Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

Evaluation of performance of BASDAI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index) in a Brazilian cohort of 1492 patients with spondyloarthritis: data from the Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritides (RBE)

Abstracts

Objective

To analyze the results of the application of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) in a large series of Brazilian patients with the diagnosis of SpA and establish its correlations with specific variables into the group.

Methods

A common protocol of investigation was prospectively applied to 1492 Brazilian patients classified as SpA according to the European Spondyoarthropathies Study Group (ESSG), attended at 29 referral centers of Rheumatology in Brazil. Clinical and demographic variables, and disease indices (BASDAI, Basfi, Basri, Mases, ASQol) were applied. The total values of BASDAI were compared to the presence of the different variables.

Results

The mean score of BASDAI was 4.20 ± 2.38. The mean scores of BASDAI were higher in patients with the combined (axial + peripheral + entheseal) (4.54 ± 2.38) clinical presentation, compared to the pure axial (3.78 ± 2.27) or pure peripheral (4.00 ± 2.38) clinical presentations (P < 0.001). BASDAI also presented higher scores associated with the female gender (P < 0.001) and patients who did not practice exercises (P < 0.001). Regarding the axial component, higher values of BASDAI were significantly associated with inflammatory low back pain (P < 0.049), alternating buttock pain (P < 0.001), cervical pain (P < 0.001) and hip involvement (P < 0.001). There was also statistical association between BASDAI scores and the peripheral involvement, related to the lower (P = 0.004) and upper limbs (P = 0.025). The presence of enthesitis was also associated to higher scores of BASDAI (P = 0.040). Positive HLA-B27 and the presence of cutaneous psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, uveitis and urethritis were not correlated with the mean scores of BASDAI. Lower scores of BASDAI were associated with the use of biologic agents (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

In this heterogeneous Brazilian series of SpA patients, BASDAI was able to demonstrate “disease activity” in patients with axial as well as peripheral disease.

Spondyloarthritis; Disease activity; BASDAI; Epidemiology


Objetivo

Avaliar os resultados da aplicação do Índice de Atividade de Doença da Espondilite Anquilosante de Bath (BASDAI) numa série de pacientes brasileiros com EpA e estabelecer suas correlações com as variáveis específicas do grupo.

Métodos

Um protocolo comum de investigação foi prospectivamente aplicado em 1.492 pacientes brasileiros classificados como EpA pelos critérios do Grupo Europeu de Estudo das Espondiloartropatias (ESSG), acompanhados em 29 centros de referência em reumatologia no Brasil. Variáveis clínicas, demográficas e índices de doença foram colhidos. Os valores totais do BASDAI foram comparados com a presença das diferentes variáveis.

Resultados

O valor médio do BASDAI foi de 4,20 ± 2,38. Os escores médios do BASDAI foram mais elevados nos pacientes com forma clínica combinada, comparado às formas axiais e periféricas isoladas, nos pacientes do sexo feminino e nos sedentários. Com relação ao componente axial, valores mais altos do BASDAI estiveram significativamente associados à lombalgia inflamatória, à dor alternante em nádegas, à dor cervical e ao acometimento de coxofemorais. Houve associação estatística entre os valores do BASDAI e o comprometimento periférico, relacionado ao número de articulações inflamadas, tanto dos membros inferiores quanto dos membros superiores, e às entesites. A positividade do HLA-B27 e a presença de manifestações extra-articulares não estiveram correlacionadas com os valores médios do BASDAI. Valores mais baixos do BASDAI estiveram associados ao uso de agentes biológicos (p < 0,001).

Conclusão

Nesta série heterogênea de pacientes brasileiros com EpA, o BASDAI conseguiu demonstrar “atividade de doença” tanto nos pacientes com acometimento axial quanto naqueles com envolvimento periférico.

Espondiloartrites; Atividade de doença; BASDAI; Epidemiologia


Introduction

The denomination spondyloarthritis (SpA) defines a heterogeneous group of diseases that share genetic and clinical characteristics, as well as structural changes in imaging studies. The positivity of HLA-B27 and the absence of rheumatoid factor are common to this group of diseases, and the high frequency of inflammatory processes of the spine, sacroiliac joints and enthesis is considered the main clinical criteria for the diagnosis of SpA.1Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (Asas) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68 Suppl II:ii1-44. Other clinical manifestations occur in varying degrees of involvement in the group of SpA; more often, skin, ocular, intestinal and urogenital injuries and, less frequently, pulmonary, cardiac, renal and neurological involvement.1Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (Asas) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68 Suppl II:ii1-44.

This group of diseases consists of ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PA), reactive arthritis (ReA), arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (also known as enterophatic arthritis – EA) and undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (USpA).1Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (Asas) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68 Suppl II:ii1-44.

With the advent of new therapeutic modalities for the group of SpA, the elaboration of measures of disease activity that could be used in long-term follow-up was necessary.2Van der Heijde D, Landewé R. Assessment of disease activity, function and quality of life. In: Weisman MH, Reveille JD, Van der Heijde D, editors. Ankylosing spondylitis and the spondyloarthropathies. Mosby Elsevier, Filadélfia, 1a. ed.; 2006. p. 206-13. Currently, to evaluate and monitor clinical disease activity in SpA, the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) has been used. This index is obtained by summing the values of a visual analog scale (VAS) that evaluates six items, namely: fatigue, axial pain, peripheral pain, enthesitis, duration and intensity of morning stiffness.3Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG, Whitelock H, Gaisford P, Calin A. A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:2286-91. BASDAI does not use any marker of inflammatory activity in its calculation, since these tests were not standardized at the time of its proposition.3Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG, Whitelock H, Gaisford P, Calin A. A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:2286-91. BASDAI values are internationally used (BASDAI ≥ 4 is deemed as “high disease activity”) for the indication of biological agents in the treatment of SpA, when there was no response to conventional treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or with conventional remissive drugs.4Van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Maksymowych WDougados M, Burgos-Vargas R, Landewé R, et al. 2010 update of the international Asas recommendations for the use of anti-TNF agents in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:905-8.,5Sampaio-Barros PD, Pinheiro MM, Ximenes AC, Meirelles ES, Keiserman M, Azevedo VF, et al. Recomendacões sobre diagnóstico e tratamento da espondilite anquilosante. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2013;53:242-57. When the patient reaches BASDAI 50 (improvement in the BASDAI score of ≥50%) in the first 12 weeks of treatment, this can be considered as a very good clinical response.6Rudwalei M, Listing J, Brandt J, Braun J, Sieper J. Prediction of a major clinical response (Basdai 50) to tumour necrosis factor alpha blockers in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:665-70. Due to its importance, BASDAI has been translated and validated in several languages, including French,7Claudepierre P, Sibilia J, Goupille P, Flipo RM, Wendling D, Eulry F, et al. Evaluation of a French version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index in patients with spondyloarthropathy. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1954-8. Swedish,8Waldner A, Cronstedt H, Stenstrom CH. The Swedish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. Reliability and validity. Scand J Rheumatol. 1999;111 Supl:10-6. German,9Brandt J, Westhoff G, Rudwaleit M, Listing J, Zink A, Braun J, et al. Adaption and validation of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (Basdai) for use in Germany. Z Rheumatol. 2003;62:264-73. Spanish,1010 Cardiel MH, Londoíío JD, Gutierrez E, Pacheco-Tena C, Vazquez-Mellado J, Burgos-Vargas R. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validatio of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (Basfi), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (Basdai), and the Dougados Functional Index (DFI in a Spanish speaking population with spondyloarthropathies. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003;21:451-8. Turkish,1111 Akkoc Y Karatepe AG, Akar S, Kirazli Y,Akkoc N. A Turkish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index: reliability and validity. Rheumatol Int. 2005;25:280-4. Arabic1212 El Miedany Y,Youssef S, Mehanna A, Shebrya N, Abu Gamra S, El Gaafary M. Defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Arabic Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (Basfi), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (Basdai), and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Global score (Basg). Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:605-12. and Portuguese.1313 Cusmanich KG. Validacão para a língua portuguesa dos instrumentos de avaliacão de índice funcional e índice de atividade de doenca em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante (Dissertacão de Mestrado). Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. 2006. Recently, the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) was created1414 Van der Heijde D, Lie E, Kvien TK, Sieper J, Van den Bosch F, Listing J, et al. ASDAS, a highly discriminatory Asas-endorsed disease activity score in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1811-8.; this index associates the presence of a marker of inflammatory activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C-reactive protein (CRP); nowadays, ASDAS has its cutoff scores to differentiate “moderate”, “high” and “very high” activity.1515 Machado P,Landewé R, Lie E, Kvien TK, Braun J, Baker D, et al. Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (Asdas): defining cut-off values for disease activity states and improvement scores. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:47-53.

This paper analyzes the application of BASDAI in a heterogeneous Brazilian cohort of 1492 patients with SpA.

Methods

This is a prospective, observational, multicenter study, conducted with 1492 patients from 29 referral centers participating in the Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritides (Registro Brasileiro de Espondiloartrites – RBE). All patients fulfilled the criteria of the European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group (ESSG).1616 Dougados M, van der Linden S, Julin R, Huitfeld B, Amor B, Calin A, et al. The European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondyloarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:1218-27. Data were collected from June 2006 to December 2009. RBE participates in the RESPONDIA group (Registro Iberoamericano de Espondiloartrites), consisting of nine Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) and the two countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal).

The joint investigation protocol included demographic variables (gender, race, family history, HLA-B27, exercise), osteoarticular (inflammatory low back pain, buttock pain, neck pain, hip pain, lower limb arthritis, upper limb arthritis, enthesitis, dactylitis) and extra-articular (uveitis, inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], psoriasis, urethritis) disorders, and laboratory data (erythrocyte sedimentation rate – ESR and C-reactive protein – CRP), as well as the treatment (nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs – NSAIDs, corticosteroids and conventional and biological remissive drugs).

For the diagnosis of AS, the New York criteria were used1717 Van der Linden S, Valkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27:361-8.; for psoriatic arthritis, the participants had to meet the criteria of Moll and Wright.1818 Moll JMH, Wright V. Psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1973;3:55-78. The diagnosis of reactive arthritis was considered if asymmetric oligoarthritis of the lower limbs were present, with enthesopathy and/or inflammatory low back pain arousing after an enteric or urogenital infection,1919 Kingsley G, Sieper J. Third International Workshop on Reactive Arthritis, 23-26 September 1995, Berlin, Germany. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55:564-84. and spondyloarthritis/arthritis associated with inflammatory bowel disease, if the patient had an inflammatory axial disorder and/or peripheral joint involvement, associated with confirmed Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

BASDAI is a tool for evaluation of disease activity that contains six questions.3Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG, Whitelock H, Gaisford P, Calin A. A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:2286-91. The responses were marked on a horizontal line measuring 10 cm (from 0 to 10 cm), where the patient evaluates how he feels in relation to each item in the last week, marking on the scale: if the patient is fine (“very well”), he/she marks zero cm, gradually increasing until “very poor”, corresponding to a 10-cm mark. The six questions comprising BASDAI are as follows: (1) How would you describe the degree of fatigue or tiredness you have had?; (2) How would you describe the overall level of neck, back and hip pain related to your illness?; (3) How would you describe the overall level of pain and edema (swelling) in other joints, apart from neck, back and hip?; (4) How would you describe the overall level of discomfort you felt to the touch or compression in the painful regions of your body?; (5) How would you describe the intensity of morning stiffness you have had, from the time you wake up?; (6) How long does your morning stiffness take, from the time you wake up?

Statistical analysis

The variable categories were compared using2Van der Heijde D, Landewé R. Assessment of disease activity, function and quality of life. In: Weisman MH, Reveille JD, Van der Heijde D, editors. Ankylosing spondylitis and the spondyloarthropathies. Mosby Elsevier, Filadélfia, 1a. ed.; 2006. p. 206-13. and Fisher's exact tests, and continuous variables were compared using ANOVA. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant; and 0.05 > P > 0.10 was considered as a statistical trend.

Results

The mean score of total BASDAI was 4.20 ± 2.38. Among the six items that make up the final value of BASDAI, the item 2 (related to axial pain; 5.05 ± 3.20) had the highest mean, and the item 3 (related to peripheral component; 3.28 ± 3.18) was that with the lowest value. The mean values of BASDAI to all the questions that make up the index are described in Table 1.

Table 1
Results of BASDAI per item.

There was no significant difference between the mean values of BASDAI and any specific disease within the SpA group. The mean values of BASDAI for each disease within the group are shown in Table 2. As to the clinical presentation, the mean values of BASDAI were significantly higher in enthesitic (4.96 ± 2.22) and combined (axial and peripheral; 4.50 ± 2.38) forms, compared to pure forms, both axial (3.78 ± 2.28) and peripheral (3.87 ± 2.23) (Table 3).

Table 2
Results of BASDAI according to specific SpA.
Table 3
Results of BASDAI according to clinical form.

With regard to demographic variables, BASDAI was significantly higher in females (P < 0.001) and in those patients who did not exercise regularly (P < 0.001). Ethnicity, HLA-B27 and family history of SpA did not influence the results of BASDAI (Table 4).

Table 4
Results of BASDAI according to epidemiological data.

Numerous clinical variables influenced BASDAI scores. Inflammatory low back pain (P = 0.039), buttock pain (P < 0.001), neck pain (P < 0.001), hip pain (P < 0.001), arthritis of lower (P = 0.004) and upper (P = 0.025) limbs, and enthesitis (P = 0.040) were significantly associated with higher mean values of BASDAI. Extra-articular manifestations such as uveitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease and urethritis did not influence BASDAI scores (Table 5).

Table 5
Results of BASDAI according to clinical data.

With regard to treatment, only the use of anti-TNF biological agents was significantly associated with lower scores of BASDAI (P < 0.001), while the use of NSAIDs, corticosteroids, methotrexate and sulfasalazine did not influence the values of BASDAI (Table 6).

Table 6
Results of BASDAI according to treatment.

Discussion

This study aimed to evaluate the activity of SpA using BASDAI as a clinical activity index; this is a tool traditionally used in patients with SpA. The results showed that BASDAI could demonstrate “disease activity”, both in patients with an axial component as in those with peripheral involvement, even in patients with SpA but with no diagnosis of AS. In view of the fact that BASDAI evaluate “axial” (question 2) and “peripheral” (questions 3 and 4) components, an important finding in this study was represented by the highest mean scores in patients who had an involvement described as “combined” (where the “axial” and “peripheral” components are observed in the same patient) – a common characteristic of Brazilian patients.2020 Gallinaro AL, Ventura C, Sampaio-Barros PD, Goncalves CR. Espondiloartrites: análise de uma série brasileira comparada a uma grande casuística ibero-americana (estudo Respondia). Rev Bras Reumatol. 2010;50:581-9. Similarly, an European multicenter study evaluating 214 patients with SpA found higher values of BASDAI in those participants with a peripheral component (4.4 ± 2.3) compared to patients with an isolated axial component (3.1 ± 1.9) (P < 0.001).2121 Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Van Tubergen A, Spoorenberg A, Landewé R, Dougados M, Mielants H, et al. The influence of peripheral arthritis on disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis patients as measured with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:154-9. Also important was the fact that the mean values of BASDAI were significantly elevated, both in presence of axial (inflammatory low back pain, buttock pain, neck pain and hip pain) and peripheral (lower and upper joints) clinical variables, in addition to enthesitis.

In the spectrum of SpA, psoriatic arthritis is that disease where the peripheral component is most striking. Our study showed that BASDAI can also be effective in the evaluation of patients with PA, as shown in recent studies,2222 Taylor WJ, Harrison AA. Could the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (Basdai) be a valid measure of disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:311-5.,2323 Fernandez-Sueiro JL, Willisch A, Pertega-Diaz S, Tasende JA, Fernández-López JC, Villar NO, et al. Validity of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index for the evaluation of disease activity in axial psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:78-85. even when compared to ASDAS.2424 Eder L, Chandran V,Shen H, Cook RJ, Gladman DD. Is Asdas better than Basdai as a measure of disease activity in axial psoriatic arthritis? An Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2160-4.

With the proposition of ASDAS as a valid method of assessing disease activity in cases of AS,1414 Van der Heijde D, Lie E, Kvien TK, Sieper J, Van den Bosch F, Listing J, et al. ASDAS, a highly discriminatory Asas-endorsed disease activity score in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1811-8.,1515 Machado P,Landewé R, Lie E, Kvien TK, Braun J, Baker D, et al. Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (Asdas): defining cut-off values for disease activity states and improvement scores. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:47-53. it will be important to apply this tool to patients with SpA in the second phase of RBE, to compare its effectiveness versus BASDAI. There is no established consensus about what is the best method for assessment of disease activity in patients with AS (if ASDAS is better than BASDAI). Meanwhile, BASDAI has been shown as an efficient index in the therapeutic follow-up of patients with AS.6Rudwalei M, Listing J, Brandt J, Braun J, Sieper J. Prediction of a major clinical response (Basdai 50) to tumour necrosis factor alpha blockers in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:665-70.,2525 Glintborg B, Ostergaard M, Krogh NS, Dreyer L, Kristensen HL, Hetland ML. Predictors of treatment response and drug continuation in 842 patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor: results from 8 years' surveillance in the Danish nationwide Danbio registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2002-8.,2626 Arends S, Brower E, Van der Veer E, Groen H, Leijsma MK, Houtman PM, et al. Baseline predictors of response and discontinuation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha blocking therapy in ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective longitudinal observational cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:R94. The combination of BASDAI with the functional index BASFI (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index)2727 Calin A, Garrett S, Whitelock H, Kennedy LG, O'Hea J, Malorie Pet al. A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Functional Index. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:2281-5. made it possible to obtain important characteristics of patients in the Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritides.2828 Valim V, Marianelli BF, Bortoluzzo AB, Goncalves CR, Braga da Silva JA, Ximenes AC, et al. Aplicacão do Basfi (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index) numa coorte de pacientes do Registro Brasileiro de Espondiloartrites (RBE). Rev Bras Reumatol. 1492 (submetido).

Although representing only 27.7% of the patients, women had higher mean BASDAI scores, when compared to men. These results certainly may vary with the population evaluated.2929 Roussou E, Sultana S. Spondyloarthritis in women: differences in disease onset, clinical presentation, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity and Functional indices (Basdai and Basfi) between men and women with spondyloarthritides. Cli Rheumatol. 2011;30:121-7.

Regarding the skin color of the patients, there was no significant difference, as previously described,3030 Roussou E, Sultana S. Early spondyloarthritis in multiracial society: differences between gender, race, and disease subgroups with regard to first symptom at presentation, main problem tha the disease is causing to patients, and employment status. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:604-1597. and no significant difference in BASDAI scores in relation to HLA-B27, family history and extra-articular manifestations was found.

In short, BASDAI showed to be an efficient method of assessing disease activity in a heterogeneous population of Brazilian patients with SpA.

Referências

  • 1
    Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, Brandt J, Braun J, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. The Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society (Asas) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68 Suppl II:ii1-44.
  • 2
    Van der Heijde D, Landewé R. Assessment of disease activity, function and quality of life. In: Weisman MH, Reveille JD, Van der Heijde D, editors. Ankylosing spondylitis and the spondyloarthropathies. Mosby Elsevier, Filadélfia, 1a ed.; 2006. p. 206-13.
  • 3
    Garrett S, Jenkinson T, Kennedy LG, Whitelock H, Gaisford P, Calin A. A new approach to defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:2286-91.
  • 4
    Van der Heijde D, Sieper J, Maksymowych WDougados M, Burgos-Vargas R, Landewé R, et al. 2010 update of the international Asas recommendations for the use of anti-TNF agents in patients with axial spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:905-8.
  • 5
    Sampaio-Barros PD, Pinheiro MM, Ximenes AC, Meirelles ES, Keiserman M, Azevedo VF, et al. Recomendacões sobre diagnóstico e tratamento da espondilite anquilosante. Rev Bras Reumatol. 2013;53:242-57.
  • 6
    Rudwalei M, Listing J, Brandt J, Braun J, Sieper J. Prediction of a major clinical response (Basdai 50) to tumour necrosis factor alpha blockers in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63:665-70.
  • 7
    Claudepierre P, Sibilia J, Goupille P, Flipo RM, Wendling D, Eulry F, et al. Evaluation of a French version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index in patients with spondyloarthropathy. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1954-8.
  • 8
    Waldner A, Cronstedt H, Stenstrom CH. The Swedish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. Reliability and validity. Scand J Rheumatol. 1999;111 Supl:10-6.
  • 9
    Brandt J, Westhoff G, Rudwaleit M, Listing J, Zink A, Braun J, et al. Adaption and validation of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (Basdai) for use in Germany. Z Rheumatol. 2003;62:264-73.
  • 10
    Cardiel MH, Londoíío JD, Gutierrez E, Pacheco-Tena C, Vazquez-Mellado J, Burgos-Vargas R. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validatio of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (Basfi), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (Basdai), and the Dougados Functional Index (DFI in a Spanish speaking population with spondyloarthropathies. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003;21:451-8.
  • 11
    Akkoc Y Karatepe AG, Akar S, Kirazli Y,Akkoc N. A Turkish version of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index: reliability and validity. Rheumatol Int. 2005;25:280-4.
  • 12
    El Miedany Y,Youssef S, Mehanna A, Shebrya N, Abu Gamra S, El Gaafary M. Defining disease status in ankylosing spondylitis: validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Arabic Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (Basfi), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (Basdai), and the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Global score (Basg). Clin Rheumatol. 2008;27:605-12.
  • 13
    Cusmanich KG. Validacão para a língua portuguesa dos instrumentos de avaliacão de índice funcional e índice de atividade de doenca em pacientes com espondilite anquilosante (Dissertacão de Mestrado). Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. 2006.
  • 14
    Van der Heijde D, Lie E, Kvien TK, Sieper J, Van den Bosch F, Listing J, et al. ASDAS, a highly discriminatory Asas-endorsed disease activity score in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1811-8.
  • 15
    Machado P,Landewé R, Lie E, Kvien TK, Braun J, Baker D, et al. Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (Asdas): defining cut-off values for disease activity states and improvement scores. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:47-53.
  • 16
    Dougados M, van der Linden S, Julin R, Huitfeld B, Amor B, Calin A, et al. The European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group preliminary criteria for the classification of spondyloarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34:1218-27.
  • 17
    Van der Linden S, Valkenburg HA, Cats A. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis. A proposal for modification of the New York criteria. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27:361-8.
  • 18
    Moll JMH, Wright V. Psoriatic arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1973;3:55-78.
  • 19
    Kingsley G, Sieper J. Third International Workshop on Reactive Arthritis, 23-26 September 1995, Berlin, Germany. Ann Rheum Dis. 1996;55:564-84.
  • 20
    Gallinaro AL, Ventura C, Sampaio-Barros PD, Goncalves CR. Espondiloartrites: análise de uma série brasileira comparada a uma grande casuística ibero-americana (estudo Respondia). Rev Bras Reumatol. 2010;50:581-9.
  • 21
    Heuft-Dorenbosch L, Van Tubergen A, Spoorenberg A, Landewé R, Dougados M, Mielants H, et al. The influence of peripheral arthritis on disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis patients as measured with Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:154-9.
  • 22
    Taylor WJ, Harrison AA. Could the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (Basdai) be a valid measure of disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis? Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51:311-5.
  • 23
    Fernandez-Sueiro JL, Willisch A, Pertega-Diaz S, Tasende JA, Fernández-López JC, Villar NO, et al. Validity of the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index for the evaluation of disease activity in axial psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62:78-85.
  • 24
    Eder L, Chandran V,Shen H, Cook RJ, Gladman DD. Is Asdas better than Basdai as a measure of disease activity in axial psoriatic arthritis? An Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2160-4.
  • 25
    Glintborg B, Ostergaard M, Krogh NS, Dreyer L, Kristensen HL, Hetland ML. Predictors of treatment response and drug continuation in 842 patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor: results from 8 years' surveillance in the Danish nationwide Danbio registry. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2002-8.
  • 26
    Arends S, Brower E, Van der Veer E, Groen H, Leijsma MK, Houtman PM, et al. Baseline predictors of response and discontinuation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha blocking therapy in ankylosing spondylitis: a prospective longitudinal observational cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13:R94.
  • 27
    Calin A, Garrett S, Whitelock H, Kennedy LG, O'Hea J, Malorie Pet al. A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the Bath Ankylosing Functional Index. J Rheumatol. 1994;21:2281-5.
  • 28
    Valim V, Marianelli BF, Bortoluzzo AB, Goncalves CR, Braga da Silva JA, Ximenes AC, et al. Aplicacão do Basfi (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index) numa coorte de pacientes do Registro Brasileiro de Espondiloartrites (RBE). Rev Bras Reumatol. 1492 (submetido).
  • 29
    Roussou E, Sultana S. Spondyloarthritis in women: differences in disease onset, clinical presentation, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity and Functional indices (Basdai and Basfi) between men and women with spondyloarthritides. Cli Rheumatol. 2011;30:121-7.
  • 30
    Roussou E, Sultana S. Early spondyloarthritis in multiracial society: differences between gender, race, and disease subgroups with regard to first symptom at presentation, main problem tha the disease is causing to patients, and employment status. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32:604-1597.
*Corresponding author. E-mail: izapec@hotmail.com (I.P.d. Costa).
Conflicts of interest
The electronic version of the Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritides is supported by a grant from Wyeth/Pfizer Brazil, which has no influence on the capture and analysis of data, as well as in the writing and publication of articles. Dr. Percival Sampaio-Barros received a research grant from Federico Foundation.

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    Jan-Feb 2015

History

  • Received
    13 Feb 2013
  • Accepted
    19 May 2014
Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia Av Brigadeiro Luiz Antonio, 2466 - Cj 93., 01402-000 São Paulo - SP, Tel./Fax: 55 11 3289 7165 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: sbre@terra.com.br