Risk factor analysis associated with <i>Neospora caninum</i> in dairy cattle in Western Brazilian Amazon

Venturoso, Poliana de Jesus Souza; Venturoso, Osvaldo Juliatti; Silva, Gisele Glomba; Maia, Maerle Oliveira; Witter, Rute; Aguiar, Daniel Moura; Pacheco, Richard de Campos; Ferreira, Elvino; Costa, Alvimar José da; Santos-Doni, Thais Rabelo dos

doi:10.1590/S1984-296120201088

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 30 (1) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-296120201088 copy

Risk factor analysis associated with Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Western Brazilian Amazon

Análises de fatores de risco associado a Neospora caninum em gado leiteiro na Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Neospora caninum is considered to be one of the main causes of abortion among cattle. The present survey was conducted in the municipality of Rolim de Moura, Rondônia State, Brazil. A questionnaire that investigates the epidemiological aspects of neosporosis was used in the analysis of risk factors associated with the animal-level and herd-level prevalence in dairy cattle. A total of 416 bovine blood samples were collected from 30 farms, and N. caninum antibody levels were measured by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). Analysis of dairy cattle serum samples revealed the presence of anti-N. caninum antibodies to be 47.36% (n = 197). Risk factors associated with N. caninum infection were the management system and access locations of dogs. The results of the present survey indicated that infection of dairy cattle with N. caninum is widespread in the studied region of Western Amazon, which has implications for prevention and control of neosporosis in this region. Therefore, integrated control strategies and measures are recommended to prevent and control N. caninum infection in dairy cattle. In addition, direct contact between dairy cattle, dogs and wild animals, which can influence the epidemiology of neosporosis, should be investigated further.

Keywords:
Risk factors; prevalence; neosporosis; Western Amazon; Brazil

Herds	Seroprevalence		Total animals	95% CI ^a a CI: confidence interval.
Herds	%	Number of seropositive animals	Total animals	95% CI ^a a CI: confidence interval.
1	69.23	9	13	38.60	90.9
2	37.04	10	27	19.40	57.63
3	42.31	11	26	23.35	63.08
4	66.67	16	24	44.67	84.37
5	33.33	3	9	7.49	70.07
6	88.89	8	9	51.75	99.72
7	38.10	8	21	18.11	61.57
8	40.00	8	20	19.12	63.65
9	60.87	14	23	38.54	80.29
10	47.83	11	23	26.82	69.41
11	56.25	9	16	29.88	80.25
12	69.23	9	13	38.57	90.91
13	43.48	10	23	23.19	65.50
14	8.33	1	12	0.21	38.48
15	50.00	5	10	18.71	81.29
16	50.00	7	14	23.04	76.96
17	45.45	5	11	16.75	76.62
18	42.86	6	14	17.66	71.14
19	75.00	6	8	34.91	96.81
20	100.00	8	8	63.06	100.00
21	58.82	10	17	32.93	81.56
22	14.29	1	7	0.36	57.87
23	14.29	1	7	0.36	57.87
24	11.11	1	9	0.28	48.25
25	54.55	6	11	23.38	83.25
26	87.50	7	8	47.35	99.68
27	66.67	4	6	22.28	95.67
28	0.00	0	8	0.00	0.00
29	30.00	3	10	6.67	65.25
30	0.00	0	9	0.00	0.00
TOTAL	47.36	197	416	42.47	52.28

Animal category	Seroprevalence		Total	95% CI ^a a CI: confidence interval;
Animal category	%	Number	Total	95% CI ^a a CI: confidence interval;
Cows ^* * Fisher's Exact Test (χ2(3) = 5.61; p = 0.13);	47.28	139	294	41.46	53.16
Pregnant cows^†	33.33	4	12	9.93	65.11
Dry cows^† † Fisher's Exact Test (χ2(1) = 4.97; p = 0.17);	64.29	9	14	35.14	87.24
Lactating dairy cows^†	46.15	120	260	39.98	52.42
Calved cows^†	75.00	6	8	34.91	96.82
Calves*	39.06	25	64	27.10	52.07
Female^‡ ‡ χ2(1) = 3.76; p = 0.06.	47.62	20	42	32.00	63.58
Male^‡	22.73	5	22	7.82	45.37
Heifers*	53.06	26	49	38.27	67.47
Bull*	77.78	7	9	39.99	97.19
Total	47.36	197	416	42.47	52.28

Risk factors	IFAT - IgG		Total = n (%)	Univariable analysis		Multivariable logistic regression
Risk factors	Reagent n (%)	Non-Reagent n (%)	Total = n (%)	OR ^a a OR: odds ratio. (95% CI ^† )	P-values	AOR ^b b AOR: adjusted odds ratio. (95% CI ^† † CI: confidence interval )	P-values
Sex
female	185 (48)	200 (52)	385 (93)	1.46 (0.65<OR<3.40)	0.32
male	12 (39)	19 (61)	31 (7)
Age
Adult	146 (48)	157 (52)	303 (73)	1.13 (0.72<OR<1.79)	0.58
Young	51 (45)	62 (55)	113 (27)
Management system
Extensive	124 (53)	110 (47)	234 (56)	1.68 (1.11<OR<2.54)	0.01*	2.05 (1.19<OR<3.53)	0.01*
Semi-intensive	73 (40)	109 (60)	182 (44)
Herd size
Medium	119 (51)	115 (49)	234 (72)	1.35 (0.81<OR<2.28)	0.23	1.00 (0.60<OR<1.67)	0.99
Large	39 (43)	51 (57)	90 (28)
Technical monitoring
No	170 (49)	179 (51)	349 (84)	1.41 (0.81<OR<2.50)	0.21	1.13 (0.63<OR<2.03)	0.67
Yes	27 (40)	40 (60)	67 (16)
Stock up facility for Food
No	6 (54)	5 (45)	11 (3)	1.34 (0.34<OR<5.66)	0.76
Yes	191 (47)	214 (53)	405 (97)
Surface type of Milking Shed
Wooden clapboard	14 (61)	9 (39)	23 (12)	1.95 (0.80<OR<4.75)	0.14	0.54 (0.31<OR<0.94)	0.03*
Cemented	75 (44)	94 (56)	169 (88)
Farm hygienic status
Not clean	73 (55)	61 (45)	134 (45)	1.84 (1.13<OR<3.00)	0.01^* * Significant predictor (p < 0.05).	0.54 (0.33<OR<0.89)	0.02*
Clean	65 (39)	100 (61)	165 (55)
Water source
Dam	73 (49)	75 (51)	148 (73)	1.30 (0.67<OR<2.54)	0.41
Drinking fountain	24 (43)	32 (57)	56 (27)
Feeder
Wooden	84 (51)	82 (49)	166 (88)	1.79 (0.66<OR<5.20)	0.21	1.62 (0.63<OR<4.22)	0.32
Cemented	8 (36)	14 (64)	22 (12)
Access locations of dogs
Pasture	140 (53)	123 (47)	263 (63)	1.92 (1.25<OR<2.94)	< 0.01*	2.24 (1.43<OR<3.49)	< 0.01*
Barn	57 (37)	96 (63)	153 (37)
Stage of gestation that abortions occurred
Third third	74 (50)	74 (50)	148 (89)	1.38 (0.47<OR<4.17)	0.52
Second third	8 (42)	11 (58)	19 (11)

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E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br

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[1] *Correponding author: Thais Rabelo dos Santos-Doni. E-mail: rabelo.vet@hotmail.com