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Streblidae (Diptera) on bats (Chiroptera) in an area of Atlantic Forest, state of Rio de Janeiro

Streblidae (Diptera) em morcegos (Chiroptera) numa área de Floresta Atlântica, Estado do Rio de Janeiro

Abstracts

Because of the few records of Streblidae on bats, despite extensive study on these mammals in the state of Rio de Janeiro, a survey was carried out in an area of Atlantic Forest, in the municipality of Nova Iguaçu, known as the Tinguá region. Thirteen species were added to the list of Streblidae in the state of Rio de Janeiro, of which two were new records for Brazil. Thirty-one species have now been reported this state.

Bat flies; ectoparasites; new reports; Phyllostomidae; Tinguá Biological Reserve


Devido aos poucos registros de Streblidae em morcegos, apesar do amplo estudo com esses mamíferos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foi realizado um levantamento numa área de Floresta Atlântica, no Município de Nova Iguaçu, conhecida como região do Tinguá. Foram adicionadas à lista de Streblidae do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 13 espécies, sendo dois novos registros para o Brasil, totalizando 31 espécies relatadas para o estado.

Moscas de morcegos; ectoparasitos; novos registros; Phyllostomidae; Reserva Biológica do Tinguá


Introduction

Although the bat fauna of the state of Rio de Janeiro has been widely studied, this is not true for their ectoparasites. Streblidae is one of the better studied bat ectoparasite taxa in Brazil and, until now, only sixteen species had been recorded in this state (MIRANDA-RIBEIRO, 1907Miranda-Ribeiro A. Alguns dípteros interessantes. Arch Mus Nac 1907; 14: 229-239.; LIMA, 1921; JOBLING, 1939Jobling B. A redescription of Pseudostrebla ribeiroi Costa Lima and the description of a new genus and species of the Streblidae from Brazil. Arb Morph Tax Ent Berlin-Dahlem 1939; 6(3): 268-275.; WENZEL et al., 1966Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ, Kiewlicz A. The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera: Calyptera: Streblidae). In: Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ. Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History; 1966. p. 405-675.; WENZEL, 1970; ESBÉRARD; BERGALLO, 2004Esbérard CEL, Bergallo HG. Aspectos sobre a biologia de Tonatia bidens (Spix) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae). Rev Bras Zool 2004; 21(2): 253-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752004000200014
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752004...
; ESBÉRARD; FARIA, 2006Esbérard CEL, Faria D. New records of Phylloderma stenops Peters, 1865 in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae). Biota Neotrop 2006; 6(2): 1-5.; LOURENÇO; ESBÉRARD, 2011Lourenço EC, Esbérard CEL. Reinfestation of Streblidae ectoparasites (Diptera) in Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera). Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(4): 325-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000400012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
; ALMEIDA et al., 2011Almeida JC, Silva SSP, Serra-Freire NM, Valim MP. Ectoparasites (Insecta and Acari) associated with bats in Southeastern Brazil. J Med Entomol 2011; 48(4): 753-757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME09133
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME09133...
).

One of the main remaining areas of Atlantic Forest in the state of Rio de Janeiro is the Tinguá Biological Reserve. Although this reserve harbors several species of bats (DIAS; PERACCHI, 2008Dias D, Peracchi AL. Quirópteros da Reserva Biológica do Tinguá, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Rev Bras Zool 2008; 25(2): 333-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752008000200023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752008...
), there is no information about bat flies. This paper provides an update on the number of Streblidae in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with reports on bat flies in the Tinguá region.

Methodology

One area in the Tinguá Biological Reserve (22° 34′ 57.4″ S; 043° 26′ 15.9″ W) and two areas surrounding it (22° 35′ 16.53″ S; 043° 24′ 13.86″ W and 22° 36′ 50.69″ S; 043° 24′ 47.17″ W) were sampled for bats. All of these areas are located in the far northeast of the municipality of Nova Iguaçu, state of Rio de Janeiro. The bats were captured using mist nets (12 × 3 m and mesh of 20 mm) between May 2011 and April 2012, over a total of 36 sampling nights. Flies on the bats were removed with the aid of forceps and were stored in microtubes containing 70% ethanol. The samples were collected under license from SISBIO/ICMBio, under number 28064-2. The bats were identified based on Gardner (2007)Gardner AL. Order Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1779. In: Gardner AL, editor. Mammals of South America, vol. 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. Chicago: The University of Chicago press; 2007. p. 187-484. and Dias and Peracchi (2008)Dias D, Peracchi AL. Quirópteros da Reserva Biológica do Tinguá, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, sudeste do Brasil (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Rev Bras Zool 2008; 25(2): 333-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752008000200023
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752008...
. The bat flies were identified with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope, using dichotomous keys and descriptions (WENZEL et al., 1966Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ, Kiewlicz A. The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera: Calyptera: Streblidae). In: Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ. Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History; 1966. p. 405-675.; WENZEL, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.; GUERRERO, 1994Guerrero R. Catálogo de los Streblidae (Diptera: Pupípara) parasitos de murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) del nuevo mundo II. Los grupos: pallidus, caecus, major, uniformis y longipes del género Trichobius Gervalis, 1844. Acta Biol Venez 1994; 15: 1-18., 1995Guerrero R. Catálogo de los Streblidae (Diptera: Pupípara) parasitos de murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) del Nuevo Mundo. III. Los grupos: dugesii, dunni y phyllostomae del gênero Trichobius Gervais, 1844. Acta Biol Venez 1995; 15: 1-27., 1996Guerrero R. Catálogo de los Streblidae (Diptera: Pupípara) parasitos de murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) del nuevo mundo VI. Streblinae. Acta Biol Venez 1996; 16: 1-25., 1998Guerrero R. Notas sobre batflies (Diptera, Streblidae). I. O gênero Trichobius, com a descrição de duas novas espécies e novas subespécies da Venezuela. Acta Parasitol 1998; 43: 86-93.; GRACIOLLI; CARVALHO, 2001Graciolli G, Carvalho CJB. Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) de morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) do estado do Paraná. II. Streblidae. Chave pictórica para gêneros e espécies. Rev Bras Zool 2001; 18(3): 907-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000300026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
; MILLER; TSCHAPKA, 2001). The nomenclature followed Dick and Graciolli (2006)Graciolli G, Cáceres NC, Bornschein MR. Novos registros de moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Streblidae e Nycteribiidae) de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em áreas de transição cerrado-floresta estacional no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotrop 2006; 6(2): 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032006000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032006...
for Streblidae and Gardner (2007)Gardner AL. Order Chiroptera Blumenbach, 1779. In: Gardner AL, editor. Mammals of South America, vol. 1: marsupials, xenarthrans, shrews, and bats. Chicago: The University of Chicago press; 2007. p. 187-484. for bats, except for Dermanura which has been elevated to generic status (REDONDO et al., 2008Redondo RAF, Brina LPS, Silva RF, Ditchfield AD, Santos FR. Molecular systematics of the genus Artibeus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2008: 49(1): 44-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.07.001
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.0...
; SOLARI et al., 2009Solari S, Hoofer SR, Larsen PA, Brown AD, Bull RJ, Guerrero JA, et al. Operational criteria for genetically defined species: analysis of the diversification of the small fruit-eating bats, Dermanura (Phyllostomidae: Stenodermatinae). Acta Chiropterol 2009; 11(2): 279-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/150811009X485521
http://dx.doi.org/10.3161/150811009X4855...
). The vouchers were confirmed by Dr. Gustavo Graciolli and were deposited in the zoological reference collection of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul in the city of Campo Grande, Brazil. Parasite prevalence, mean intensity and mean abundance were determined in accordance with Bush et al. (1997)Bush AO, Lafferty KD, Lotz JM, Shostak AW. Parasitology meets ecology on its own terms: Margolis et al. revisited. J Parasitol 1997; 83(4): 575-583. PMid:9267395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284227
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3284227...
.

Results and Discussion

A total of 22 species of Phyllostomidae bats were caught, which were all parasitized by bat flies except for Chiroderma doriae Thomas, 1891, Chiroderma villosum Peters, 1860, Micronycteris hirsuta (Peters, 1869) and Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner, 1843). Of 744 captures, 371 (49.83%) presented 1124 specimens of bat fly, belonging to 24 species of 9 genera (Table 1).

Table 1.
Species of Streblidae on bats captured in the Atlantic Forest, Tinguá region, municipality of Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, between May 2011 and April 2012. NF: number of bat flies; IH: number of infested host individuals; P: prevalence (%); MI: mean intensity of infestation; MA: mean abundance.

The most parasitized host was Carollia perspicillata(Linnaeus, 1758), with seven species of bat flies, and the bat flies found in the greatest numbers of hosts were Aspidoptera phyllostomatis(Perty, 1833) and Paratrichobius longicrus (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1907Miranda-Ribeiro A. Alguns dípteros interessantes. Arch Mus Nac 1907; 14: 229-239.), in five hosts each. The most abundant species was Trichobius joblingi Wenzel, 1966 (n = 241), which was found to mainly parasitize its primary host, C. perspicillata (97.1%), which was also one of the most commonly caught species (n = 187), thus showing that this fly had high prevalence (51.87%). Thirteen new species were added to the records for the state of Rio de Janeiro, and two of them were new records for Brazil (Table 2). There was also one new species of Strebla (determined by Dr. Graciolli), which was found on Lonchophylla peracchii Dias, Esbérard & Moratelli, 2013. Additional comments have been made for the new occurrences in Brazil and in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Table 2.
Species of Streblidae on bats captured in the Atlantic Forest, Tinguá region, municipality of Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro, and records for the state.

STREBLINAE

Anastrebla caudiferae Wenzel, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.

Material examined: 1 female; ex Anoura caudifer(É. Geoffroy, 1818)

Comments: Anoura caudifer is its primary host (WENZEL, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.), although Bertola et al. (2005) have found it in other hosts. Its occurrences in Brazil were previously restricted to the South (KESSEL, 1925Kessel QC. A synopsis of the Streblidae of the world. J V Ent Soc 1925; 33: 11-331.; GRACIOLLI; CARVALHO, 2001Graciolli G, Carvalho CJB. Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) de morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) do estado do Paraná. II. Streblidae. Chave pictórica para gêneros e espécies. Rev Bras Zool 2001; 18(3): 907-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000300026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
; GRACIOLLI; RUI, 2001; RUI; GRACIOLLI, 2005Rui AM, Graciolli G. Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Streblidae) de morcegos (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) no sul do Brasil: associações hospedeiros-parasitos e taxas de infestação. Rev Bras Zool 2005; 22(2): 438-445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752005000200021
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752005...
) and, in the Southeast, only the states of São Paulo (BERTOLA et al., 2005) and Minas Gerais (MORAS et al., 2013Moras LM, Bernardi LFO, Graciolli G, Gregorin R. Bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae, Nycteribiidae) and mites (Acari) associated with bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in a high-altitude region in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2013; 58(4): 556-563. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-013-0179-x
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-013-017...
).

Anastrebla modestini Wenzel, 1966

Material examined: 1 female; ex L. peracchii.

Comments: Its primary host is Anoura geoffroyi Gray, 1838 (WENZEL, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.; GRACIOLLI; CARVALHO, 2001Graciolli G, Carvalho CJB. Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) de morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) do estado do Paraná. II. Streblidae. Chave pictórica para gêneros e espécies. Rev Bras Zool 2001; 18(3): 907-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000300026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
), with records from the Cerrado and Atlantic Forest for this host and A. caudifer(GRACIOLLI; CARVALHO, 2001Graciolli G, Carvalho CJB. Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) de morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) do estado do Paraná. II. Streblidae. Chave pictórica para gêneros e espécies. Rev Bras Zool 2001; 18(3): 907-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000300026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
; GRACIOLLI; COELHO, 2001Graciolli G, Coelho DC. Streblidae (Diptera, Hippoboscoidea) sobre morcegos filostomídeos (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) em cavernas do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Rev Bras Zool 2001; 18(3): 965-970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000300028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
; GRACIOLLI; RUI, 2001; BERTOLA et al., 2005; GRACIOLLI et al., 2010Graciolli G, Zortea M, Carvalho LFAC. Bat flies (Diptera, Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) in a Cerrado area of Goiás State, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 2010; 54(3): 511-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010000300025
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010...
; MORAS et al., 2013Moras LM, Bernardi LFO, Graciolli G, Gregorin R. Bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae, Nycteribiidae) and mites (Acari) associated with bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) in a high-altitude region in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Acta Parasitol 2013; 58(4): 556-563. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-013-0179-x
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-013-017...
). This is the first occurrence of this bat fly on species of Lonchophylla Thomas, 1903, in Brazil, though it has been registered on Lonchophylla robusta Miller, 1912, in Costa Rica (MILLER; TSCHAPKA, 2001).

Metelasmus pseudopterus Coquillet, 1907

Material examined: 1 male, 2 females; ex Artibeus fimbriatus Gray, 1838; 1 female; ex Artibeus lituratus(Olfers, 1818).

Comments: In Brazil, it seems to be more associated with A. fimbriatus (GRACIOLLI; CARVALHO, 2001Graciolli G, Carvalho CJB. Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) de morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) do estado do Paraná. II. Streblidae. Chave pictórica para gêneros e espécies. Rev Bras Zool 2001; 18(3): 907-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000300026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
; BERTOLA et al., 2005; ANDERSON; ORTÊNCIO FILHO, 2006), like in the present study, although one individual was found on A. lituratus. This relationship was previously reported in Santa Catarina by Wenzel et al. (1966)Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ, Kiewlicz A. The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera: Calyptera: Streblidae). In: Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ. Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History; 1966. p. 405-675..

Paraeuctenodes similis Wenzel, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.

Material examined: 19 males, 8 females; ex C. perspicillata.

Comments: In Brazil, this was only previously recorded in the Atlantic Forest of the states of Paraná (GRACIOLLI; CARVALHO, 2001Graciolli G, Carvalho CJB. Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) de morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) do estado do Paraná. II. Streblidae. Chave pictórica para gêneros e espécies. Rev Bras Zool 2001; 18(3): 907-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000300026
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) and São Paulo (BERTOLA et al., 2005), on its primary host.

Strebla diphyllae Wenzel, 1966

Material examined: 2 females; ex Diphylla ecaudata Spix, 1823.

Comments: In Brazil, there were two previous recorded of this species: one to the North (WENZEL, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.) and another to the South (PREVEDELLO et al., 2005Prevedello JA, Graciolli G, Carvalho CJB. A fauna de dípteros (Streblidae e Nycteribiidae) ectoparasitos de morcegos (Chiroptera) do estado do Paraná, Brasil: composição, distribuição e áreas prioritárias para novos estudos. Biociências 2005; 13(2): 193-209.). Wenzel et al. (1966)Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ, Kiewlicz A. The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera: Calyptera: Streblidae). In: Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ. Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History; 1966. p. 405-675. described this species in Guatemala, having also recorded its occurrence in Mexico. Recently, it was reported in Honduras (DICK, 2013).

Strebla machadoi Wenzel, 1966

Material examined: 3 males, 1 female, 1 undetermined; ex Micronycteris minuta (Gervais, 1856).

Comments: Strebla machadoi was previously registered in the state of Pará on Micronycteris megalotis (Gray, 1842) (GUERRERO, 1997Guerrero R. Catálogo de los Streblidae (Diptera: Pupípara) parasitos de murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) del nuevo mundo VII. Lista de especies, hospedadores y países. Acta Biol Venez 1997; 17: 9-24.). Another few records were reported in Peru (GUERRERO, 1996Guerrero R. Catálogo de los Streblidae (Diptera: Pupípara) parasitos de murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) del nuevo mundo VI. Streblinae. Acta Biol Venez 1996; 16: 1-25.), Venezuela (WENZEL, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.; GUERRERO, 1996Guerrero R. Catálogo de los Streblidae (Diptera: Pupípara) parasitos de murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) del nuevo mundo VI. Streblinae. Acta Biol Venez 1996; 16: 1-25.) and Panama (WENZEL et al., 1966Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ, Kiewlicz A. The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera: Calyptera: Streblidae). In: Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ. Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History; 1966. p. 405-675.), all on M. minuta.

TRICHOBIINAE

Aspidoptera falcata Wenzel, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.

Material examined: 3 females; ex A. fimbriatus; 1 male, 1 female; ex C. perspicillata; 8 males, 5 females; ex Sturnira lilium (É. Geoffroy, 1810).

Comments: This bat fly presents widespread distribution including almost all Brazilian biomes (GRACIOLLI; LINARDI, 2002Graciolli G, Linardi PM. Some Streblidae and Nycteribiidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) from Maracá Island, Roraima, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97(1): 139-141. PMid:11992166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002000100026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002...
; DIAS et al., 2009Dias PA, Santos CLC, Rodrigues FS, Rosa LC, Lobato KS, Rebelo JMM. Espécies de moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Hippoboscoidea) de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) no estado do Maranhão. Rev Bras Entomol 2009; 53(1): 128-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000100027
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
; ERIKSSON et al., 2011Eriksson A, Graciolli G, Fischer E. Bat flies on phyllostomid hosts in the Cerrado region: component community, prevalence and intensity of parasitism. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106(3): 274-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011000300004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011...
). Despite being a common species on the lists of bat flies in the Atlantic Forest (AZEVEDO; LINARDI, 2002Azevedo AA, Linardi PM. Streblidae (Diptera) of phyllostomid bats from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97(3): 421-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002000300026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002...
; BERTOLA et al., 2005; SOARES et al., 2013Soares FAM, Graciolli G, Alcântara DMC, Ribeiro CEBP, Valença GC, Ferrari SF. Bat flies (Diptera: Streblidae) ectoparasites of bats at an Atlantic Rainforest site in northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop 2013; 13(2): 242-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013000200024
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032013...
), it was not previously reported in the study by Almeida et al. (2011)Almeida JC, Silva SSP, Serra-Freire NM, Valim MP. Ectoparasites (Insecta and Acari) associated with bats in Southeastern Brazil. J Med Entomol 2011; 48(4): 753-757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME09133
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME09133...
in the state of Rio de Janeiro, mainly due to not catching S. lilium, which is its primary host (WENZEL, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.).

Aspidoptera phyllostomatis (Perty, 1833)

Material examined: 12 males, 14 females; ex A. fimbriatus; 4 females; ex A. lituratus; 2 females; ex Artibeus obscurus (Schinz, 1821); 1 male, 7 females; ex Artibeus planirostris (Spix, 1823); 1 male; ex S. lilium.

Comments: This was recorded on four species of ArtibeusLeach, 1821, and the greatest abundance (n = 27) and prevalence (29.31%) were on A. fimbriatus. Data for the Atlantic Forest are scarce (WENZEL, 1970; GRACIOLLI et al., 2006Graciolli G, Cáceres NC, Bornschein MR. Novos registros de moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Streblidae e Nycteribiidae) de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em áreas de transição cerrado-floresta estacional no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotrop 2006; 6(2): 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032006000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032006...
); however, Graciolli and Carvalho (2001)Graciolli G, Carvalho CJB. Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) de morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) do estado do Paraná. II. Streblidae. Chave pictórica para gêneros e espécies. Rev Bras Zool 2001; 18(3): 907-960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000300026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
also recorded this species on the same host. Almeida et al. (2011)Almeida JC, Silva SSP, Serra-Freire NM, Valim MP. Ectoparasites (Insecta and Acari) associated with bats in Southeastern Brazil. J Med Entomol 2011; 48(4): 753-757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME09133
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ME09133...
did not register this bat fly, despite the high numbers of A. lituratus that were caught (n = 106). Likewise, it was not registered by Bertola et al. (2005) on A. lituratus (n = 102) and A. fimbriatus(n = 37). Its presence on S. lilium, reported by Graciolli et al. (2006)Graciolli G, Cáceres NC, Bornschein MR. Novos registros de moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Streblidae e Nycteribiidae) de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em áreas de transição cerrado-floresta estacional no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotrop 2006; 6(2): 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032006000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032006...
, was considered to be accidental. In the Cerrado, it was found on A. planirostris (GRACIOLLI et al., 2010Graciolli G, Zortea M, Carvalho LFAC. Bat flies (Diptera, Streblidae and Nycteribiidae) in a Cerrado area of Goiás State, Brazil. Rev Bras Entomol 2010; 54(3): 511-514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010000300025
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262010...
; ERIKSSON et al., 2011Eriksson A, Graciolli G, Fischer E. Bat flies on phyllostomid hosts in the Cerrado region: component community, prevalence and intensity of parasitism. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2011; 106(3): 274-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011000300004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762011...
; SANTOS et al., 2013Santos CLC, Pereira ACN, Bastos VJC, Graciolli G, Rebêlo JMM. Parasitism of ectoparasitic flies on bats in the northern Brazilian cerrado. Acta Parasitol 2013; 58(2): 207-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-013-0135-9
http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11686-013-013...
), and in the Caatinga-Amazon ecotone of the state of Maranhão, on A. lituratus and A. obscurus (DIAS et al., 2009Dias PA, Santos CLC, Rodrigues FS, Rosa LC, Lobato KS, Rebelo JMM. Espécies de moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Hippoboscoidea) de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) no estado do Maranhão. Rev Bras Entomol 2009; 53(1): 128-133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009000100027
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0085-56262009...
; SANTOS et al., 2009Santos CLC, Dias PA, Rodrigues FS, Lobato KS, Rosa LC, Oliveira TG, et al. Moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera: Streblidae) de morcegos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) do Município de São Luís, MA: Taxas de infestação e associações parasito-hospedeiro. Neotrop Entomol 2009; 38(5): 595-601. PMid:19943006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2009000500006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2009...
).

Neotrichobius delicatus Machado-Allison, 1966

Material examined: 1 female; ex Dermanura cinerea(Gervais, 1855); 2 females; ex Vampyressa pusilla(Wagner, 1843).

Comments: This bat fly presents previous records only in Pará (WENZEL, 1970) and the Federal District, on D. cinerea(GRACIOLLI; AGUIAR, 2002). Thus, its presence in the Tinguá region expands its geographical distribution and adds one new biome. The association of N. delicatus and V. pusilla is the first time that this has been recorded in Brazil. In Bolivia, it was previously found in association with D. cinereus (DICK et al., 2007Dick CW, Gettinger D, Gardner SL. Bolivian ectoparasites: A survey of bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Comp Parasitol 2007; 74(2): 372-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/4264.1
http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/4264.1...
), in Costa Rica with V. pusilla(MILLER; TSCHAPKA, 2001) and in Venezuela with both hosts (WENZEL, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.).

Trichobius anducei Guerrero, 1998Guerrero R. Notas sobre batflies (Diptera, Streblidae). I. O gênero Trichobius, com a descrição de duas novas espécies e novas subespécies da Venezuela. Acta Parasitol 1998; 43: 86-93.

Material examined: 28 males, 21 females; ex C. perspicillata.

Comments: Its occurrence in the state of Rio de Janeiro has increased its distribution in the Neotropics, given that previously, it had only been reported in Venezuela (GUERRERO, 1998Guerrero R. Notas sobre batflies (Diptera, Streblidae). I. O gênero Trichobius, com a descrição de duas novas espécies e novas subespécies da Venezuela. Acta Parasitol 1998; 43: 86-93.). While it is very common for its host to be caught (LOURENÇO; ESBÉRARD, 2011Lourenço EC, Esbérard CEL. Reinfestation of Streblidae ectoparasites (Diptera) in Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera). Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(4): 325-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000400012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
), no records had been reported in addition to its description. In the Tinguá region, T. anducei showed high prevalence (16%) and abundance (n = 49), and was the third most abundant bat fly on C. perspicillata.

Trichobius diphyllae Wenzel, 1966

Material examined: 1 female; ex D. ecaudata.

Comments: This is the first record in Brazil. Previously, occurrences in Guatemala, Mexico, Venezuela and Peru on the same host have been reported (WENZEL et al., 1966Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ, Kiewlicz A. The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera: Calyptera: Streblidae). In: Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ. Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History; 1966. p. 405-675.; WENZEL, 1970; GUERRERO, 1995Guerrero R. Catálogo de los Streblidae (Diptera: Pupípara) parasitos de murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) del Nuevo Mundo. III. Los grupos: dugesii, dunni y phyllostomae del gênero Trichobius Gervais, 1844. Acta Biol Venez 1995; 15: 1-27.).

Trichobius handleyi Wenzel, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.

Material examined: 3 males; ex M. minuta.

Comments: This is the first record in Brazil. There have previously been records in Costa Rica parasitizing Lophostoma brasiliense Peters, 1867, and Lophostoma silvicolum d'Orbigny, 1836 (MILLER; TSCHAPKA, 2001); in Venezuela on G. soricina, Phyllostomus elongatus (É. Geoffroy, 1810) and M. hirsuta; and in Peru on M. minuta and M. megalotis (WENZEL, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.; GUERRERO, 1995Guerrero R. Catálogo de los Streblidae (Diptera: Pupípara) parasitos de murciélagos (Mammalia: Chiroptera) del Nuevo Mundo. III. Los grupos: dugesii, dunni y phyllostomae del gênero Trichobius Gervais, 1844. Acta Biol Venez 1995; 15: 1-27.).

Trichobius lonchophyllae Wenzel, 1966

Material examined: 2 males, 1 female; ex Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766); 3 females; ex L. peracchii.

Comments: There have previously been records on Lonchophylla dekeyseri Taddei, Vizotto & Sazima, 1983, in the Federal District, in the Cerrado (GRACIOLLI; COELHO, 2001Graciolli G, Coelho DC. Streblidae (Diptera, Hippoboscoidea) sobre morcegos filostomídeos (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) em cavernas do Distrito Federal, Brasil. Rev Bras Zool 2001; 18(3): 965-970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001000300028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81752001...
; GRACIOLLI; AGUIAR, 2002) and on G. soricina in the state of Minas Gerais, in the Atlantic Forest (AZEVEDO; LINARDI, 2002Azevedo AA, Linardi PM. Streblidae (Diptera) of phyllostomid bats from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97(3): 421-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002000300026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002...
). Lonchophylla peracchii is a new host of T. lonchophyllae. Other records of this parasite were made in Costa Rica (TIMM et al., 1989Timm RM, Wilson DE, Clausson BL, Laval RK, Vaughan CS. Mammals of La Selva-Braulio Carrillo complex, Costa Rica. North Am faun 1989; 75: 1-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/nafa.75.0001
http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/nafa.75.0001...
; MILLER; TSCHAPKA, 2001), Venezuela (WENZEL, 1976Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.), Colombia (MARINKELLE; GROSE, 1981Marinkelle CJ, Grose ES. A list of ectoparasites of Colombian bats. Rev Biol Trop 1981; 29(1): 11-20. PMid:7339714.) and Panama (WENZEL et al., 1966Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ, Kiewlicz A. The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera: Calyptera: Streblidae). In: Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ. Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History; 1966. p. 405-675.), on L. robusta.

Some streblids, such as Megistopoda Macquart, 1852, and Aspidoptera Coquillett, 1899, were expected to occur in the state of Rio de Janeiro because of their association with hosts already listed for this state and for the Atlantic Forest, such as Artibeus and Sturnira Gray, 1842 (KOMENO; LINHARES, 1999Komeno CA, Linhares A. Batflies parasitic on some Phyllostomid bats in southeastern Brazil: Parasitism rates and host-parasite Relationships. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1999; 94(2): 151-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761999000200004
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02761999...
; AZEVEDO; LINARDI, 2002Azevedo AA, Linardi PM. Streblidae (Diptera) of phyllostomid bats from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2002; 97(3): 421-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002000300026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762002...
; BERTOLA et al., 2005; GRACIOLLI et al., 2006Graciolli G, Cáceres NC, Bornschein MR. Novos registros de moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Streblidae e Nycteribiidae) de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em áreas de transição cerrado-floresta estacional no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Biota Neotrop 2006; 6(2): 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032006000200028
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1676-06032006...
). Other species cited here have seldom been reported in Brazil, probably due to the low numbers of their hosts that have been caught, such as the bat flies found on M. minuta, L. peracchii, V. pusilla and D. ecaudata. In contrast, the presence of T. anducei on C. perspicillata, which is a new report for Brazil, shows that little is known about the relationships of these bat flies with bats. It is noteworthy that C. perspicillata is one of the most commonly caught bats and also one of the most parasitized (LOURENÇO; ESBÉRARD, 2011Lourenço EC, Esbérard CEL. Reinfestation of Streblidae ectoparasites (Diptera) in Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Chiroptera). Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 2011; 20(4): 325-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011000400012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612011...
). Through this study it was possible expand the geographical distribution of Streblidae, thereby contributing to the state list, which now contains 31 species.

Acknowledgements

To Tinguá Biological Reserve, Entidade Ambientalista Onda Verde, Sindipetro Caxias and FAPERJ (E-26/111.364/2011), CNPq, Capes. To Dr. Gustavo Graciolli for confirmation of vouchers.

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    » http://dx.doi.org/10.3996/nafa.75.0001
  • Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ, Kiewlicz A. The streblid batflies of Panama (Diptera: Calyptera: Streblidae). In: Wenzel RL, Tipton VJ. Ectoparasites of Panama. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History; 1966. p. 405-675.
  • Wenzel RL. Family Streblidae. In: Papavero N, editor. A catalogue of the Diptera of the Americas south of the United States 100. São Paulo: Museu de Zoologia Universidade de São Paulo; 1970. 25 p.
  • Wenzel RL. The Streblidae bat flies of Venezuela (Diptera: Streblidae). Brigham Young Univ sci bull 1976; 20: 1-177.

Data availability

Data citations

Dick CW, Graciolli G. Checklist of world Streblidae (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) [online]. Nat Scie Foundation; 2006. 7 p. [cited 2013 Jan 10]. Available from: http://fm1.fieldmuseum.org/aa/Files/cdick/Streblidae_Checklist_2oct06.pdf.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    23 May 2014
  • Date of issue
    June 2014

History

  • Received
    19 Nov 2013
  • Accepted
    26 Feb 2014
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