Presença de contaminantes convencionais e emergentes em mananciais de água do município de Cuiabá (MT): potenciais fontes e riscos

Alves, Jéssica Anastácia; Siqueira, Adriana de Paula Cardoso; Dores, Eliana Freire Gaspar de Oliveira; Bruno, Luciana Cristina Gulelmo Staut; Fantin-Cruz, Ibraim

Jéssica Anastácia Alves

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MG, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2320-196X

Adriana de Paula Cardoso Siqueira

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MG, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1916-1886

Eliana Freire Gaspar de Oliveira Dores

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MG, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5175-3537

Luciana Cristina Gulelmo Staut Bruno

Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MG, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1540-7634

Ibraim Fantin-Cruz

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MG, Brasil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6731-0036

E-mails: jessica.alves@engenharia.ufjf.br (JAA), dridpaula@hotmail.com (APCS), eliana.dores@ufmt.br (EFGOD), lu.stauts@gmail.com (LCGSB), ibraimfantin@gmail.com (IFC)

Received: June 24, 2022 - Revised: November 02, 2022 - Accepted: November 07, 2022

Authors contributions

Jéssica Anastácia Alves: Conceptualization, literature review, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing - original draft, writing - review and editing.

Adriana de Paula Cardoso Siqueira: Discussion of results and review.

Eliana Freire Gaspar de Oliveira Dores: Methodology, formal analysis, data curation, discussion of results, writing - original draft, writing - review and editing.

Luciana Cristina Gulelmo Staut Bruno: Discussion of results and review.

Ibraim Fantin da Cruz: Conceptualization, literature review, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, data curation, writing - original draft, writing - review and editing.

Editor-in-Chief: Adilson Pinheiro

Associated Editor: Stephan Fuchs

Groups	Parameters
Physical, Chemical, and organoleptic	boron; cyanide; color; total chloride; total residual chlorine; BOD (biological oxygen demand); COD (chemical oxygen demand); total phosphorus; fluoride; nitrate; nitrite; ammonia; DO (dissolved oxygen); pH; selenium; dissolved solids; sulfate; hydrogen sulfide; turbidity; odor
Microbiological and hydrobiological	cyanobacteria; chlorophyll-a; thermotolerant coliforms (E. Colli); total coliforms
Metals	Aluminum; Antimony; Arsenic; Barium; Beryllium; Cadmium; Cobalt; Copper; Lead; Chromium; Iron; Lithium; Manganese; Mercury; Nickel; Silver; Uranium; Vanadium; Zinc
Organic Chemicals	acrylamide; alachlor; aldrin+dieldrin; atrazine; benzene; benzidine; benzo(a)anthracene; benzene(a)pyrene; benzo(b)flouranthene; benzo(k)flouranthene; carbaryl; chlordane (cis+trans); 2-chlorophenol; crysene; 2,4-D; demeton (demeton-O + demeton-S); dibenzo(a,h)anthracene; dichloroethene; 1,2-dichloroethane; 1,1-dichloroethene; 2,4-dichlorophenol; dichloromethane; DDT; dodecachlor; endosulfan (α, β, sulfate); endrin; styrene; ethylbenzene; total phenols; glyphosate; guthion; heptachlor epoxide + heptachlor; hexachlorobenzene; indene(1,2,3-cd)pyrene; lindane (γ-HCH); malathion; metolachlor; metoxychlor; parathion; PCBs - polychlorinated biphenyls; pentachlorophenol; simazine; surfactant substances; 2,4,5-T; carbon tetrachloride; tetrachloroethene; toluene; toxaphene; 2,4,5-TP; tributyltin; trichlorobenzene (1,2,3-TCB + 1,2,4-TCB); trichloroethene; 2,4,6-trichlorophenol; trifluralin; xylene
Pharmaceuticals	atenolol; caffeine (psychostimulant); carbamazepine; diclofenac; estrone; ibuprofen; naproxen; paracetamol; propranolol; triclosan; 17α-ethinylestradiol; 17β-estradiol

Range	CLASS	Interpretation
100 - 95	Excellent	Water quality is protected with a virtual absence of threat or impairment;
100 - 95	Excellent	conditions very close to natural or pristine levels.
94 - 80	Good	Water quality is protected with only a minor degree of threat or impairment;
94 - 80	Good	conditions rarely depart from natural or desirable levels.
79 - 65	Fair	Water quality is usually protected but occasionally threatened or impaired;
79 - 65	Fair	conditions sometimes depart from natural or desirable levels
64 - 45	Marginal	Water quality is frequently threatened or impaired; conditions often depart from natural or desirable levels.
44 - 0	Poor	Water quality is almost always threatened or impaired; conditions usually depart from natural or desirable levels.

			P1 - Lipa Pumping Station						P2 - Tijucal Pumping Station						P3 - Coophema Pumping Station
Parameter	Unity	Limit	N a	F b	Min c	-	Max^c	Median d	N	F	Min	-	Max	Median	N	F	Min	-	Max	Median
Aluminum	mg L^-1	0.100	12	41.7	0.003	-	0.591	0.14	14	35.7	0.016	-	0.739	0.17	12	33.3	0.0058	-	0.454	0.18
Manganese	mg L^-1	0.100	14	0	0.006	-	0.09	0.04	14	7.1	0.00997	-	0.133	0.03	14	0.0	0.001	-	0.07	0.04
Dissolved iron	mg L^-1	0.300	12	50.0	0.00287	-	1.192	0.27	12	25.0	0.0105	-	1.51	0.21	12	50.0	0.01	-	1.009	0.26
Dissolved copper	mg L^-1	0.009	14	0	0.002	-	0.007	-	14	7.1	0.002	-	0.01	0,006	14	7.1	0.001	-	0.001	-
Free cyanide	mg CN^- L^-1	0.005	12	8.3	0.011	-	0.011	-	12	8.3	0.01	-	0.01	-	12	0	0.005	-	0.005	-
Residual chlorine	mg L^-1	0.010	9	44.4	0.05	-	1	0,06	8	37.5	0.03	-	0.58	0,06	9	33.3	0.05	-	1	0,14
True color	mg Pt L^-1	75	12	8.3	5	-	100	13.85	14	0	2.2	-	64	-	12	8.3	5.1	-	100	23.50
BODe	mg L^-1	5	14	0	1.44	-	3.6	3,00	12	8.3	1.56	-	6.36	3,10	14	0	1.43	-	3.8	2,70
DOf	mg L^-1	5i	6	16.7	1	-	9	7.63	6	0	5.5	-	9.2	7.83	6	0	5	-	9.6	7.01
pH	-	6 _ 9j	12	8.3	5.64	-	8.96	7.40	14	14.3	5.38	-	7.7	7.10	12	8.3	2.52	-	8.68	7.15
Turbidity	NTU	100	14	7.1	2.9	-	143	10.16	14	14.3	1.96	-	171	11.00	14	14.3	2.05	-	105	14.50
Total phosphorus	mg L^-1	0.100k	12	33.3	0.02	-	0.251	0.06	12	25.0	0.02	-	0.339	0.07	12	41.7	0.03	-	0.277	0.09
TDSg	mg L^-1	500	14	0	19	-	83	55.00	14	7.1	13	-	563	54.50	14	0	7	-	252	70.50
Hydrogen sulfide	mg S^2- L^-1	0.002	12	8.3	0.015	-	0.015	-	12	8.3	0.006	-	0.006	-	12	8.3	0.005	-	0.005	-
E. Coli	NMP 100 mL^-1	1000	14	14.3	10	-	8,500	182.50	14	64.3	6	-	75,000	4,336.5	14	35.7	20	-	34,480	500.50
Cyanobacteria	cel mL^-1	10,000	92	16.3	3	-	92,600	798.50	68	0	3	-	1316	62.50	102	15.7	3	-	60,300	1257
Total phenols	mg phenol L^-1	0.003	14	0	n.dh	-	n.d.	-	14	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	-	14	7.1	0.005	-	0.005	-

	2014		2015		2016		2017		2018		2019
	ICG	Status a	ICG	Status	ICG	Status	ICG	Status	ICG	Status	ICG	Status
P1	100	Excellent	95	Excellent	95	Excellent	96	Excellent	95	Excellent	94	Good
P2	98	Excellent	94	Good	95	Excellent	94	Good	94	Good	95	Excellent
P3	100	Excellent	95	Excellent	95	Excellent	95	Excellent	96	Excellent	94	Good

			P1 - Lipa Pumping Station				P2 - Tijucal Pumping Station				P3 - Coophema Pumping Station				Range of concentrations in Brazil reported in the literature a
Group	Compound (ng L^-1)	LQ	F	Mín.	-	Max.	F	Mín.	-	Max.	F	Mín.	-	Max.	Mín.	-	Max.	Reference
Psychostimulant	Caffeine	5.7	100	11.8	-	47.1	100	18.4	-	137.8	100	155.1	-	743.2	<1	-	127.092	2-4, 6, 8, 9, 15, 25-27, 29
Anti-inflammatory	Ibrupofen	2.9	50	4.4	-	6.8	66.7	2.9	-	102.1	100	13.6	-	34.1	<0,1	-	4,155.5	1, 20, 21, 23-27
	Diclofenac	4.4	50	4.7	-	10.1	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	100	5.4	-	15	<0,04	-	6.000	1, 2, 6, 15, 20, 21, 23-27
	Naproxen	7.6	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	100	7.9	-	27.3	<0,1	-	390	1, 9, 17, 20, 21, 24-27
Analgesic, antipyretic	Paracetamol	1.2	16.7	4.9	-	4.9	83.3	3.4	-	10.5	100	10.4	-	43.7	0.84	-	30.421	9, 27
Anti-hypertensive	Atenolol	11.2	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	50	11.2	-	25.9	<0,04	-	8.199	2, 17, 25, 27
Anti-hypertensive	Propranolol	5.2	33.3	8.6	-	19.5	50	6.6	-	14.8	66.7	5.8	-	15.2	<0,08	-	77.3	9, 17, 25-27
Anti-epileptic, antidepressant	Carbamazepine	3.7	83.3	5.8	-	780.7	83.3	6	-	172.1	100	3.7	-	130.8	<0,05	-	659.5	17, 25-27
Antiseptic	Triclosan	4.4	16.7	15	-	15	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	33.3	5	-	5.8	<0,70	-	323.5	25, 27
Hormones	Estrone	4.3	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	16.7	6	-	6	<0,10	-	78.1	6, 10, 13, 14, 18, 20, 21, 23-25, 27, 28
	17 - β - estradiol	6.5	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	0.038	-	6.806	5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 28
	17 - α - ethinylestradiol	7.2	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	0	n.d.	-	n.d.	0.3	-	35	6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 28

Source: the authors.
Legend: LQ: limit of quantification; For substances detected just once, maximum and minimum values were the same; n.d.: not detected.
Observation: (a) Adapted from Lima et al. (2017)Lima, D. R. S., Tonucci, M. C., Libânio, M., & Aquino, S. F. (2017). Fármacos e desreguladores endócrinos em águas brasileiras: ocorrência e técnicas de remoção. Revista Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, 22(6), 1043-1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522017165207.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-41522017... ; Quadra et al. (2017)Quadra, G. R., Souza, H. O., Costa, R. S., & Fernandez, M. A. S. (2017). Do pharmaceuticals reach and affect the aquatic ecosystems in Brazil? A critical review of current studies in a developing country. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 24, 1200-1218. Retrieved in 2022, June 24, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-016-7789-4
https://link.springer.com/article/10.100... e Bisgonin et al. (2018)Bisgonin, R. P., Wolff, D. B., & Carissimi, E. (2018). Revisão sobre fármacos no ambiente. Revista DAE, 66(210), 78-95. Retrieved in 2022, June 24, from http://revistadae.com.br/artigos/artigo_edicao_210_n_1710.pdf
http://revistadae.com.br/artigos/artigo_... .
The minimum value corresponds to the lowest value of reported LQ (limit of quantification) among the listed references or to the lowest detected value, which is smaller. 1: Stumpf et al. (1999)Stumpf, M., Ternes, T. A., Wilken, R. D., Rodrigues, S. V., & Baumann, W. (1999). Polar drug residues in sewage and natural waters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Science of the Total Environment, 225, 135-141.; 2: Almeida & Weber (2006)Almeida, A. G., & Weber, R. R. (2006). Fármacos na represa billings. Revista de Salud Ambiental, 6(2), 7-12.; 3: Ferreira (2005)Ferreira, A. P. (2005). Caffeine as na environmental indicator for assessing urban aquatic ecosystem. Cadernos de Saude Publica, 21, 1884-1892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005000600038.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X2005... ; 4: Ide et al. (2005)Ide, A. H., Cardoso, F. D., Santos, M. M., Kramerrd, X., Azevedo J. C. R., & Mizukawa, A. (2005). Use of caffeine as indicator of contamination by sewage in Alto Iguaçu Bay. Revista Brasileira de Recursos Hídricos, 18, 201-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21168/rbrh.v18n2.p201-211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.21168/rbrh.v18n2.p2... ; 5: Ghiselli (2006)Ghiselli, G. (2006). Avaliação da qualidade das águas destinadas ao abastecimento público na região de Campinas: ocorrência e determinação dos interferentes endócrinos (IE) e produtos farmacêuticos e de higiene pessoal (PFHP) (Tese de doutorado). Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas. ; 6: Ghiselli (2006)Ghiselli, G. (2006). Avaliação da qualidade das águas destinadas ao abastecimento público na região de Campinas: ocorrência e determinação dos interferentes endócrinos (IE) e produtos farmacêuticos e de higiene pessoal (PFHP) (Tese de doutorado). Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas. ; 7: Moreira et al. (2011)Moreira, M., Aquino, S., Coutrim, M., Silva, J., & Afonso, R. (2011). Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in waters from Rio das Velhas, Brazil, by liquid chromatography/highresolution mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-IT-TOF/MS). Environmental Technology, 32(11-12), 1409-1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2010.537829.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2010.... ; 8: Raimundo (2007)Raimundo, C. C. M. (2007). Ocorrência de interferentes endócrinos e produtos farmacêuticos nas águas superficiais da bacia do rio Atibaia (Dissertação de mestrado). Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas. ; 9: Bergamasco et al. (2011)Bergamasco, A. M. D. D., Eldridge, M., Sanseverino, J., Sodre, F. F., Montagner, C. C., Pescara, I. C., Jardimd, W. F., & Umbuzeiro, G. A. (2011). Bioluminescent yeast estrogen assay (BLYES) as a sensitive tool to monitor surface and drinking water for estrogenicity. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 13(11), 3288-3293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1em10464k.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1em10464k... ; 10: Montagner & Jardim (2011)Montagner, C. C., & Jardim, W. F. (2011). Spatial and seasonal variations of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in the Atibaia River, São Paulo State (Brazil). Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 22(8), 1452-1462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532011000800008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532011... ; 11: Moreira et al. (2011)Moreira, M., Aquino, S., Coutrim, M., Silva, J., & Afonso, R. (2011). Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in waters from Rio das Velhas, Brazil, by liquid chromatography/highresolution mass spectrometry (ESI-LC-IT-TOF/MS). Environmental Technology, 32(11-12), 1409-1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2010.537829.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2010.... ; 12: Gonçalves (2012)Gonçalves, E. S. (2012) Ocorrência e distribuição de fármacos, cafeína e bisfenol-a em alguns corpos hídricos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Tese de doutorado). Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro. ; 13: Jardim et al. (2012)Jardim, W. F., Montagner, C. C., Pescara, I. C., Umbuzeirob, G. A., Bergamasco, A. M. D. D., Eldridge, M. L., & Sodré, F. F. (2012). An integrated approach to evaluate emerging contaminants in drinking water. Separation and Purification Technology, 84, 3-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.06.020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.... ; 14: López-Serna (2012)López-Serna, R. (2012). Petrovi_C, M., & Barceló, D. Occurrence and distribution of multi-class pharmaceuticals and their active metabolites and transformation products in the Ebro River basin (NE Spain). The Science of the Total Environment, 440, 280-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.027.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.20... ; 15: Sanson (2012)Sanson, A. L. (2012). Estudo da extração e desenvolvimento de metodologia para determinação simultânea de microcontaminantes orgânicos em água superficial por GC-MS e métodos quimiométricos (Dissertação de Mestrado). Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. ; 16: Souza et al. (2012)Souza, R. R., Martins, E. A. J., Otomo, J. I., Furusawa, H. A., & Pires, M. A. F. (2012). Determinação de plastificantes em água potável utilizando cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas. Revista Química Nova, 35(7), 1453-1458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422012000700028.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422012... ; 17: Dias (2014)Dias, R. V. A. (2014). Avaliação da ocorrência de microcontaminantes emergentes em sistemas de abastecimento de água e da atividade estrogênica do estinilestradiol (Dissertação de mestrado). Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. ; 18: Quaresma (2014)Quaresma, A. V. (2014). Monitoramento de microcontaminantes orgânicos por métodos cromatográficos acoplados à espectrometria de massa e elementos inorgânicos por fluorescência de raios - X por reflexão total nas águas da bacia do Rio Doce (Dissertação de mestrado). Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. ; 19: Souza (2014)Souza, B. P. (2014). Avaliação da remoção de sulfametoxazol, diclofenaco e 17β-estradiol em água por meio de processo oxidativo com cloro (Dissertação de Mestrado). Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Ilha Solteira, São Paulo. ; 20: Thomas et al. (2014)Thomas, K. V., Silva, F. M. A., Langford, K. H., Souza, A. D. L., Nizzeto, L., & Waichman, A. V. (2014). Screening for selected human pharmaceutical and cocaine in the urban streams of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 50(2), 302-308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12164.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jawr.12164... ; 21: Campanha et al. (2015)Campanha, M. B., Awan, A. T., Sousa, D. N. R., Grosseli, G. M., Mozeto, A. A., & Fadini, P. S. (2015). A 3-year study on occurrence of emerging contaminants in an urban stream of São Paulo State of Southeast Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 22, 7936-7947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3929-x.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-392... ; 22: Torres et al (2015)Torres, N. H., Aguiar, M. M., Ferreira, L. F. R., Américo, J. H. P., Machado, A. M., Cavalcanti, E. B., & Tornisielo, V. L. (2015). Detection of hormones in surface and drinking water in Brazil by LC-ESI-MS/MS and ecotoxicological assessment with Daphnia magna. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(6), http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4626-z.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-462... ; 23: Pereira et al.(2016)Pereira, C. D. S., Maranho, L., Cortez, F., Pusceddu, F. H., Santos, A. R., Ribeiro, D. A., Cesar, A., & Guimarães, L. L. (2016). Occurrence of pharmaceutical and cocaine in a Brazilian coastal zone. The Science of the Total Environment, 548, 148-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.051.
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Compound	Half-live ¹ 1 Half-life: an estimate of the period of time necessary for the ingested amount in the body to be reduced by exactly a half. (h)	Urinay excretion of the unaltered pharmaceutical ² 2 The excretion of the unaltered pharmaceutical considers the depuration of creatinine of 100 mL min-1 for a body weight of 70 kg. (%)
Atenolol	6.1	94
Carbamazepine	15	1
Diclofenac	1.1	<1
Ibuprofen	2	<1
Naproxen	14	<1
Paracetamol	2	3
Propranolol	3.9	1

Compound	LOECa^,b (ng L^-1)	Species affected	Critical effect	Reference
Caffeine	3,000	Carassius auratus (goldfish)	SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity	1
	3,200		EROD (7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase) activity
	16,000		GST (glutathione S-transferase) activity
	40,000		AChE (acethylcholinesterase) activity
Ibuprofen	2,000	Dreissena polymorpha (mussels)	Frecuency of micronucleated hemocytes; Neutral red retention time;	2
Ibuprofen	8,000	Dreissena polymorpha (mussels)	Precentages of apoptotic hemocytes; Frequency of micronucleated hemocytes; growth inhibition	2
Diclofenac	3,000	Polystichum setiferum (plant)	Mitochondrial activity	3
Atenolol	100,000,000	Microorganisms	Microbial respiration	4
Propanolol	5,000	Paracentrotus lividus (Sea urchin)	Embryonic development	5
Carbamazepine	10,000	Daphnia magna (Crustacean)	Juvenoid activity	6
Triclosan	300	Ruditapes philippinarum (mussel)	Number of haemocytes; Effects on pinocytotic activity; Effects on haemocyte proliferation; Effects on lactate dehydrogenase activity	7
	600		DNA fragmentation in haemocytes
	900		Haemocytes diameter; Haemocyte volume
17-β-estradiol	4	Oryzias latipes (Japanese ricefish)	induced intersex (testis-ova)	8
17-α-ethinylestradiol	0. 03	Oryzias latipes (Japanese ricefish)	induced intersex (testis-ova)	9

Source: WikiPharma (2022)WikiPharma. (2022). WikiPharma’s database. Retrieved in 2022, June 24, from http://www.wikipharma.org/welcome.asp.
http://www.wikipharma.org/welcome.asp... .
(a) LOEC: ecotoxicological lowest observed effect concentration.
(b) Result not exceeded in this study.
Reference: (1) Li et al. (2011)Li, Z., Lu, G., Yang, X., & Wang, C. (2011). Single and combined effects of selected pharmaceuticals at sublethat concentrations on multiple biomarkers in Carassius auratus. Ecotoxicology (London, England), 21, 353-361.; (2) Parolini et al. (2011)Parolini, M., Binelli, A., & Provini, A. (2011). Chronic effects induced by ibuprofen on the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, (74), 1586-1594.; (3) Feito et al. (2012)Feito, R., Valcárcel, Y., & Catalá, M. (2012). Biomarker assessment of toxicity with miniaturised bioassays: diclofenac as a case study. Ecotoxicology (London, England), 21, 289-296.; (4) Bowman et al. (2009)Bowman, M., Spener, P., Dube, M., & West, D. (2009). Regional reference variation provides ecologically meaningful protection criteria for northern world heritage site. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 6(1), 514-523.; (5) Ribeiro et al. (2015)Ribeiro, S., Torres, T., & Martins, R. (2015). Toxicity screening of diclofenac, propranolol, sertraline and simvastatin using danio rerio and paracentrotus lividus embryo bioassays. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 114, 67-74.; (6) Oropesa et al. (2016)Oropesa, A. L., Floro, A. M., & Palma, P. (2016). Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna. Environmental Science Pollutation Research, 23, 17311-17321.; (7) Matozzo et al. (2012)Matozzo, V., Costa Devoti, A., & Marin, G. (2012). Immunotoxic effects of triclosan in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Ecotoxicology (London, England), 21, 66-74.; (8) Załęska-Radziwiłł et al. (2014)Załęska-Radziwiłł, M., Affek, K., & Rybak, J. (2014). Ecotoxicity of chosen pharmaceuticals in relation to micro-organisms: risk assessment. Desalination and Water Treatment, 52(19-21), 3908-3917.; (9) Villain et al. (2016)Villain, J., Minguez, L., Halm-Lemeille, M.-P., Durrieu, G., & Bureau, R. (2016). Acute toxicities of pharmaceuticals toward green algae. mode of action, biopharmaceutical drug. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, (124), 337-343..

[1] E-mails: jessica.alves@engenharia.ufjf.br (JAA), dridpaula@hotmail.com (APCS), eliana.dores@ufmt.br (EFGOD), lu.stauts@gmail.com (LCGSB), ibraimfantin@gmail.com (IFC)

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Presença de contaminantes convencionais e emergentes em mananciais de água do município de Cuiabá (MT): potenciais fontes e riscos

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