from the Tocantins River, Brazil, 185 fish specimens from 22 species were studied. Twelve species of Nematoda and nine species of Digenea were collected. Some of these helminth species were reported for the first time in their hosts, thus representing new host records: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. in Bivibranchia notata, Brycon pesu, Chalceus macrolepidotus, Hemiodus microlepis and Hemiodus unimaculatus; Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus in Triportheus elongatus; Goezia sp. (larva) in Boulengerella cuvieri; Rhabdochona acuminata in Brycon pesu and Triportheus trifurcatus; Raphidascaris sp. (larva) in Caenotropus labyrinthicus; Cosmoxynema vianai in Cyphocharax gouldingi; Rondonia rondoni in Leporinus fasciatus and Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Klossinemella iheringi in Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Cucullanidae gen. sp. in Myloplus rubripinnis; Rhabdochona sp. in Triportheus elongatus; Alphamphistoma sp. in Myleus setiger; Chalcinotrema sp. in Cyphocharax gouldingi; Pacudistoma guianense in Hemiodus unimaculatus and Myleus torquatus; Pseudocladorchis cylindricus in Hemiodus unimaculatus; Dadaytrema oxycephala in Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Travassosinia dilatata in Myloplus asterias; and Genarchella genarchella in Raphiodon vulpinus. Studies identifying new hosts and new localities for parasites have contributed to the knowledge of local biodiversity. A list of previous records of helminths included in the present study, providing hosts, localities, and references, is presented here.
Keywords:
Nematoda; Digenea; Characiformes; Tocantins River; Maranhão; Brazil
Resumo
Durante a pesquisa da fauna helmintológica de Characiformes do rio Tocantins, Maranhão, Brasil, 185 peixes pertencentes a 22 espécies foram estudados. Doze espécies de Nematoda e nove espécies de Digenea foram coletadas. Algumas espécies de helmintos estão sendo registradas pela primeira vez em seus hospedeiros, representando novos registros: Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. em Bivibranchia notata, Brycon pesu, Chalceus macrolepidotus, Hemiodus microlepis e Hemiodus unimaculatus; Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus em Triportheus elongatus; Goezia sp. (larva) em Boulengerella cuvieri; Rhabdochona acuminata em Brycon pesu e Tripotheus trifurcatus; Raphidascaris sp. (larva) em Caenotropus labyrinthicus; Cosmoxynema vianai em Cyphocharax gouldingi; Rondonia rondoni em Leporinus fasciatus e Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Klossinemella iheringi em Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Cucullanidae gen. sp. em Myloplus rubripinnis; Rhabdochona sp. em Triportheus elongatus; Alphamphistoma sp. em Myleus setiger; Chalcinotrema sp. em Cyphocarax gouldingi; Pacudistoma guianense em Hemiodus unimaculatus e Myleus torquatus; Pseudocladorchis cylindricus em Hemiodus unimaculatus; Dadaytrema oxycephala em Mylesinus paucisquamatus; Travassosinia dilatata em Myloplus asterias; e Genarchella genarchella em Raphiodon vulpinus. Estudos que identificam novos hospedeiros e novas localidades para parasitos têm contribuído para o conhecimento da biodiversidade local. Uma lista dos registros prévios dos helmintos incluídos no presente estudo, com hospedeiros, localidades e referências é apresentada.
Palavras-chave:
Nematoda; Digenea; Characiformes; rio Tocantins; Maranhão; Brasil
Introduction
South America presents a high ichthyological diversity, which shows the huge dimensions of the challenge involved in acquiring basic knowledge of the helminth fauna of fish in this continent (Luque et al., 2017Luque JL, Pereira FB, Alves PV, Oliva ME, Timi JT. Helminth parasites of South American fishes: current status and characterization as a model for studies of biodiversity. J Helminthol 2017; 91(2): 150-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X16000717. PMid:27855726.
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). Despite recent increases in biodiversity research, parasites are still a neglected group, even though they represent a key role in the functioning of ecosystems (Marcogliese & Cone, 1997Marcogliese DJ, Cone DK. Food webs: a plea for parasites. Trends Ecol Evol 1997; 12(8): 320-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(97)01080-X. PMid:21238094.
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; Adlard et al., 2015Adlard RD, Miller TL, Smit NJ. The butterfly effect: parasite diversity, environment, and emerging disease in aquatic wildlife. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31(4): 160-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2014.11.001. PMid:25488771.
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; Rocha et al., 2016Rocha CFD, Bergallo HG, Bittencourt EB. More than just invisible inhabitants: parasites are important but neglected components of the biodiversity. Zoologia 2016; 33(3): e20150198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689zool-20150198.
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; Acosta et al., 2020Acosta AA, Smit NJ, Silva RJ. Diversity of helminth parasites of eight siluriform fishes from the Aguapeí River, upper Paraná basin, São Paulo state, Brazil. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 11: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.01.003. PMid:32025487.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020....
). Thus, there is a risk that a large number of parasite species may be lost even before their existence becomes known or before their risk of extinction is understood. This emphasizes the importance of taxonomy and species cataloging (Moravec, 2007Moravec F. Nematode parasites of fishes: recent advances and problems of their research. Parassitologia 2007; 49(3): 155-160. PMid:18410073.; Rocha et al., 2016Rocha CFD, Bergallo HG, Bittencourt EB. More than just invisible inhabitants: parasites are important but neglected components of the biodiversity. Zoologia 2016; 33(3): e20150198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-4689zool-20150198.
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).
The Tocantins-Araguaia basin is one of the most important hydrographic regions of Brazil. It is an area of endemism for several neotropical freshwater fish groups, as siluriforms and characiforms, as identified by several authors (e.g. Vari, 1988Vari RP. The Curimatidae, a lowland neotropical fish family (Pisces: Characiformes): Distribution, endemism, and phylogenetic biogeography. In: Vanzolini PE, Heyer WR, editors. Proceedings of a workshop on Neotropical distribution patterns. Rio de Janeiro: Academia Brasileira de Ciências; 1988. p. 343-377.; Menezes & Lucena, 1998Menezes NA, Lucena CAS. Revision of the subfamily Roestinae (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Cynodontidae). Ichthyol Explor Freshwat 1998; 9(3): 279-291.; Lima & Moreira, 2003Lima FCT, Moreira CR. Three new species of Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Araguaia basin in Brazil. Neotrop Ichthyol 2003; 1(1): 21-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252003000100003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252003...
), and an area of high diversity (Santos et al., 2004Santos GM, Juras AA, Merona B, Jégu M. Peixes do baixo rio Tocantins. 20 anos depois da Usina Hidrelétrica Tucuruí. Brasília: Eletronorte; 2004.; Lucinda et al., 2007Lucinda PHF, Freitas IS, Soares AB, Marques EE, Agostinho CS, Oliveira RJ. Fish, Lajeado reservoir, rio Tocantins drainage, state of Tocantins, Brazil. Check List 2007; 3(2): 70-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/3.2.70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/3.2.70...
; Abell et al., 2008Abell R, Thieme ML, Revenga C, Bryer M, Kottelat M, Bogutskaya N, et al. Freshwater ecoregions of the world: a new map of biogeographic units for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Bioscience 2008; 58(5): 403-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/B580507.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/B580507...
). The fish species present in this basin are a mixture of species from the Amazon River basin, either from its plain or from tributaries of the lower part of the river, and species from the central Brazil and Guiana shields (Ferreira et al., 2011Ferreira E, Zuanon J, Santos G, Amadio S. The fish fauna of the Parque Estadual do Cantão, Araguaia River, State of Tocantins, Brazil. Biota Neotrop 2011; 11(2): 277-284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011000200028.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032011...
). The Tocantins River arises in the state of Goiás, in central Brazil, and runs northwards through different sedimentary basins for 2,500 km across the states of Tocantins, Maranhão, and Pará. It is formed by the confluence of two main tributaries: the Paranã and Maranhão Rivers (Provete, 2013Provete DB. Tocantins River. In: Howarth RW, editor. Biomes & ecosystems. New Jersey: Salem Press; 2013. p. 1237-1239.).
Neotropical freshwater fish constitute the most diverse continental vertebrate fauna on Earth, with more than 6,200 named species, assigned by taxonomists to 854 genera, 95 families, and 39 orders (Albert et al., 2020Albert JS, Tagliacollo VA, Dagosta F. Diversification of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 2020; 51(1): 27-53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011620-031032.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsy...
). The order Characiformes is the largest group of freshwater fish, with at least 2,300 valid species distributed in 520 genera. Characiforms are one of the largest components of the freshwater fish fauna worldwide and are distributed across the New World and Africa, but mainly in the Neotropical Region, and specifically from the south of North America to South America (Froese & Pauly, 2022Froese R, Pauly D. Characifomes [online]. 2022 [cited 2022 May 22]. Available from: https://www.fishbase.se/summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=Characiformes
https://www.fishbase.se/summary/OrdersSu...
). They inhabit a range of ecosystems extending from the swiftly flowing rivers and streams of the Andean piedmont and cordilleras of the Neotropics through to the lentic backwaters of lowland floodplains in the Americas and Africa. Within these habitats, characiforms range from dozens of miniature and diminutive species through to hundreds of midsized and to giant species. Neotropical characiforms form a monophyletic clade and are grouped in 14 families (Oliveira et al., 2011Oliveira C, Avelino GS, Abe KT, Mariguela TC, Benine RC, Ortí G, et al. Phylogenetic relationships within the speciose family Characidae (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) based on multilocus analysis and extensive ingroup sampling. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11(1): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-275. PMid:21943181.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-2...
).
Despite the rich diversity of fish species, the parasite fauna of fish from the Tocantins River remains poorly known, although some research on new species of helminths and new geographical records of known species has been published (Moravec & Thatcher, 1999Moravec F, Thatcher VE. Myleusnema brasiliense sp. n. (Nematoda: Kathlaniidae), a new intestinal parasite of the serrasalmid fish Myleus sp. in Brazil. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1999; 46(3): 216-220.; Fernandes et al., 2013Fernandes BMM, Cohen SC, Mendonça HS, Justo MN. Annakohniella travassosi n. gen., n. sp. (Digenea: Cryptogonimidae) Parasite of Rhaphiodon vulpinus (Pisces: Cynodontidae) from Brazil. Comp Parasitol 2013; 80(1): 17-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/4582.1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/4582.1...
; Lacerda et al., 2013Lacerda AC, Takemoto RM, Poulin R, Pavanelli GC. Parasites of the fish Cichla piquiti (Cichlidae) in native and invaded Brazilian basins: release not from the enemy, but from its effects. Parasitol Res 2013; 112(1): 279-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3135-z. PMid:23052767.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-313...
; Cárdenas et al., 2019Cárdenas MQ, Fernandes BM, Justo MC, Cohen SC. A new species of Ichthyouris Inglis, 1968 (Nematoda: Pharyngodonidae) parasitizing two characiform fishes from Tocantins River, Maranhão State, Brazil. Comp Parasitol 2019; 86(1): 5-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-86.1.5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/1525-2647-86.1...
; Cohen et al., 2020Cohen SC, Justo MCN, Cárdenas MQ, Meneses YC, Bezerra CAM, Viana DC. Conceitos básicos e estado da arte dos helmintos parasitos de peixes da bacia Tocantins-Araguaia. In: Prandel JA. Conhecimentos teóricos, metodológicos e empíricos para o avanço da sustentabilidade no Brasil. Ponta Grossa, PR: Atena Editora; 2020. p. 54-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.9432030015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.9432030...
). Thus, the aim of the present study was to report on the fauna of Nematoda and Digenea parasitizing characiform fishes in the Tocantins River, Maranhão, Brazil.
Material and Methods
During August 2010, a survey of the helminth fauna in fish in the Tocantins River, state of Maranhão, municipalities of Estreito, Brazil (06º 33' 38” S, 47º 27' 04” W) and Imperatriz (05º 31' 35” S, 47º 29' 30” W) was carried out (Figure 1). From this, 185 characiform specimens belonging to 22 species were studied. These were acquired with the aid of local fishermen, and identifyed by Dr. Gustavo Wilson Nunam (in memoriam) from the “Museu Nacional, Departamento de Vertebrados, Ictiologia, UFRJ” and were examined for parasites immediately upon capture. Internal organs were separated in Petri dishes containing 0.65% NaCl and were examined with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope. The nematodes and digeneans found were washed in 0.65% NaCl and fixed in AFA (2% glacial acetic acid, 3% formaldehyde and 95% ethanol 70° GL). Nematodes were cleared with lactophenol or glycerin for examination under an optical microscope (Amato & Amato, 2010Amato JFR, Amato SB. Técnicas gerais para coleta e preparação de helmintos endoparasitos de aves. In: Von Matter S, Straube FC, Accordi IA, Piacentini VQ, Cândido-Jr JF. Ornitologia e Conservação: Ciência Aplicada, Técnicas de Pesquisa e Levantamento. Rio de Janeiro: Technical Books; 2010. p. 369-393.). The digeneans were stained with Langeron’s alcoholic acid carmine, dehydrated in an ethyl alcohol series, cleared in clave oil and mounted in Canada balsam as permanent slides (Eiras et al., 2006Eiras JC, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Métodos de estudos e técnicas laboratoriais em parasitologia de peixes. Maringá: Eduem; 2006.). The helminths were observed using a Zeiss Axioscope 2 microscope equipped with a camera lucida.
Map of Middle Tocantins River showing the collection points, Maranhão, Brazil, in the municipalities of Estreito and Imperatriz, Maranhão.
A list of previous records of helminths with valid names included in the present study, reported from South America, is presented based on information from published articles obtained from databases. Parasites are organized according to class, order and family, within which species are presented in alphabetical order, including geographical distribution and references. Fish species are arranged in alphabetical order and valid names are taken from FishBase (Froese & Pauly, 2022Froese R, Pauly D. Characifomes [online]. 2022 [cited 2022 May 22]. Available from: https://www.fishbase.se/summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=Characiformes
https://www.fishbase.se/summary/OrdersSu...
).
Results and Discussion
In the present study, twelve species of Nematoda and nine species of Digenea were collected. Some nematodes species were identified at genus level due to they are consisted of immature specimens or only females, and the digeneans Alphamphistoma sp. and Chalcinotrema sp. were found in low numbers, unabling the specific identification. All hosts were parasitized by at least one species of digenean and/or one species of nematode. The prevalences and intensities were low, and this can be explained by the low number of specimens of hosts examined. However, two species, Rondonia rondoni Travassos, 1920 and Klossinemella iheringi (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68.) parasitizing Mylesinus paucisquamatus Jégu & Santos and the latter also Leporinus sp. presented the highest intensity of infection (911 and 1,986, respectively) (Table 1).
Different host species with standard body length and weight in parenthesis, parasites, number of parasitized hosts/ number of examined hosts (NP/NE), range of infection (R), total number of parasites (TNP), site of infection (SI) [(I) intestine, swim bladder (SW), stomach (S), gall bladder (GB)] and development stage (DS) [adult (A), larva (L), metacercaria (M)], of nematodes and digeneans collected from characiform fishes from Tocantins River, Maranhão, Brazil.
Rondonia rondoni and K. iheringi belong to the family Atractidae and usually occur in fish hosts in large numbers (Dias et al., 2004Dias PG, Furuya WM, Pavanelli GC, Machado MH, Takemoto RM. Carga parasitária de Rondonia rondoni Travassos, 1920 (Nematoda, Atrictidae) e fator de condição do armado, Pterodoras granulosus Valenciennes, 1833 (Pisces, Doradidae). Acta Sci Biol Sci 2004; 26(2): 151-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v26i2.1613.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci...
; Campos et al., 2009Campos CM, Takemoto RM, Fonseca VE, Moraes FR. Ecology of the parasitic endohelminth community of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes) from Aquidauana and Miranda Rivers, Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Biol 2009; 69(1): 87-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000100010. PMid:19347149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009...
). Although the life cycles of these nematode species are not known, it is highly likely that they are homoxenous, i.e. no intermediate hosts are involved (Moravec, 1998Moravec F. Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the Neotropical Region. Czech Republic: Academia, Prague; 1998.), which would explain the high indices found in the present study considering that they can reach the host easily.
Procamallanus Baylis, 1923 is one of the most common nematode genera living on fish in the Neotropical region. To date, Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928 and Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp. were previously reported in several fish species in South America (see list below). Procamallanus (S.) inopinatus was first described by Travassos et al. (1928)Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68. from two undetermined Leporinus species found in the Mogi Guaçu River (state of São Paulo, Brazil). This is a widely distributed nematode species in South American freshwater fishes, which mainly parasitizes several characoid fish but also occurs in some other groups of fish that probably serve as postcyclic or paradefinitive hosts (Moravec et al., 1993aMoravec F, Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Nematode parasites of fishes of the Paraná River, Brazil. Part 3. Camallanoidea and Dracunculoidea. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1993a; 40(3): 211-229.; Moravec, 1998Moravec F. Nematodes of freshwater fishes of the Neotropical Region. Czech Republic: Academia, Prague; 1998.). In the present study, P. (S.) inopinatus was found in hosts that had already been recorded, while Procamallanus (S.) sp. is reported here for the first time in Bivibranchia notata Vari & Goulding, Brycon pesu Müeller & Troschel, Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch) and Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, which thus represent four new hosts records for this nematode. Until now, the helminth fauna of C. macrolepidotus was unknown, and Procamallanus (S.) sp. represents the first helminth record in this fish host.
Rhabdochona acuminata (Molin, 1860Molin R. Una monografia del genere Spiroptera. Sitz.-Ber O Akad Wiss 1860; 38: 911-1005.) Drasche, 1884 was originally described as Spiroptera acuminata by Molin (1860)Molin R. Una monografia del genere Spiroptera. Sitz.-Ber O Akad Wiss 1860; 38: 911-1005., found in Brycon falcatus Müeller & Troschel. Travassos et al. (1928)Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68. detailed the description and reproduced the figures of Drasche (1884)Drasche R. Revision der in der Nematoden-Sammlung des k.k. zoologischen Hofcabinetes befindlichen Originalexemplare Diesing’s und Molin’s. Verh KK Zool-Bot Ges Wien 1884; 33: 193-218. (who found this nematode in Barbus sp. and B. falcatus); and reported findings of R. acuminata (= Rhabdochona elegans) in Tetragonopterus sp. Subsequently, this species has been reported in several hosts and localities (see list below).
The presence of the nematodes Cosmoxynema vianai Travassos, 1949, Cystidicoloides sp., Goezia sp., K. iheringi, R. acuminata, Rhabdochona sp., Raphidascaris sp. and R. rondoni represents new geographical records (Tocantins River). This emphasizes the role of fish as definitive hosts for diverse nematode species.
Dadaytrema oxycephala (Diesing, 1850Diesing KM. Systema Helminthum. Vindobonae: W. Braumüller; 1850.), Prosthenhystera obesa (Diesing, 1850Diesing KM. Systema Helminthum. Vindobonae: W. Braumüller; 1850.) and Genarchella genarchella Travassos, 1928 are generalist parasites and have been reported in different freshwater fishes (see Kohn et al., 2007Kohn A, Fernandes BMM, Cohen SC. South American trematodes parasites of fishes. Rio de Janeiro: Imprinta Express; 2007.). Dadaytrema oxycephala is a parasite with wide geographical distribution in South America, where there are 22 records of this digenean parasitizing characiforms and 11 records of it parasitizing siluriform fishes (Negreiros et al., 2020Negreiros LP, Pereira FB, Tavares-Dias M. Dadaytrema oxycephala (Digenea: Cladorchiidae) in definitive host Pimelodus blochii (Pisces: Pimelodidae), with morphological and geographic distribution data in fishes from the South America. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44(1): 62-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-019-01161-z. PMid:32174706.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12639-019-011...
).
Prosthenhystera obesa is also widely distributed in characiform and siluriform fish in Brazil and in a single species of characiform fish in Argentina (Kohn et al., 2007Kohn A, Fernandes BMM, Cohen SC. South American trematodes parasites of fishes. Rio de Janeiro: Imprinta Express; 2007.; Martins et al., 2012Martins AN, Sabas CSS, Brasil-Sato MC. Prosthenhystera obesa (Diesing, 1850) (Digenea, Callodistomidae) in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil: new host records and their ecological parameters. Neotrop Helminthol 2012; 6(1): 31-41.; Vasconcelos et al., 2013Vasconcelos ACP, Lopes ACM, Santos JMS, Jeraldo VLS, Melo CM, Madi RR. Molecular analysis and biodiversity of metazoan parasites of the yellow tail lambari, Astyanax aff. bimaculatus (Teleostei, Characidae), in lower San Francisco, northeastern Brazil. Neotrop Helminthol 2013; 7(1): 41-49.; Sabas & Brasil-Sato 2014Sabas CSS, Brasil-Sato MC. Helminth fauna parasitizing Pimelodus pohli (Actinopterygii: Pimelodidae) from the upper São Francisco River, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(3): 375-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014067. PMid:25271459.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014...
; Fernandes et al., 2017Fernandes BMM, Justo MCN, Anjos CS, Malta JCO, Dumbo JC. Digenea parasitos de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Osteichthyes, Acestrorhynchidae) no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(4): 439-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017059. PMid:29069159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017...
). Regarding other studies with characiform and siluriform fishes, the low intensity indices for P. obesa (only one specimen per fish) observed in the present study were similar to those reported by Martins et al. (2012)Martins AN, Sabas CSS, Brasil-Sato MC. Prosthenhystera obesa (Diesing, 1850) (Digenea, Callodistomidae) in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil: new host records and their ecological parameters. Neotrop Helminthol 2012; 6(1): 31-41. in Leporinus reinhardti Lütken and Pimelodus pohli Ribeiro & Lucena; by Vasconcelos et al. (2013)Vasconcelos ACP, Lopes ACM, Santos JMS, Jeraldo VLS, Melo CM, Madi RR. Molecular analysis and biodiversity of metazoan parasites of the yellow tail lambari, Astyanax aff. bimaculatus (Teleostei, Characidae), in lower San Francisco, northeastern Brazil. Neotrop Helminthol 2013; 7(1): 41-49. in Astyanax aff. bimaculatus; by Brasil-Sato & Pavanelli (2004)Brasil-Sato MC, Pavanelli GC. Digenea de Pimelodus maculatus (Osteichthyes, Pimelodidae) das bacias dos rios São Francisco e Paraná, Brasil. Parasitol Latinoam 2004; 59(3-4): 123-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-77122004000300006.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-77122004...
in Pimelodus maculatus Lacepède; by Sabas & Brasil-Sato (2014)Sabas CSS, Brasil-Sato MC. Helminth fauna parasitizing Pimelodus pohli (Actinopterygii: Pimelodidae) from the upper São Francisco River, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(3): 375-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014067. PMid:25271459.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014...
in P. pohli; by Brasil-Sato (2002)Brasil-Sato MC. Digenea of Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1817) (Osteichthyes, Characidae) of the São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2002; 11(2): 95-98. and Karling et al. (2013)Karling LC, Isaac A, Affonso IP, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. The impact of a dam on the helminth fauna and health of a neotropical fish species Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier 1816) from the upper Paraná River, Brazil. J Helminthol 2013; 87(2): 245-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X1200034X. PMid:22776324.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X12000...
in Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier); and by Fernandes et al. (2017)Fernandes BMM, Justo MCN, Anjos CS, Malta JCO, Dumbo JC. Digenea parasitos de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Osteichthyes, Acestrorhynchidae) no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(4): 439-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017059. PMid:29069159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017...
in Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Cuvier). In those reports, from one to no more than three specimens per fish were found. Considering the relative size of P. obesa and the site of infection, higher intensity could be harmful to both the host and the parasite. According to Martins et al. (2012Martins AN, Sabas CSS, Brasil-Sato MC. Prosthenhystera obesa (Diesing, 1850) (Digenea, Callodistomidae) in the São Francisco River basin, Brazil: new host records and their ecological parameters. Neotrop Helminthol 2012; 6(1): 31-41.), placement of the parasite in the gall bladder is a factor that controls the intensity. These factors may explain the low intensity found for this helminth in the present study.
Adult forms of G. genarchella have been reported in a wide diversity of fish species in Brazil and Argentina (Kohn et al., 2007Kohn A, Fernandes BMM, Cohen SC. South American trematodes parasites of fishes. Rio de Janeiro: Imprinta Express; 2007.). In the present study, this parasite presented low intensity (only one specimen per fish), parasitizing Leporinus friderici (Bloch) and Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix & Agassiz. Similar results were obtained in other studies in Brazil, e.g., the reports in Cichla piquiti Kullander & Ferreira by Franceschini et al. (2013b)Franceschini L, Zago AC, Zocoller-Seno MC, Veríssimo-Silveira R, Ninhaus-Silveira A, Silva RJ. Endohelminths in Cichla piquiti (Perciformes, Cichlidae) from the Paraná River, São Paulo State, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2013b; 22(4): 475-484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000400006. PMid:24473871.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013...
, in Hemibrycon surinamensis Géry by Hoshino et al. (2014)Hoshino MDFG, Hoshino EM, Tavares-Dias M. First study on parasites of Hemibrycon surinamensis (Characidae), a host from the eastern Amazon region. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(3): 343-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014069. PMid:25271454.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014...
, in A. falcirostris by Fernandes et al. (2017)Fernandes BMM, Justo MCN, Anjos CS, Malta JCO, Dumbo JC. Digenea parasitos de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Osteichthyes, Acestrorhynchidae) no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(4): 439-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017059. PMid:29069159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017...
and in Megaleporinus obtusidens (Valenciennes) by Wendt et al. (2018)Wendt EW, Monteiro CM, Amato SB. Helminth fauna of Megaleporinus obtusidens (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from Lake Guaíba: analysis of the parasite community. Parasitol Res 2018; 117(8): 2445-2456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5933-4. PMid:29858940.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-593...
. However, the mean intensities of G. genarchella in the stomach and intestine of Peckoltia braueri (Eigenmann) presented by Cardoso et al. (2017)Cardoso ACF, Oliveira MSB, Neves LR, Tavares-Dias M. Metazoan fauna parasitizing Peckoltia braueri and Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Loricariidae) catfishes from the northeastern Brazilian Amazon. Acta Amaz 2017; 47(2): 147-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201603232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-439220160...
were slightly higher (6.0 and 24, respectively) than those of the present study. The mean abundance values for this parasite reported by Hoshino & Tavares-Dias (2019)Hoshino EM, Tavares-Dias M. Interannual and seasonal variation in protozoan and metazoan parasite communities of Hemibrycon surinamensis, a characid fish inhabiting the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64(3): 479-488. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-00057-5. PMid:31020493.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-019-000...
in H. surinamensis were 25.3 in the rainy season and 6.6 in the dry season.
Genarchella genarchella has mollusks and Cypriniformes species as intermediate hosts, and Characiformes and Siluriformes species as definitive hosts (Lefebvre & Poulin, 2005Lefebvre F, Poulin R. Progenesis in digenean trematodes: a taxonomic and synthetic overview of species reproducing in their second intermediate hosts. Parasitology 2005; 130(Pt 6): 587-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182004007103. PMid:15977895.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182004007...
). The finding of adult forms of G. genarchella in the present study confirms that the characiforms L. friderici and R. vulpinus act as the definitive hosts for this digenean.
Pacudistoma guianense was originally described by Thatcher and Jégu in 1998, from the intestine of Myleus ternetzi (Norman) in French Guyana. The present report provides the first record of this species in Brazil, and with a new host record, Hemiodus unimaculatus (Bloch). The digeneans Alphamphistoma sp., Chalcinotrema sp., Dadaytrema oxycephala, P. obesa (Diesing, 1850Diesing KM. Systema Helminthum. Vindobonae: W. Braumüller; 1850.), Pseudocladorchis cylindricus (Diesing, 1836Diesing KM. Monographie der Gattungen Amphistoma and Diplodiscus. Ann Wien Mus Naturg 1836; 1: 235-260.) and Travassosinia dilatata (Daday, 1907Daday J. In Sudamerikanischen fischen lebewde trematoden. Arten Zool Jahrb Syst 1907; 24: 369-590.) are reported here for the first time in the Tocantins River. The records of these species in different localities and from characiform hosts are presented here in a list, and these records demonstrate the wide geographical distribution of these species in South America. Trematodes form an important part of the biological diversity of different ecosystems and represents the second-richest group of helminths in fish species in South America (Luque et al., 2017Luque JL, Pereira FB, Alves PV, Oliva ME, Timi JT. Helminth parasites of South American fishes: current status and characterization as a model for studies of biodiversity. J Helminthol 2017; 91(2): 150-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X16000717. PMid:27855726.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X16000...
). In freshwater fishes, this group is the most frequent, followed by nematodes, in terms of the number of parasite associations recorded in Neotropical fishes (Luque & Poulin, 2007Luque JL, Poulin R. Metazoan parasite species richness in Neotropical fishes: hotspots and the geography of biodiversity. Parasitology 2007; 134(6): 865-878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007002272. PMid:17291392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0031182007002...
).
Knowledge of the parasitic fauna of wild fish constitutes a biodiversity assessment tool. It enables better understanding of host biology and the relationship between hosts and their parasites, which may form environmental indicators (Takemoto et al., 2009Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC, Lizama MAP, Lacerda ACF, Yamada FH, Ceschini TL, et al. Diversity of parasites of fish from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Braz J Biol 2009;69(2 Suppl 2): 691-705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300023. PMid:19738975.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009...
; Tavares-Dias et al., 2013Tavares-Dias M, Neves LR, Pinheiro DA, Oliveira MSB, Marinho RGB. Parasites in Curimata cyprinoides (Characiformes: Curimatidae) from eastern Amazon, Brazil. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2013; 35(4): 595-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v35i4.19649.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci...
; Shah et al., 2014Shah HB, Yousuf AR, Chishti MZ, Shahnaz S, Ahmad F. Trophic status and helminth infracommunities of fish populations in Kashmir Himalayan lakes. J Helminthol 2014; 88(3): 264-271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X13000114. PMid:23510501.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X13000...
). Studies identifying new hosts and new localities for parasites have contributed to knowledge of local biodiversity, as well as to understanding the evolution of parasites and their hosts (Lacerda et al., 2008Lacerda ACF, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Digenea, Nematoda, Cestoda, and Acanthocephala, parasites in Potamotrygonidae (Chondrichthyes) from the upper Paraná River floodplain, states of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Check List 2008; 4(2): 115-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/4.2.115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/4.2.115...
).
Some of the nematode and digenean parasites of Characiformes are reported here for the first time in their hosts, thus representing new hosts and geographical records (Table 1), demonstrating a diversity of parasitic species in different host species in the Tocantins-Araguaia basin. These data corroborate the prediction that many helminth species are still to be described and/or reported, and contribute to significant knowledge of South American biodiversity. The previous reports of these nematodes and digeneans in characiform hosts that were studied here are presented in the list below, including data from the present study.
List of previous records of helminths included in the present study, providing hosts, localities and references. Abbreviation of the Brazilian states: AC: Acre, AL: Alagoas, AP: Amapá, AM: Amazonas, BA: Bahia, ES: Espírito Santo, GO: Goiás, MA: Maranhão, MT: Mato Grosso, MS: Mato Grosso do Sul, MG: Minas Gerais, PA: Pará, PB: Paraíba, PR: Paraná, PE: Pernambuco, RJ: Rio de Janeiro, RN: Rio Grande do Norte, RS: Rio Grande do Sul, RO: Rondonia, SC: Santa Catarina, SP: São Paulo, SE: Sergipe.
DIGENEA
Alphamphistoma sp.
Host: Myleus setiger (present study)
Locality: BRAZIL: Tocantins River (MA) (present study).
Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) Dubois, 1970 (Metacercariae)
Hosts:Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken), Cyphocharax gouldingi Vari (present study), Cyphocharax gilbert (Quoy & Gaimard), Hoplias aff. malabaricus, Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch), Hoplias spp., Leporinus amblyrhynchus Garavello & Britski, Metynnis maculatus (Kner), Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg), Potamorhina latior (Spix & Agassiz), Potamorhina pristigaster (Steindachner), Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes), Pygocentrus nattereri Kner, Schizodon borellii (Boulenger), S. intermedius Garavello & Britski, S. nasutus Kner, Serrasalmus maculatus Kner.
Localities: BRAZIL: Lakes Ananá, Araçá, Baixio, Catalão, Iauara, Maracá, Preto (Solimões River floodplain), lake of Purus River (AM); Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Carioca Lake (MG); Paraná River, Porto Rico Region, Rosana reservoir (Paranapanema River), Upper Paraná River floodplain (PR); Dam of the Water Treatment Station (ETA), Guandu River (RJ); Batalha River, Chavantes reservoir (medium Paranapanema River), Jurumirim reservoir (Paranapanema River), Santa Bárbara River (mid Tietê river), Mogi Guaçu River (SP).
References:Abdallah et al. (2005)Abdallah VD, Azevedo RK, Luque JL. Ecologia da comunidade de metazoários parasitos do sairú Cyphocharax gilbert (Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) (Characiformes: Curimatidae) do Rio Guandu, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2005; 14(4): 154-159. PMid:16445872., Belei et al. (2013)Belei F, Ferreira SR, Perin LM, Braga FR, Sampaio WMS, Araújo JV, et al. First report of Austrodiplostomum compactum and Ithyoclinostomum dimorphum in trahira (Hoplias malabaricus) from the middle course of the Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Arq Inst Biol (Sao Paulo) 2013; 80(2): 249-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1808-16572013000200017.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1808-16572013...
, Corrêa et al. (2020)Corrêa LL, Takemoto RM, Ueta MT, Adriano EA. New records and prevalence of metazoan parasites of fish in the southeastern Brazilian region. Ann Parasitol 2020; 66(1): 27-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17420/ap6601.235. PMid:32198993.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17420/ap6601.235...
, Gião et al. (2020)Gião T, Pelegrini LS, Azevedo RK, Abdallah VD. Biodiversity of parasites found in the trahira, Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794), collected in the Batalha River, Tietê-Batalha drainage basin, SP, Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 2020; 92(2): e20180610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202020180610. PMid:32556046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-376520202...
, Lehun et al. (2020)Lehun AL, Hasuike WT, Silva JOS, Ciccheto JRM, Michelan G, Rodrigues AFC, et al. Checklist of parasites in fish from the upper Paraná River floodplain: an update. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2020; 29(3): e008720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020066. PMid:32935771.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020...
, Machado et al. (2005)Machado PM, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Diplostomum (Austrodiplostomum) compactum (Lutz, 1928) (Platyhelminthes, Digenea) metacercariae in fish from the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2005; 97(6): 436-444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-005-1483-7. PMid:16151731.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-005-148...
, Morais et al. (2011)Morais AM, Varella AMB, Fernandes BM, Malta JCO. Clinostomum marginatum (Braun, 1899) and Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) metacercariae with zoonotic potential of Pygocentrus nattereri (Kner, 1858) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Central Amazon, Brazil. Neotrop Helminthol 2011; 5(1): 8-15., Pavanelli et al. (1997)Pavanelli GC, Machado MH, Takemoto RM. Fauna helmintica de peixes do rio Paraná, região de Porto Rico, Paraná. In: Vazzoler AEAM, Agostinho AA, Hahn NS. A planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná: aspectos físicos, biológicos e sócioeconômicos. Maringá: EDUEM; 1997. p. 307-329., Pedro et al. (2016)Pedro NHO, Pellegrini LS, Azevedo RK, Abdallah VD. Biodiversity of metazoan parasites in Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken, 1875) (Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae) from the Batalha River, São Paulo State, Brazil. Pan-Am J Aquat Sci 2016; 11(4): 336-344., Ramos et al. (2013Ramos IP, Franceschini L, Zago AC, Zica EOP, Wunderlich AC, Carvalho ED, et al. New host records and a checklist of fishes infected with Austrodiplostomum compactum (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2013; 22(4): 511-518. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000400010. PMid:24473875.
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, 2016Ramos IP, Franceschini L, Zago AC, Zica EOP, Wunderlich AC, Lima FP, et al. Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in Schizodon intermedius (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from Jurumirim reservoir, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(2): 240-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016035. PMid:27334827.
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), Santos et al. (2012)Santos RS, Marchiori N, Santarem VA, Takahashi HK, Mourino JLP, Martins ML. Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) (Digenea, Diplostomidae) in the eyes of fishes from Paraná River, Brazil. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2012; 34(2): 225-231. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v34i2.9337.
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, Vital et al. (2016)Vital JF, Murrieta-Morey GA, Pereira NB, Malta JCO. Metacercárias de Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) em peixes de lagos de várzea da Amazônia Brasileira. Folia Amaz 2016; 25(2): 153-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.24841/fa.v25i2.399.
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, Yamada et al. (2008)Yamada FH, Moreira LHA, Ceschini TL, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Novas ocorrências de metacercária de Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) parasito de olhos de peixes da bacia do rio Paraná. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2008; 17(3): 163-166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008000300010. PMid:19245765.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612008...
.
Chalcinotrema sp.
Host: Cyphocharax gouldingi (present study)
Locality: Brazil: Tocantins River (MA) (present study).
Dadaytrema oxycephalum (Diesing, 1850Diesing KM. Systema Helminthum. Vindobonae: W. Braumüller; 1850.) Vaz, 1932
Hosts:Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes); Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier); Mylesinus paucisquamatus (present study); Myleus micans (Lütken); Myleus sp.; Myloplus asterias (=Myleus asterias); M. rhomboidalis (=Myleus rhomboidalis) (Cuvier); M. torquatus (=Myletes torquatus, Myleus torquatus) (Kner) (present study); Mylossoma aureum (Spix & Agassiz); M. duriventre (Cuvier); Piaractus brachypomus (=Colossoma bidens) (Cuvier); P. mesopotamicus (=Colossoma mitrei); Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes); Salminus brasiliensis (=Salminus maxillosus) (Cuvier); Salmo sp.
Localities: ARGENTINA: Medium of Paraná River, Corrientes; Colastine River (Medium Paraná River) and Paraná-Guazú River (Lower Paraná River). BRAZIL: Amazon River, Janauacá Lake (Manaus), Jari River (a tributary of the Amazon River) (AM); Macapá (AP); Tocantins River, MA (present study); São Francisco River (MG); Aquidauana River, Cuiabá River, Miranda River, Paraguay River, Paraná River, Pantanal (MS); Amazon River, Cachimbo (PA); Upper Paraná River (PR); Mogi Guaçu River, Paranapanema River (SP); VENEZUELA: Caura River.
References:Brasil-Sato & Santos (2003)Brasil-Sato MC, Santos MD. Helmintos de Myleus micans (Lütken, 1875) (Characiformes: Serrasalminae) do Rio São Francisco, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(3): 131-134., Campos et al. (2009)Campos CM, Takemoto RM, Fonseca VE, Moraes FR. Ecology of the parasitic endohelminth community of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes) from Aquidauana and Miranda Rivers, Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Biol 2009; 69(1): 87-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000100010. PMid:19347149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009...
, Conroy (1985, apud Kohn et al., 2007)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM, Cohen SC. South American trematodes parasites of fishes. Rio de Janeiro: Imprinta Express; 2007., Fernandes et al. (2019)Fernandes ES, Casali GP, Takemoto RM. Metazoan endoparasites of Brycon orbignyanus (Characidae: Bryconinae) in a neotropical floodplain. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2019; 41(1): e40493. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v41i1.40493.
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, Hamann (1982aHamann MI. Parasitos del pacu (Colossoma mitrei) del rio Paraná medio, Republica Argentina (Pisces, Serrasalmidae). Hist Nat Corrientes 1982a; 2: 153-160., bHamann MI. Parasitos en peces de la familia Doradidae del rio Parana medio, Republica Argentina (Pisces, Siluriformes). Hist Nat Corrientes 1982b; 2: 193-199.), Heyneman et al. (1960)Heyneman D, Brenes MRR, Diaz-Hungria C. Trematodes de Venezuela II. Algunos trematodos de peces, reptiles y aves con description de una nueva especies del genero Lubens. Mem Soc Cienc Nat La Salle 1960; 20: 138-149., Kohn & Fernandes (1987)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Estudo comparativo dos helmintos parasitos de peixes do Rio Mogi Guassu, coletados nas excursões realizadas entre 1927 e 1985. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987; 82(4): 483-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761987000400006. PMid:3507917.
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; Nuñez et al. (2017)Nuñez MO, Arredondo NJ, Pertierra AAG. Adult Trematodes (Platyhelminthes) of freshwater fishes from Argentina: a checklist. Rev Suisse Zool 2017; 124(1): 91-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.322669.
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, Oliveira & Tavares-Dias (2016)Oliveira MSB, Tavares-Dias M. Communities of parasite metazoans in Piaractus brachypomus (Pisces, Serrasalmidae) in the lower Amazon River (Brazil). Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2016; 25(2): 151-157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612016022. PMid:27334815.
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, Oliveira et al. (2019)Oliveira MSB, Corrêa LL, Tavares-Dias M. Helminthic endofauna of four species of fish from lower Jari River, a tributary of the Amazon basin in Brazil. Bol Inst Pesca 2019; 45(1): e393. https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305.2019.45.1.393.
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, Pantoja et al. (2019)Pantoja C, Scholz T, Luque JL, Jones A. First molecular assessment of the interrelationships of cladorchiid digeneans (Digenea: Paramphistomoidea), parasites of Neotropical fishes, including descriptions of three new species and new host and geographical records. Folia Parasitol 2019; 66: 011. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2019.011.
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, Thatcher (1979Thatcher VE. Paramphistomidae (Trematoda: Digenea) de peixes de água doce: dois novos gêneros da Colômbia e uma redescrição de Dadaytrema oxycephala (Diesing, 1936) Travassos, 1934 da Amazônia. Acta Amaz 1979; 9(1): 203-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921979091203.
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, 1999Thatcher VE. Surface morphology of some amphistomes (Trematoda) of Amazonian fishes and the description of a new genus and species. Acta Amaz 1999; 29(4): 607-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921999294614.
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), Travassos et al. (1928)Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68., Vaz (1932)Vaz Z. Contribuição ao conhecimento dos trematoides de peixes fluviais do Brasil [tese]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 1932., Vicente et al. (1978)Vicente JJ, Santos E, Souza SV. Helmintos de peixes de rios amazônicos da coleção helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1. Trematoda. Atas Soc Biol Rio de Janeiro 1978; 19: 9-15..
Genarchella genarchella Travassos, 1928
Hosts:Acestrorhynchus falcirostris; Charax stenopterus (=Asiphonichthys stenopterus) (Cope); Cynopotamus humeralis (=Acestrorhamphus sp.) [sic]; Hemibrycon surinamensis; Leporinus friderici (Bloch) (present study); Megaleporinus obtusidens (=Leporinus obtusidens); Oligosarcus jenynsii (Günther); Rhaphiodon vulpinus Spix & Agassiz (present study); Salminus brasiliensis (=Salminus maxillosus).
Localities: ARGENTINA: Paraná River, Puerto Itália, Corrientes. BRAZIL: Emas Waterfall, Pirassununga (SP); Mogi Guaçu River, Emas Experimental Station, Pirassununga, (SP); Floodplain Lake of the Solimões River (Ananá), (AM); Lake Guaíba (RS); Igarapé Fortaleza Basin (AP); Tocantins River (MA) (present study).
References:Fernandes et al. (2017)Fernandes BMM, Justo MCN, Anjos CS, Malta JCO, Dumbo JC. Digenea parasitos de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Osteichthyes, Acestrorhynchidae) no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(4): 439-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017059. PMid:29069159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017...
, Hamann (1986Hamann MI. Halipegus ovoeaudatus (Vulpian, 1859) Looss, 1899 (Herniuridae, Halipeginae) parasita de Rana eseulenta Linne, de Europa y Genarehella genarehella Travassos, Artigas Pereira, 1928 (Herniuridae, Halipeginae) parasita de Salminus maxillosus Valenciennes, 1840 del sudeste de America del Sur. Anatornia y posicion sistematica. Physis 1986; 44: 19-24., 1989Hamann MI. Genarchella Travassos, Artigas y Pereira, 1928 (Digenea, Hemiuridae) parasitos de peces de agua dulce del río Paraná, provincia de Corrientes, República Argentina. I: Anatomia y posición sistemática. II.: Contribuciones ecológicas. Physis 1989; 47(112): 15-30.), Hoshino et al. (2014)Hoshino MDFG, Hoshino EM, Tavares-Dias M. First study on parasites of Hemibrycon surinamensis (Characidae), a host from the eastern Amazon region. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2014; 23(3): 343-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014069. PMid:25271454.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612014...
, Kohn & Fernandes (1988)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Revision of the Brazilian species of the genus Halipegus Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: derogenidae). Syst Parasitol 1988; 11(2): 129-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012263...
, Kohn et al. (1990)Kohn A, Fernandes BM, Gibson DI, Fróes OM. On the Brazilian species of halipegine genera (Trematoda: Derogenidae) from fishes, with new morphological data, hosts and synonyms. Syst Parasitol 1990; 16(3): 201-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009148...
, Szidat (1956)Szidat L. The life cycle of progenitive cercariae of Genarchella genarchella Travassos 1928 (Trematoda, Hemiuridae) and the possibility of hormonal control of the parasites by their hosts. Z Tropenmed Parasitol 1956; 7(2): 132-153. PMid:13353429., Travassos & Kohn (1965)Travassos L, Kohn A. Lista dos helmintos parasitos de peixes encontrados na estação experimental de biologia e piscicultura de Emas, Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo. Pap Avulsos Zool 1965; 17: 35-52., Travassos et al. (1928)Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68., Wendt et al. (2018)Wendt EW, Monteiro CM, Amato SB. Helminth fauna of Megaleporinus obtusidens (Characiformes: Anostomidae) from Lake Guaíba: analysis of the parasite community. Parasitol Res 2018; 117(8): 2445-2456. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-5933-4. PMid:29858940.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-018-593...
.
Pacudistoma guianense Thatcher & Jégu, 1998
Hosts: Hemiodus unimaculatus (present study),Myloplus ternetzi (=Myleus ternetzi) (Norman); M. torquatus (Kner) (present study).
Localities: BRAZIL: Tocantins River (MA); FRENCH GUYANA: Sinnamary River.
Reference:Thatcher & Jégu (1998)Thatcher VE, Jégu M. Amphistomes as species markers of the serrasalmid fish, Myleus ternetzi (Norman), from French Guiana, with descriptions of two new species and one new genus. Amazoniana 1998; 15(1-2): 103-112..
Prosthenhystera obesa (Diesing, 1850Diesing KM. Systema Helminthum. Vindobonae: W. Braumüller; 1850.) Travassos, 1922
Hosts:Acestrorhynchus falcatus (Bloch); A. falcirostris; Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus); Boulengerella cuvieri (=Xiphostoma cuvieri) (Spix & Agassiz); Brycon orthotaenia (=Brycon lundii; Triurobrycon lundii) Günther; Brycon sp.; Charax gibbosus (Linnaeus); Cynopotamus amazonum (=Cynopotamus amazanus) (Günther); Galeocharax humeralis (=Acestrorhamphus sp.) (Valenciennes); Hypomasticus copelandii (=Leporinus copelandii) (Steindachner); Leporellus vittatus (Valenciennes); Leporinus friderici (=Leporinus friderici friderici); Leporinus sp. (present study); Oligosarcus sp. (=Acesthrorhampus sp.); Psalidodon fasciatus (=Astyanax fasciatus) (Cuvier); Salminus brasiliensis (=Salminus brevidens, Salminus maxillosus); S. franciscanus (= Salminus brevidens) Lima & Britski; S. hilarii Valenciennes.
Localities: ARGENTINA: Delta of Paraná River, Irigoyen Channel, Talavera Island. BRAZIL: Cruzeiro do Sul (AC); Lake Ananá (Solimões River) (AM); Rio Grande (BA); Jupranã Lagoon (ES); Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Lassance, Pirapora, São Francisco River (MG); Porto Esperança (MS); Porto Esperança (Paraguai River), Porto São João (Cuiabá River), Salobra (MT); Emas (Pirassununga), Ilha Seca, Mogi Guaçu River, Porto Tibiriçá (SP); Paraná River, Foz do Iguaçu (PR).
References:Brasil-Sato (2002)Brasil-Sato MC. Digenea of Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1817) (Osteichthyes, Characidae) of the São Francisco River basin, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2002; 11(2): 95-98., Diesing (1850)Diesing KM. Systema Helminthum. Vindobonae: W. Braumüller; 1850., Fernandes et al. (2017)Fernandes BMM, Justo MCN, Anjos CS, Malta JCO, Dumbo JC. Digenea parasitos de Acestrorhynchus falcirostris (Osteichthyes, Acestrorhynchidae) no estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(4): 439-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017059. PMid:29069159.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017...
, Isaac et al. (2000)Isaac C, Guidelli GM, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Prosthenhystera obesa (Digenea), parasite of Salminus maxillosus (Characidae) of the floodplain of the upper Parana River, Parana, Brazil: influence of the size and sex of host. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2000; 22(2): 523-526., Karling et al. (2013)Karling LC, Isaac A, Affonso IP, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. The impact of a dam on the helminth fauna and health of a neotropical fish species Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier 1816) from the upper Paraná River, Brazil. J Helminthol 2013; 87(2): 245-251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X1200034X. PMid:22776324.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X12000...
, Kloss (1966)Kloss GR. Helmintos parasitos de espécies simpátricas de Astyanax (Pisces, Characidae). Pap Avulsos Zool 1966; 18: 189-219., Kohn & Fernandes, (1981)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. The adult form of Himasthla piscicola Stunkard, 1960 and other trematodes from Brazilian fresh-water fishes. J Helminthol 1981; 55(2): 85-87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00025530.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00025...
, Kohn et al. (1997)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM, Baptista-Farias MFD. Redescription of Prosthenhystera obesa (Diesing, 1850) (Callodistomidae, Digenea) with new host records and data on morphological variability. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1997; 92(2): 171-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761997000200008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761997...
, Lunaschi & Sutton (1995)Lunaschi LI, Sutton CA. On some digenean parasites of fishes from the Irigoyen Canal, Talavera Island, Buenos Aires Province. Neotropica 1995; 41(105/106): 99-104., Pavanelli et al. (1992, apud Kohn et al., 2007)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM, Cohen SC. South American trematodes parasites of fishes. Rio de Janeiro: Imprinta Express; 2007., Travassos (1941)Travassos L. Relatório da quinta excursão do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz realizada à zona da Estrada de Ferro Noroeste do Brasil, em janeiro de 1941. II. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1941; 36(3): 272-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761941000300003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761941...
, Travassos & Kohn (1965)Travassos L, Kohn A. Lista dos helmintos parasitos de peixes encontrados na estação experimental de biologia e piscicultura de Emas, Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo. Pap Avulsos Zool 1965; 17: 35-52., Travassos (1922)Travassos L. Contribuições para o conhecimento da fauna helmintológica brasileira -XIV. Espécies brasileiras da família Gorgoderidae Looss, 1901. Bras Med 1922; 36: 17-20., Travassos et al. (1928)Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68., Virgilio et al. (2021)Virgilio LR, da Silva Lima F, Takemoto RM, Camargo LMA, de Oliveira Meneguetti DU. Endofauna of helminth parasites of fish in the amazonic basin. South Am J Bas Edu Tec Technol 2021; 8(1): 102-116..
Pseudocladorchis cylindricus (Diesing, 1836Diesing KM. Monographie der Gattungen Amphistoma and Diplodiscus. Ann Wien Mus Naturg 1836; 1: 235-260.) Daday, 1907
Hosts: Hemiodus unimaculatus (present study); Mylesinus paraschomburgkii Jégu, Santos & Ferreira; Myloplus ternetzi (=Myleus ternetzi); Mylossoma aureum; Piaractus brachypomus (= Colossoma bidens); Pterodoras granulosus.
Localities: BRAZIL: Uatumã, Pitinga and Capucapu Rivers (AM); Araguari River (AP); Tocantins River (MA) (present study); (MT); Trombetas River (PA); FRENCH GUYANA: Sinnamary River.
References:Daday (1907)Daday J. In Sudamerikanischen fischen lebewde trematoden. Arten Zool Jahrb Syst 1907; 24: 369-590., Diesing (1836)Diesing KM. Monographie der Gattungen Amphistoma and Diplodiscus. Ann Wien Mus Naturg 1836; 1: 235-260., Thatcher & Jégu (1996Thatcher VE, Jégu M. Intestinal helminths as population markers of the Amazonian fish Mylesinus paraschomburgkii, with descriptions of five new genera and seven new species of trematodes. Amazoniana 1996; 14(1-2): 143-155., 1998Thatcher VE, Jégu M. Amphistomes as species markers of the serrasalmid fish, Myleus ternetzi (Norman), from French Guiana, with descriptions of two new species and one new genus. Amazoniana 1998; 15(1-2): 103-112.), Travassos et al. (1928)Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68., Viana (1924)Viana L. Tentativa de catalogação das especies brazileiras de trematodeos. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1924; 17(1): 95-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761924000100004.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761924...
.
Travassosinia dilatata (Daday, 1907Daday J. In Sudamerikanischen fischen lebewde trematoden. Arten Zool Jahrb Syst 1907; 24: 369-590.) Vaz, 1932
Hosts: Myloplus asterias (present study); Myleus micans; Myleus sp.; Piaractus brachypomus (=Colossoma brachypomus); P. mesopotamicus (= Colossoma mitrei); Salminus brasiliensis.
Localities: ARGENTINA: Paraná-Guazú River, Entre Ríos Province; Medium Paraná River; BRAZIL: São Francisco River (MG); Cachimbo (PA); Paranapanema River (SP); Tocantins River (MA) (present study).
References: Brasil-Sato & Santos (2003)Brasil-Sato MC, Santos MD. Helmintos de Myleus micans (Lütken, 1875) (Characiformes: Serrasalminae) do Rio São Francisco, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(3): 131-134., Daday (1907)Daday J. In Sudamerikanischen fischen lebewde trematoden. Arten Zool Jahrb Syst 1907; 24: 369-590., Hamann (1982a)Hamann MI. Parasitos del pacu (Colossoma mitrei) del rio Paraná medio, Republica Argentina (Pisces, Serrasalmidae). Hist Nat Corrientes 1982a; 2: 153-160., Nuñez et al. (2017)Nuñez MO, Arredondo NJ, Pertierra AAG. Adult Trematodes (Platyhelminthes) of freshwater fishes from Argentina: a checklist. Rev Suisse Zool 2017; 124(1): 91-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.322669.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.322669...
, Travassos et al. (1928)Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68., Vaz (1932)Vaz Z. Contribuição ao conhecimento dos trematoides de peixes fluviais do Brasil [tese]. São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo; 1932., Vicente et al. (1978)Vicente JJ, Santos E, Souza SV. Helmintos de peixes de rios amazônicos da coleção helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 1. Trematoda. Atas Soc Biol Rio de Janeiro 1978; 19: 9-15..
NEMATODA
Cosmoxynema vianai Travassos, 1949
Hosts:Curimatella meyeri (Steindachner); Cyphocharax gilbert; C. gouldingi (present study); C. naegelii (Steindachner); Pseudocurimata sp.; Steindachanerina brevipinna (Eigenmann & Eigenmann); S. elegans (Steindachner); S. insculpta (Fernández-Yépez).
Localities: BRAZIL: Cruzeiro do Sul (AC); Barra Seca River, Juparanã Lagoon (ES); Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Upper Paraná River (PA); Paraná River (Guaira), Tributaries Guairacá and Corvo (lower Paranapanema river) (PR); Guandu River (RJ); Mogi Guaçu River, Peixe River (SP).
References:Abdallah et al. (2005Abdallah VD, Azevedo RK, Luque JL. Ecologia da comunidade de metazoários parasitos do sairú Cyphocharax gilbert (Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) (Characiformes: Curimatidae) do Rio Guandu, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2005; 14(4): 154-159. PMid:16445872., 2012Abdallah VD, Azevedo RK, Carvalho ED, Silva RJ. New hosts and distribution records for nematode parasites of freshwater fishes from São Paulo State, Brazil. Neotrop Helminthol 2012; 6(1): 43-57.), Ceschini et al. (2010aCeschini TL, Takemoto RM, Yamada FH, Moreira LHA, Pavanelli GC. Endoparasites of Steindachinerina brevipinna (Eigenmann and Eigenmann, 1889), collected in the tributaries Corvo and Guairacá of Paranapanema River, Paraná State, Brazil. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2010a; 32(2): 125-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v32i2.4102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci...
, bCeschini TL, Takemoto RM, Yamada FH, Moreira LHA, Pavanelli GC. Metazoan parasite community of Steindachnerina brevipinna (Curimatidae) from Southern Brazil. Helminthologia 2010b; 47(3): 164-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-010-0025-8.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-010-002...
), Eiras et al. (2010)Eiras JC, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Diversidade dos parasitas de peixes de água doce do Brasil. Maringá: Editora Clichetec; 2010., Luque et al. (2011)Luque JL, Aguiar JC, Vieira FM, Gibson DI, Santos CP. Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil. Zootaxa 2011; 3082(1): 1-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3082.1.1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3082....
, Moravec et al. (1992)Moravec F, Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Three new species of oxyuroid nematodes, including two new genera, from freshwater catfishes in Brazil. Syst Parasitol 1992; 21(3): 189-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009699.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009699...
, Takemoto et al. (2009)Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC, Lizama MAP, Lacerda ACF, Yamada FH, Ceschini TL, et al. Diversity of parasites of fish from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Braz J Biol 2009;69(2 Suppl 2): 691-705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300023. PMid:19738975.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009...
, Travassos (1948)Travassos L. Contribuição ao conhecimento da fauna helmintológica dos peixes d’água dôce do Brasil. IV. Dois novos gêneros de Cosmocercidae (Nematoda) e uma nota de nomenclatura helmintológica. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1948; 46(3): 633-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761948000300007.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761948...
, Vicente et al. (1985)Vicente JJ, Rodrigues HO, Gomes DC. Nematóides do Brasil. 1ª parte: nematóides de peixes. Atas Soc Biol Rio de Janeiro 1985; 25: 1-79., Virgilio et al. (2021)Virgilio LR, da Silva Lima F, Takemoto RM, Camargo LMA, de Oliveira Meneguetti DU. Endofauna of helminth parasites of fish in the amazonic basin. South Am J Bas Edu Tec Technol 2021; 8(1): 102-116., Yamaguti (1961)Yamaguti S. Systema helminthum. New York: Interscience Publishers; 1961. (vol. 3)..
Cucullanidae gen. sp.
Host: Myloplus rubripinnis (present study).
Locality: Tocantins River (MA)
Cystidicoloides sp.
Hosts:Psalidodon fasciatus (=Astyanax fasciatus); Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz); Hoplias malabaricus (present study); Leporinus friderici.
Localities: BRAZIL: Igarapé Fortaleza basin (a tributary of the Amazon River system) (AM); Tocantins River, MA (present study); Floodplain of the Upper Paraná River (PR); Upper São Francisco River (MG).
References:Vieira-Menezes et al. (2017)Vieira-Menezes FG, Costa DP, Brasil-Sato MC. Nematodes of Astyanax fasciatus (Actinopterygii: Characidae) and their parasitic indices in the São Francisco River, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(1): 10-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016074. PMid:28177039.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016...
, Gonçalves et al. (2016)Gonçalves RA, Oliveira MS, Neves LR, Tavares-Dias M. Seasonal pattern in parasite infracommunities of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus and Hoplias malabaricus (Actinopterygii: Erythrinidae) from the Brazilian Amazon. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61(1): 119-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2016-0016. PMid:26751882.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ap-2016-0016...
, Guidelli et al. (2011)Guidelli G, Tavechio WLG, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Relative condition factor and parasitism in anostomid fishes from the floodplain of the Upper Paraná River, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2011; 177(1-2): 145-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.035. PMid:21176864.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010....
(Cited as larvae in all these references).
Goezia sp. (larva)
Hosts: Boulengerella cuvieri (present study);Brycon orbignyanus; Hoplias malabaricus; Hybrids Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus mesopotamicus; Hybrids P. mesopotamicus × P. brachypomus; Mylossoma duriventre; Psalidodon fasciatus (=Astyanax fasciatus); Rhaphiodon vulpinus; Salminus hilarii; Serrasalmus marginatus Valenciennes; Tetragonopterus chalceus Spix & Agassiz; Triportheus guentheri (Garman); T. nematurus (Kner).
Localities: BRAZIL: Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Três Marias Reservoir (upper São Francisco River) (MG); Medalha lagoon (Pantanal, Corumbá), Fish farms (MS); Paraná River (Guaira and Foz do Iguaçu), Reservoir of Hydroelectric Power Station of Itaipu (Foz do Iguaçu), Upper Paraná River floodplain (PR); Marginal lagoons of the Mogi Guaçu River (Pirassununga) (SP).
References:Albuquerque et al. (2016)Albuquerque MC, Clapp MDS, Brasil-Sato MCB. Endoparasites of two species of forage fish from the Três Marias reservoir, Brazil: new host records and ecological indices. Braz J Vet Med 2016; 38(Suppl 3): 139-145., Costa-Pereira et al. (2014)Costa-Pereira R, Paiva F, Tavares LER. Variation in the parasite community of the sardine fish Triportheus nematurus (Actinopterygii: Characidae) from the Medalha lagoon in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. J Helminthol 2014; 88(3): 272-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X1300014X. PMid:23506711.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X13000...
, Duarte et al. (2016)Duarte R, Santos-Clapp MD, Brasil-Sato MC. Endohelminthes of Salminus hilarii Valenciennes (Actinopterygii: Bryconidae) and their ecological descriptors in the upper São Francisco River, Brazil. Rev Bras Med Vet 2016; 38(Suppl 3): 151-156., Fernandes et al. (2019)Fernandes ES, Casali GP, Takemoto RM. Metazoan endoparasites of Brycon orbignyanus (Characidae: Bryconinae) in a neotropical floodplain. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2019; 41(1): e40493. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v41i1.40493.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci...
, Guimarães et al. (2021)Guimarães CBS, Pflanzer SB Jr, Pinheiro HP, Mendes TMF, Ueta MT. Centesimal composition and meat yield of Hoplias malabaricus: association with intestinal parasites. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2021; 30(1): e021120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612021020. PMid:33909835.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612021...
, Jerônimo et al. (2020)Jerônimo GT, Ventura AS, Pádua SB, Porto EL, Ferreira LC, Ishikawa MM, et al. Parasitological assessment in hybrids Serrasalmidae fish farmed in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2020; 29(4): e012920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020084. PMid:33084783.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020...
, Moravec et al. (1993aMoravec F, Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Nematode parasites of fishes of the Paraná River, Brazil. Part 3. Camallanoidea and Dracunculoidea. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1993a; 40(3): 211-229., 1994Moravec F, Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Structure of the cephalic end of two little-known oxyuroid genera, Travnema Pereira, 1938 and Cosmoxynemoides Travassos, 1949, parasites of fishes, as revealed by SEM. J Helminthol 1994; 68(4): 319-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00001565. PMid:7706679.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022149X00001...
), Vieira-Menezes et al. (2017)Vieira-Menezes FG, Costa DP, Brasil-Sato MC. Nematodes of Astyanax fasciatus (Actinopterygii: Characidae) and their parasitic indices in the São Francisco River, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(1): 10-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016074. PMid:28177039.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016...
Klossinemella iheringi (Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68.) Costa, 1961
Hosts:Hoplias malabaricus; Hypomasticus copelandii (=Leporinus copelandii); Leporinus fasciatus (Bloch); Mylesinus paraschomburgkii; M. paucisquamatus (present study); Myleus sp.; Myloplus asterias; Piaractus brachyopomus (Cuvier), Salminus hilarii; Schizodon nasutus; Tetragonopterinae gen. sp.
Localities: BRAZIL: Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Cuiabá River, São Lourenço River (MT); Emas Experimental Station, Mogi Guaçu River, Pirassununga (SP); Trombetas River (PA).
References:Kohn & Fernandes (1987)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Estudo comparativo dos helmintos parasitos de peixes do Rio Mogi Guassu, coletados nas excursões realizadas entre 1927 e 1985. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987; 82(4): 483-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761987000400006. PMid:3507917.
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Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus Travassos, Artigas & Pereira, 1928
Hosts:Acestrorhynchus falcatus; A. lacustris; Anostomoides passionis Santos & Zuanon; Astyanax altiparanae Garutti & Britski; Astyanax bimaculatus lacustris [sic]; Astyanax bimaculatus schubarti [sic]; Astyanax bimaculatus (=Astyanax bimaculatus bimaculatus); Astyanax sp.; Brachychalcinus orbicularis (=Ephyppicharax orbicularis) (Valenciennes); Brycon amazonicus (Spix & Agassiz); B. brevicaudatus [sic]; B. cephalus (=Brycon erythropterum) (Günther); B. hilarii (Valenciennes); B. melanopterus (Cope); B. orbygnianus (Valenciennes); B. orthotaenia (=Brycon lundii); Brycon sp.; Colossoma macropomum; Cynopotamos humeralis [sic]; Gasteropelecus sternicla (Linnaeus); Hemiodus microlepis Kner (present study); Hypomasticus copelandii (=Leporinus copelandii); Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus; Hoplias aff. malabaricus; Hoplias malabaricus; Hoplias missioneira Rosso, Mabragaña, González-Castro, Delpiani, Avigliano, Schenone & Díaz de Astarloa; Lebiasina multimaculata Boulenger; Leporinus friderici; L. maculatus Müller & Troschel; Leporinus sp.; Markiana geayi (Pellegrin); Megaleporinus elongatus (=Leporinus elongatus) (Valenciennes); M. macrocephalus (=Leporinus macrocephalus) (Garavello & Britski); M. obtusidens (=Leporinus obtusidens); M. piavussu (Britski, Birindelli & Garavello); Metynnis hypsauchen (Müller & Troschel); M. lippincottianus (Cope); Piaractus mesopotamicus; Poptella paraguayensis (Müller & Troschel); Psalidodon fasciatus (=Astyanax fasciatus, Astyanax fasciatus fasciatus); Psalidodon schubarti (=Astyanax schubarti) (Britski); Pygocentrus nattereri; Rhaphiodon vulpinus; Schizodon borellii; Serrasalmus maculatus (present study); S. marginatus; S. spilopleura Kner; Triportheus angulatus (Spix & Agassiz); T. auritus (Valenciennes); T. curtus (Garman); T. elongatus (present study); T. cf elongatus; T. rotundatus (Jardine).
Localities: ARGENTINA: Aeroclub Pond, Riachuelo Basin, Paraná River; Riachuelo Basin, tributary of the Paraná River, Corrientes; Lagunas Perez and Totora, Riachuelo Basin; Ramada Poso Pond, Riachuelo Basin, an inflow from Paraná River; Medium Paraná River and Santa Lucia River; Pilcomayo River, Province of Salta. BRAZIL: Fish farms in the municipalities of Cruzeiro do Sul and Rio Branco (AC); Fish farms from lower São Francisco River (AL, SE); Manaus, floodplain lakes of the Brazilian Amazon, intensive husbandry system in a stream channel, Negro and Solimões River, Coari Lake (a tributary of the middle Solimões River) (AM); Curiaú River, fish farms, Jari River Basin, Matapi River, Vila Nova River (tributary of the Amazon River), Igarapé Fortaleza Basin (tributary of Amazon River system) (AP); Juparanã Lagoon (ES); Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Harmonia (Alfenas), Salobra, Swamp of Nova Ponte (municipality of Perdizes), Três Marias Reservoir (upper São Francisco River) (MG); Amambai River, Juba River, Miranda River, Negro River (a tributary of Paraguay River, Pantanal), Pantanal Mato-Grossense (Paraguay River) (MT); Curuá River (Cachimbo), Xingu River (PA); Areia (Patos) (PB); Medium Paraná River, Paraná River (Guaira and Foz do Iguaçu), reservoir of hydroelectric power station of Itaipu, upper Paraná River (PR); Guandu River (RJ); Cruzeta (RN); Machado River (Porto Velho) (RO); Batalha River, Peixe River, Pond in Aguai, Ponds of Latin American Regional Centre of Aquaculture (Pirassununga), Rio das Pedras farm (Campinas), Emas Waterfall (Mogi Guaçu River), Emas (Pirassununga), Experimental Station of Pirassununga (Mogi Guaçu River), Lakes of the Mogi Guaçu River, Paraná River (Porto Cabral) (SP). PARAGUAY: North of Carapegua. PERU: Fish farm, city of Nauta. VENEZUELA: Corrosal Brook near ranch Santa Marta (a tributary of the Suripá River near Palmarita); Mountain brook near San Esteban, northern Venezuela; Ranch Hato Las Mercedes, near Boca de Anaro on the Suripá River, State of Barinas.
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, Rivadeneyra et al. (2020)Rivadeneyra NLS, Mertins O, Cuadros RC, Malta JCO, de Matos LV, Mathews PD. Histopathology associated with infection by Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus (Nematoda) in farmed Brycon cephalus (Characiformes) from Peru: a potential fish health problem. Aquacult Int 2020; 28(2): 449-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00474-3.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-004...
, Santos & Tavares-Dias (2017)Santos PHN, Tavares-Dias M. First study on communities of parasites in Triportheus rotundatus, a Characidae fish from the Amazon River system (Brazil). Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(1): 28-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016078. PMid:27925070.
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, Santos et al. (1979)Santos E, Vicente JJ, Jardim CR. Helmintos de peixes de rios amazônicos da Coleção Helmintológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. II. Nematoda. Atas Soc Biol Rio de Janeiro 1979; 20: 11-19., Saraiva et al. (2006aSaraiva A, Rosim DF, Silva-Souza AT. Nematode parasites of characoid fishes from Brazil. Bull Eur Assoc Fish Pathol 2006a; 26(6): 271-274., bSaraiva A, Silva F, Silva-Souza A. Nematode parasites of the characid fish Brycon hilarii from the River Juba, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Helminthologia 2006b; 43(3): 158-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-006-0029-6.
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), Silva et al. (2011)Silva AMO, Tavares-Dias M, Fernandes JS. Helminthes Parasitizing Semaprochilodus insignis Jardine, 1841 (Osteichthyes: Prochilodontidae) from the Central Amazonia (Brazil), and their relationship with the host. Neotrop Helminthol 2011; 5(2): 225-233., Takemoto & Lizama (2010)Takemoto RM, Lizama MAP. Helminth fauna of fishes from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Neotrop Helminthol 2010; 4(1): 5-8., Takemoto et al. (2009)Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC, Lizama MAP, Lacerda ACF, Yamada FH, Ceschini TL, et al. Diversity of parasites of fish from the upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Braz J Biol 2009;69(2 Suppl 2): 691-705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000300023. PMid:19738975.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009...
, Travassos & Kohn (1965)Travassos L, Kohn A. Lista dos helmintos parasitos de peixes encontrados na estação experimental de biologia e piscicultura de Emas, Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo. Pap Avulsos Zool 1965; 17: 35-52., Travassos et al. (1928)Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68., Vicentin et al. (2011Vicentin W, Vieira KRV, Costa FES, Takemoto RM, Tavares LER, Paiva F. Metazoan endoparasites of Serrasalmus marginatus (Characiformes: Serrasalminae) in the Negro River, Pantanal, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(1): 61-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000100012. PMid:21439234.
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, 2013Vicentin W, Vieira KRI, Tavares LER, Costa FES, Takemoto RM, Paiva F. Metazoan endoparasites of Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Serrasalminae) in the Negro River, Pantanal, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2013; 22(3): 331-338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000300003. PMid:24142162.
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), Virgilio et al. (2021)Virgilio LR, da Silva Lima F, Takemoto RM, Camargo LMA, de Oliveira Meneguetti DU. Endofauna of helminth parasites of fish in the amazonic basin. South Am J Bas Edu Tec Technol 2021; 8(1): 102-116., Yamaguti (1961)Yamaguti S. Systema helminthum. New York: Interscience Publishers; 1961. (vol. 3)..
Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) sp.
Hosts: Bivibranchia notata (present study); Brycon pesu Müller & Troschel (present study); Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier (present study); Cynopotamus kincaidi (Schultz); Geophagus brasiliensis (Quoy & Gaimard); Hemiodus microlepis (present study); H. unimaculatus (present study); Salminus hilarii; Triportheus angulatus.
Localities: BRAZIL: Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Três Marias Reservoir, upper São Francisco River (MG); Medium Paraná River (reservoir of the Hydroelectric Power Station of Itaipu) (PR).
References: Duarte et al. (2016)Duarte R, Santos-Clapp MD, Brasil-Sato MC. Endohelminthes of Salminus hilarii Valenciennes (Actinopterygii: Bryconidae) and their ecological descriptors in the upper São Francisco River, Brazil. Rev Bras Med Vet 2016; 38(Suppl 3): 151-156., Kohn et al. (2011)Kohn A, Moravec F, Cohen SC, Canzi C, Takemoto RM, Fernandes BMM. Helminths of freshwater fishes in the reservoir of the Hydroelectric Power Station of Itaipu, Paraná, Brazil. Check List 2011; 7(5): 681-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.5.681.
http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.5.681...
.
Procamallanus sp.
Hosts:Acestrorhynchus lacustris; Bryconops alburnoides Kner (present study);Megaleporinus macrocephalus (=Leporinus macrocephalus); Psalidodon fasciatus (=Astyanax fasciatus); Schizodon altoparanae Garavello & Britski.
Localities: BRAZIL: Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Aquidauana, Miranda and Paraguay Rivers (Pantanal) (MS); Upper São Francisco River (Três Marias) (MG); Upper Paraná River floodplain (PR).
References:Carvalho et al. (2003)Carvalho S, Guidelli GM, Takemoto RM, Pavanelli GC. Ecological aspects of endoparasite fauna of Acestrorhynchus lacustris (Lütken, 1875) (Characiformes, Acestrorhynchidae) on the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2003; 25(2): 479-483. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v25i2.2043.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci...
, Lehun et al. (2020)Lehun AL, Hasuike WT, Silva JOS, Ciccheto JRM, Michelan G, Rodrigues AFC, et al. Checklist of parasites in fish from the upper Paraná River floodplain: an update. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2020; 29(3): e008720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020066. PMid:32935771.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020...
, Santos et al. (2003)Santos SMC, Ceccarelli PS, Rêgo RF. Helmintos em peixes do Pantanal sul-mato-grossense: primeira expedição do Programa Pantanal. Bol Téc CEPTA 2003; 16: 15-26., Vieira-Menezes et al. (2017)Vieira-Menezes FG, Costa DP, Brasil-Sato MC. Nematodes of Astyanax fasciatus (Actinopterygii: Characidae) and their parasitic indices in the São Francisco River, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(1): 10-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016074. PMid:28177039.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016...
.
Raphidascaris sp.
Hosts: Caenotropus labyrinthicus (Kner) (present study);Cyphocharax gilbert; Geophagus brasiliensis; Prochilodus lineatus; Serrasalmus sp.
Localities: BRAZIL: Guandu River (RJ); Paraná River (Guaira), upper Paraná River floodplain (PR); Cruzeiro do Sul (AC); Tocantins River (MA) (present study).
References:Abdallah et al. (2005)Abdallah VD, Azevedo RK, Luque JL. Ecologia da comunidade de metazoários parasitos do sairú Cyphocharax gilbert (Quoy e Gaimard, 1824) (Characiformes: Curimatidae) do Rio Guandu, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2005; 14(4): 154-159. PMid:16445872., Moravec et al. (1993a)Moravec F, Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Nematode parasites of fishes of the Paraná River, Brazil. Part 3. Camallanoidea and Dracunculoidea. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 1993a; 40(3): 211-229., Virgilio et al. (2021)Virgilio LR, da Silva Lima F, Takemoto RM, Camargo LMA, de Oliveira Meneguetti DU. Endofauna of helminth parasites of fish in the amazonic basin. South Am J Bas Edu Tec Technol 2021; 8(1): 102-116., Lehun et al. (2020)Lehun AL, Hasuike WT, Silva JOS, Ciccheto JRM, Michelan G, Rodrigues AFC, et al. Checklist of parasites in fish from the upper Paraná River floodplain: an update. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2020; 29(3): e008720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020066. PMid:32935771.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020...
.
Rhabdochona acuminata (Molin, 1860Molin R. Una monografia del genere Spiroptera. Sitz.-Ber O Akad Wiss 1860; 38: 911-1005.)
Hosts:Acestrorhynchus britskii Menezes; A. lacustris; Astyanax asuncionensis Géry; A. bimaculatus; Barbus sp.; Brycon amazonicus; B. falcatus Müller & Troschel; B. melanopterus; B. orbignyanus; B. pesu (present study); Bryconamericus iheringi (Boulenger); cichlid sp. [sic]; Hoplias aff. malabaricus; Leporellus vittatus; Leporinus friderici; L. pearsoni Fowler; Megaleporinus macrocephalus (=Leporinus macrocephalus); Myloplus rubripinnis; Psalidodon fasciatus (=Astyanax fasciatus); P. schubarti (=Astyanax schubarti) (Britski); Salminus hilarii; Tetragonopterinae gen. sp.; Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier; Tetragonopterus sp.; Triportheus angulatus; T. auritus; T. nematurus; T. trifurcatus (present study).
Localities: ARGENTINA: El Tunal Reservoir, Salta; Medina River, Province of Tucuman. BRAZIL: fish farms in the municipalities of Cruzeiro do Sul and Rio Branco (AC); Solimões River (AM); Jari River (AP); Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Três Marias Reservoir (upper São Francisco river) (MG); Mato Grosso (MT); Upper Paraná River (PR); Lajes Reservoir (RJ); Lake Guaiba (RS); Experimental Station (Mogi Guaçu River, Pirassununga), Mogi Guaçu River, Paranapanema River, Peixe River, Taquari River, Tietê River, Veados River, Lakes of Mogi Guaçu River (SP). ECUADOR: Hacienda Primavera, Napo River; San Pablo Kantesya, Aguarico River, Province of Napo.
References:Abdallah et al. (2012)Abdallah VD, Azevedo RK, Carvalho ED, Silva RJ. New hosts and distribution records for nematode parasites of freshwater fishes from São Paulo State, Brazil. Neotrop Helminthol 2012; 6(1): 43-57., Borges et al. (2021)Borges WF, Oliveira MSB, Tavares-Dias M. Diversity of metazoan parasites in fish Triportheus angulatus and Triportheus auritus living in sympatry in the Brazilian Amazon. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2021; 30(3): e008221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612021064. PMid:34378770.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612021...
, Cancino & Ramallo (2008) apudRamallo & Cancino (2021)Ramallo G, Cancino F. First records of parasitic nematodes in two species of river fish, San Juan Province, Argentina. Annals Parasitol 2021; 67(3): 543-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.17420/ap6703.369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17420/ap6703.369...
, Corrêa et al. (2020)Corrêa LL, Takemoto RM, Ueta MT, Adriano EA. New records and prevalence of metazoan parasites of fish in the southeastern Brazilian region. Ann Parasitol 2020; 66(1): 27-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17420/ap6601.235. PMid:32198993.
http://dx.doi.org/10.17420/ap6601.235...
, Costa et al. (2011)Costa DPC, Albuquerque MC, Brasil-Sato MC. Rhabdochona (Rhabdochona) acuminata (Nematoda) em peixes (Characiformes, Acestrorhynchidae) do reservatório de Três Marias, alto rio São Francisco, Brasil. Neotrop Helminthol 2011; 5(1): 16-23., Duarte et al. (2016)Duarte R, Santos-Clapp MD, Brasil-Sato MC. Endohelminthes of Salminus hilarii Valenciennes (Actinopterygii: Bryconidae) and their ecological descriptors in the upper São Francisco River, Brazil. Rev Bras Med Vet 2016; 38(Suppl 3): 151-156., Fernandes et al. (2019)Fernandes ES, Casali GP, Takemoto RM. Metazoan endoparasites of Brycon orbignyanus (Characidae: Bryconinae) in a neotropical floodplain. Acta Sci Biol Sci 2019; 41(1): e40493. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci.v41i1.40493.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascibiolsci...
, Gallas et al. (2019)Gallas M, Calegaro-Marques C, Amato SB. First report of Rhabdochona acuminata (Nematoda, Rhabdochonidae) in Astyanax aff. fasciatus (Characiformes, Characidae) from Lake Guaíba, southern Brazil. Neotrop Biol Conserv 2019; 14(4): 479-488. https://doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e49025.
https://doi.org/10.3897/neotropical.14.e...
, Kloss (1966)Kloss GR. Helmintos parasitos de espécies simpátricas de Astyanax (Pisces, Characidae). Pap Avulsos Zool 1966; 18: 189-219., Kohn & Fernandes (1987)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Estudo comparativo dos helmintos parasitos de peixes do Rio Mogi Guassu, coletados nas excursões realizadas entre 1927 e 1985. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987; 82(4): 483-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761987000400006. PMid:3507917.
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, Martins et al. (2017)Martins WMO, Justo MCN, Cárdenas MQ, Cohen SC. Seasonality of parasitic helminths of Leporinus macrocephalus and their parasitism rates in farming systems in the Amazon. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(4): 419-426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017062. PMid:29160356.
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, Molin (1860)Molin R. Una monografia del genere Spiroptera. Sitz.-Ber O Akad Wiss 1860; 38: 911-1005., Negreiros et al. (2021)Negreiros LP, Neves LR, Tavares-Dias M. Parasites in Leporinus macrocephalus (Anostomidae) of four fish farms from the western Amazon (Brazil). An Acad Bras Cienc 2021; 93(3): e20190988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202120190988. PMid:34161511.
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, Paraguassú & Luque (2007)Paraguassú AR, Luque JL. Metazoários parasitos de seis espécies de peixes do Reservatório de Lajes, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2007; 16(3): 121-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612007000300002. PMid:18078597.
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, Petter (1987)Petter AJ. Nématodes de Poissons de l’Equateur. Rev Suisse Zool 1987; 94(1): 61-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.79711.
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, Ramallo (2005)Ramallo G. Observations on two Rhabdochona species (Nematoda: Rhabdochonidae) from freshwater fishes in Argentina, including description of Rhabdochona fabianae n. sp. J Parasitol 2005; 91(2): 415-419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-3413. PMid:15986618.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/GE-3413...
, Ribeiro et al. (2016)Ribeiro TS, Ueda BH, Pavanelli GC, Takemoto RM. Endoparasite fauna of Brycon amazonicus and B. melanopterus (Characidae, Bryconinae) from Negro and Solimões rivers, Amazon, Brazil. Acta Amazon 2016; 46(1): 107-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201502153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-439220150...
, Travassos & Kohn (1965)Travassos L, Kohn A. Lista dos helmintos parasitos de peixes encontrados na estação experimental de biologia e piscicultura de Emas, Pirassununga, Estado de São Paulo. Pap Avulsos Zool 1965; 17: 35-52., Travassos et al. (1928)Travassos L, Artigas P, Pereira C. Fauna helmintológica dos peixes de água doce do Brasil. Arq Inst Biol (São Paulo) 1928; 1: 5-68., Vicente et al. (1985)Vicente JJ, Rodrigues HO, Gomes DC. Nematóides do Brasil. 1ª parte: nematóides de peixes. Atas Soc Biol Rio de Janeiro 1985; 25: 1-79., Virgilio et al. (2021)Virgilio LR, da Silva Lima F, Takemoto RM, Camargo LMA, de Oliveira Meneguetti DU. Endofauna of helminth parasites of fish in the amazonic basin. South Am J Bas Edu Tec Technol 2021; 8(1): 102-116., Yamada et al. (2017)Yamada FH, Bongiovani MF, Yamada POF, Silva RJ. Parasite infracommunities of Leporinus friderici: A comparison of three tributaries of the Jurumirim Reservoir in southeastern Brazil. An Acad Bras Cienc 2017; 89(2): 953-963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160554. PMid:28489196.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-376520172...
.
Rhabdochona sp.
Hosts:Brycon orthotaenia; Gymnocorymbus ternetzi (Boulenger); Leporinus octofasciatus Steindachner; Psalidodon fasciatus (=Astyanax fasciatus); Salminus brasiliensis; Tetragonopterus argenteus; Triportheus elongatus (present study).
Localities: BRAZIL: Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Três Marias Reservoir, upper São Francisco River (MG); Fish farm (SC); Emas (Pirassununga), Mogi Guaçu River, Pirassununga (SP).
References: Kohn & Fernandes (1987)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Estudo comparativo dos helmintos parasitos de peixes do Rio Mogi Guassu, coletados nas excursões realizadas entre 1927 e 1985. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987; 82(4): 483-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761987000400006. PMid:3507917.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761987...
, Luque et al. (2011)Luque JL, Aguiar JC, Vieira FM, Gibson DI, Santos CP. Checklist of Nematoda associated with the fishes of Brazil. Zootaxa 2011; 3082(1): 1-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3082.1.1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3082....
, Pinto et al. (2010)Pinto RM, Noronha D, Knoff M, Gomes DC. Rhabdochona (R.) uruyeni (Nematoda, Rhabdochonidae) in Brazil: presente status of South American Rhabdochona Railliet with a worldwide bibliographical survey of the genus from 1985 to 2010. Neotrop Helminthol 2010; 4(1): 49-69., Mesquita et al. (2012)Mesquita RLB, Santos SMC, Ceccarelli OS, Luque JL. Metazoários endoparasitos de Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) (Characiformes: Characidae) do rio Mogi Guaçu, SP, Brasil. Rev Bras Zoociências 2012; 14(1-3): 95-102., Santos et al. (2017)Santos MA, Jerônimo GT, Cardoso L, Tancredo KR, Medeiros PB, Ferrarezi JV, et al. Parasitic fauna and histopathology of farmed freshwater ornamental fish in Brazil. Aquaculture 2017; 470: 103-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.12.032.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture....
, Vieira-Menezes et al. (2017)Vieira-Menezes FG, Costa DP, Brasil-Sato MC. Nematodes of Astyanax fasciatus (Actinopterygii: Characidae) and their parasitic indices in the São Francisco River, Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2017; 26(1): 10-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016074. PMid:28177039.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612016...
Rondonia rondoni Travassos, 1920
Hosts: Hybrid P. mesopotamicus x P. brachypomus; Leporinus fasciatus (present study); Leporinus sp. (present study); Mylesinus paraschomburgkii; M. paucisquamatus (present study); Myletes sp.; Myleus micans; Myleus sp.; Myloplus asterias (=Myleus asterias); M. torquatus (=Myleus torquatus); Piaractus brachypomus; P. mesopotamicus (= Colossoma mitrei); Rhaphiodon vulpinus; Salminus sp.; Tometes camunani Andrade, Giarrizzo & Jégu.
Localities: ARGENTINA: Medium Paraná River, Corrientes. BRAZIL: Uatumã, Pitinga, Capucapu River (AM); Araguari River (AP); Tocantins River (MA) (present study); Aquidauana, Miranda and Paraguai Rivers (Pantanal), Porto Esperança (Paraguai River) (MS); São Francisco River (Três Marias) (MG); Cuiabá River (São João), Cuiabá and Paraguai Rivers (Pantanal), Salobra (MT); Emas Experimental Station (Pirassununga), fish farm of CEPTA (Pirassununga), fish farms from northwest of São Paulo State, ponds of CERLA (Pirassununga), Emas waterfall (Pirassununga), Mogi-Guaçu River (Emas), Mogi-Guaçu River (Reservoir of Aquaculture Center at Unesp, Jaboticabal), Porto Cabral (Paraná River) (SP); Jari River, Trombetas River Basin (PA); Medium Paraná River (Hydroelectric Power Station of Itaipu) (PR). PERU: Fish farm located in the city of Nauta.
References:Andrade et al. (2013)Andrade MC, Giarrizzo T, Jégu M. Tometes camunani (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a new species of phytophagous fish from the Guiana Shield, rio Trombetas basin, Brazil. Neotrop Ichthyol 2013; 11(2): 297-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252013000200008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252013...
, Brasil-Sato & Santos (2003)Brasil-Sato MC, Santos MD. Helmintos de Myleus micans (Lütken, 1875) (Characiformes: Serrasalminae) do Rio São Francisco, Brasil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2003; 12(3): 131-134., Campos et al. (2009)Campos CM, Takemoto RM, Fonseca VE, Moraes FR. Ecology of the parasitic endohelminth community of Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes) from Aquidauana and Miranda Rivers, Pantanal, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Braz J Biol 2009; 69(1): 87-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842009000100010. PMid:19347149.
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, Cuadros et al. (2021)Cuadros RC, Rivadeneyra NLS, Flores-Gonzales A, Mertins O, Malta JCO, Serrano-Martínez ME, et al. Intestinal histological alterations in farmed red-bellied pacu Piaractus brachypomus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) heavily infected by roundworms. Aquacult Int 2021; 29(3): 989-998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00670-0.
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, Franceschini et al. (2013a)Franceschini L, Zago AC, Schalch SHC, Garcia F, Romera DM, Silva RJ. Parasitic infections of Piaractus mesopotamicus and hybrid (P. mesopotamicus x Piaractus brachypomus) cultured in Brazil. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2013a; 22(3): 407-414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612013000300015. PMid:24142174.
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, Hamann (1982a)Hamann MI. Parasitos del pacu (Colossoma mitrei) del rio Paraná medio, Republica Argentina (Pisces, Serrasalmidae). Hist Nat Corrientes 1982a; 2: 153-160., Kohn & Fernandes (1987)Kohn A, Fernandes BMM. Estudo comparativo dos helmintos parasitos de peixes do Rio Mogi Guassu, coletados nas excursões realizadas entre 1927 e 1985. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1987; 82(4): 483-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761987000400006. PMid:3507917.
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, Kohn et al. (1985Kohn A, Fernandes BMM, Macedo B, Abramson B. Helminths parasites of freshwater fishes from Pirassununga, SP, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1985; 80(3): 327-336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761985000300009.
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, 2011Kohn A, Moravec F, Cohen SC, Canzi C, Takemoto RM, Fernandes BMM. Helminths of freshwater fishes in the reservoir of the Hydroelectric Power Station of Itaipu, Paraná, Brazil. Check List 2011; 7(5): 681-690. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.5.681.
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How to cite: Cárdenas MQ, Justo MCN, Reyes ARP, Cohen SC. Diversity of Nematoda and Digenea from different species of characiform fishes from Tocantins River, Maranhão, Brazil. Braz J Vet Parasitol 2022; 31(3): e005122. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612022038
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
22 July 2022 -
Date of issue
2022
History
-
Received
28 Mar 2022 -
Accepted
28 June 2022