Prevalence and risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites in backyard pigs reared in the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, Colombia

Pinilla, Juan Carlos; Morales, Elsa; Delgado, Nelson Uribe; Florez, Angel Alberto

doi:10.1590/S1984-29612020094

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Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária

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Original Article • Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet. 29 (4) • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612020094 copy

Prevalence and risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites in backyard pigs reared in the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, Colombia

Prevalência e fatores de risco de parasitos gastrointestinais em suínos criados na Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga, Colombia

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Backyard pigs have been associated with poor sanitary conditions and the development of parasitic diseases, often causing public health and food safety problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors for gastrointestinal parasites in backyard pigs. 279 animals were sampled from thirty-two backyard pig farms located in the Bucaramanga, Floridablanca, Giron and Piedecuesta municipalities, from Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, Colombia. Fecal samples were taken directly from the rectum and processed by four coprological techniques. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 91%, being the highest values for Balantidium coli and Eimeria sp. Regarding the prevalence by municipalities, there was no statistical association (p ≥ 0.05) indicating that the prevalence was similar in the region under study. Floridablanca municipality, free-ranging pigs, access to latrines, and consumption of spring water showed to be a risk factor for nematodes, while Giron municipality, pigs > 7 months of age and access to latrines, increased infection risk for coccidian. We concluded that there is a high prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in backyard pigs from the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area, and that it could be controlled by improving management practices and farm facilities.

Keywords:
Backyard pigs; gastrointestinal parasitism; nematodes; protozoan

Parasite	Positive (n=279)	Prevalence (%)	Intensity of infection (opg – epg)
Protozoan group
Balantidium coli	147	52.7	260.3
Eimeria sp.	140	50.2	1230
Entamoeba coli	94	33.7	100
Cryptosporidium sp.	16	5.7	^* * Cryptosporidium sp. was no counted
Cystoisospora suis	5	1.8	357.1

Nematodes group
Strongylida^ as Strongylida order	36	12.9	244.4
Strongyloides ransomi	12	4.3	3762.5
Ascaris suum	11	3.9	2150
Trichuris suis	5	1.8	400

Risk factors	Categories	N°	Positive (%)	p-value
Municipality	B/manga	93	64 (68.8)
	Floridablanca	47	47 (100)
	Piedecuesta	60	7 (11.7)
	Giron	79	65 (82.3)	0.000^* * Variables that presented a value of p≤0.05 by the Chi-square test.
Age group	≤2 months	71	54 (76.1)
	3-6 months	49	23 (46.9)
	7-12 months	88	67 (76.1)
	≥13 months	71	39 (54.9)	0.000*
Sex	Male	107	79 (73.8)
	Female	172	104 (60.5)	0.02*
Altitude	<1000	139	122 (87.8)
	>1000	140	61 (43.6)	0.00*
Free-ranging pigs	No	213	117 (54.9)
	Yes	66	66 (100)	0.00*
Access to latrines	No	257	161 (62.6)
	Yes	22	22 (100)	0.00*
Number of pigs	<10	82	60 (73.2)
	>10	197	123 (62.4)	0.09
De-worming	No	17	17 (100)
	Yes	262	166 (63.4)	0.002*
Type of food	Restaurant residues	60	41 (68.3)
	Concentrate	56	19 (33.9)
	Mixed	163	123 (75.5)	0.000*
Water source	Deep well water	214	121 (56.5)
	Spring water	65	62 (95.4)	0.000*

			Coccidia ^ As Coccidia (Eimeria sp. and Cystoisospora suis)		Cryptosporidium sp.		*Balantidium coli*		*Entamoeba coli*
Risk factors	Categories	N°	Positive (%)	p-value	Positive (%)	p-value	Positive (%)	p-value	Positive (%)	p-value
Municipality	B/manga	93	42 (45.2)		6 (6.5)		44 (47.3)		18 (19.4)
	Floridablanca	47	19 (40.4)		4 (8.5)		27 (57.4)		23 (48.9)
	Piedecuesta	60	30 (50)		2 (3.3)		31 (51.7)		22 (36.7)
	Giron	79	51 (64.6)	0.03^* * Variables that presented a value of p≤0.05 by the Chi-square test.	4 (5.1)	0.69	45 (57)	0.55	31 (39.2)	0.002*
Age group	≤2 months	71	26 (36.6)		2 (2.8)		35 (49.3)		23 (32.4)
	3-6 months	49	22 (44.9)		1 (2)		22 (44.9)		14 (28.6)
	7-12 months	88	54 (61.4)		9 (10.2)		50 (56.8)		31 (35.2)
	≥13 months	71	40 (56.3)	0.01*	4 (5.6)	0.13	40 (56.3)	0.47	26 (36.6)	0.8
Sex	Male	107	51 (47.7)		7 (6.5)		60 (56.1)		36 (33.6)
	Female	172	91 (52.9)	0.39	9 (5.2)	0.65	87 (50.6)	0.37	58 (33.7)	0.9
Altitude	<1000	139	84 (60.4)		7 (5)		68 (48.9)		39 (28.1)
	>1000	140	58 (41.4)	0.02*	9 (6.4)	0.62	79 (56.4)	0.21	55 (39.3)	0.04*
Free-ranging pigs	No	213	113 (53.1)		12 (5.6)		112 (52.6)		69 (32.4)
	Yes	66	29 (43.9)	0.19	4 (6.1)	0.89	35 (53)	0.95	25 (37.9)	0.41
Access to latrines	No	257	134 (52.1)		12 (4.7)		133 (51.8)		88 (34.2)
	Yes	22	8 (36.4)	0.15	4 (18.2)	0.009*	14 (63.6)	0.28	6 (27.3)	0.5
Number of pigs	<10	82	38 (46.3)		8 (9.8)		40 (48.8)		24 (29.3)
	>10	197	104 (52.8)	0.32	8 (4.1)	0.06	107 (54.3)	0.4	70 (35.5)	0.31
De-worming	No	17	2 (11.8)		1 (5.9)		9 (52.9)		6 (35.3)
	Yes	262	140 (53.4)	0.01*	15 (5.7)	0.9	138 (52.7)	0.9	88 (33.6)	0.88
Type of food	Restaurant residues	60	26 (43.3)		2 (3.3)		34 (56.7)		24 (40)
	Concentrate	56	34 (60.7)		2 (3.6)		26 (46.4)		12 (21.4)
	Mixed	163	82 (50.3)	0.17	12 (7.4)	0.38	87 (53.4)	0.5	58 (35.6)	0.08
Water source	Spring water	65	28 (43.1)		2 (3.1)		30 (46.2)		22 (33.8)
	Deep well water	214	114 (53.3)	0.15	14 (6.5)	0.3	117 (54.7)	0.2	72 (33.6)	0.9

Risk factors	B	E. T	Exp(β)	CI (95%)	p-value
Nematodes
Floridadablanca municipality	20.4	58.6	41.5	20.1-54.3	0.000
Free-ranging pigs (yes)	0.65	0.1	1.96	0.8-2.34	0.000
Access to latrines (yes)	0.6	0.12	1.91	0.75-3.2	0.01
Spring water	2.7	0.67	15.8	4.8-52.2	0.02

Coccidia ^* * as Coccidia (Eimeria sp. and Cystoisospora suis).

Giron municipality	0.8	0.3	2.2	1.2-4.1	0.01
7-12 months of age	1.01	0.33	2.8	1.4-5.2	0.002
≥13 months of age	0.8	0.34	2.3	1.1-4.3	0.02

Cryptosporidium sp.
Access to latrines (yes)	1.5	0.63	4.5	1.3-15.5	0.01

Colégio Brasileiro de Parasitologia Veterinária FCAV/UNESP - Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, Zona Rural, , 14884-900 Jaboticabal - SP, Brasil, Fone: (16) 3209-7100 RAMAL 7934 - Jaboticabal - SP - Brazil
E-mail: cbpv_rbpv.fcav@unesp.br

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[1] *Corresponding autor: Juan Carlos Pinilla. E-mail: jcpinilla65@gmail.com.