Desenvolvimento de Ferramenta de Gestão para Avaliação de Risco Hídrico (FARH): aplicação no segmento minero metalúrgico no Brasil

Bissacot, Thaiza Clemente Couto; Oliveira, Sílvia Maria Alves Corrêa

Thaiza Clemente Couto Bissacot

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Sílvia Maria Alves Corrêa Oliveira

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

E-mails: thaizacouto@yahoo.com.br (TCCB), silvia@desa.ufmg.br (SMACO)

The article was written base on one of the chapters of the Ph.D thesis of Thaiza Clemente Couto Bissacot, defended with the orientation of the Professor Sílvia Maria Alves Corrêa Oliveira.

Thaiza Clemente Couto Bissacot: Article author.

Sílvia Maria Alves Corrêa Oliveira: Article reviewer.

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Figure 1
Results obtained by Mueller et al. (2015)MUELLER, S. A.; CARLILE, A.; BRAS, B.; NIEMANN, T. A.; ROKOSZ, S. M.; MCKENZIE, H. L.; KIM, H. C.; WALLINGTON, T. J. Requirements for water assessment tools: an automotive industry perspective. Water Resources and Industry, n. 9, p. 30-44, 2015. regarding physical risks.

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Figure 2
Contribution of risk assessment to the risk management process.

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Figure 3
Example of operational flow chart.

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Figure 2
Contribution of risk assessment to the risk management process.

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Figure 3
Example of operational flow chart.

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Figure 4
FARH Operation Flowchart.

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Figure 5
Risk Scale - River Basin Status vs. Water Management Status.

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Figure 6
Scale of Risk - Correlation with the score obtained in the FARH questionnaires.

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Figure 7
Dashboard generated after the FARH consolidation.

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Figure 5
Risk Scale - River Basin Status vs. Water Management Status.

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Figure 6
Scale of Risk - Correlation with the score obtained in the FARH questionnaires.

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Figure 7
Dashboard generated after the FARH consolidation.

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Figure 8
Water balance of the site # 2.

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Figure 9
Dashboard generated with FARH application in pilot phase.

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Figure 10
FARH opening screen - Start menu.

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Figure 11
Characterization screen of the enterprise.

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Figure 12
Y-axis questionnaire partial screen.

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Figure 13
X-Axis questionnaire partial screen.

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Figure 14
Z-Axis questionnaire partial screen.

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Figure 15
Dashboard screen.

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Table 1
Objectives and Input Actions, Processing, and Output Data.

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Table 2
Questionnaire to characterize the situation of the river basin in relation to the degree of water stress (Y axis).

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Table 3
Questionnaire to characterize the water management status of the project (X-Axis).

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Table 4
Questionnaire to characterize the level of dependence of the enterprise in relation to the water resource (Z axis).

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Table 5
Description of the enterprises where FARH was applied.

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Table 6
Summary of the results of the water balance.

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Table 7
Prevention and follow-up actions for water management in enterprises classified in the low water risk scale.

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Table 8
Control actions for water management in enterprises classified in the moderate water risk scale.

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Table 9
Mitigation and correction actions for water management in projects classified in the high water risk scale.

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Table 10
Contingency actions for water management in enterprises classified in the critical water risk scale.

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Objectives	Actions
Data entry - Identification of risks
Characterization of the situation of the hydrographic basin (watershed) in relation to the degree of water stress	Completion of the questionnaire developed for this mapping
Characterization of the water management status of the site	Completion of the questionnaire developed for this mapping
Definition of the level of dependence of the site in relation to the water resource	Completion of the questionnaire developed for this mapping
Processing - Risk analysis
Classification of the situation of the hydrographic basin in relation to the degree of water stress	Processing of the data of the previous stage carried out according to the established criteria of punctuation
Classification of the water management status of the site
Classification of the degree of dependence of the site in relation to the water resource
*Data output - Risk assessment*
Definition of the Risk Scale	Dashboard (Risk Matrix)

Questions	Answering options	Score	Weight
1 - What is the classification of the Water Exploitation Index of the hydrographic basin where the enterprise is located - current condition?	⬜ Excellent ⬜ Comfortable ⬜ Worrying ⬜ Critical ⬜ Very critical ⬜ Unknown	⬜ One ⬜ Two ⬜ Three ⬜ Four ⬜ Five ⬜ Three	2
2 - What is the classification of the Water Exploitation Index of the hydrographic basin where the project is located - future condition (simulation for the next 5 years)?	⬜ Excellent ⬜ Comfortable ⬜ Worrying ⬜ Critical ⬜ Very critical ⬜ Unknown	⬜ One ⬜ Two ⬜ Three ⬜ Four ⬜ Five ⬜ Three	1
3 - What is the classification of the Water Exploitation Index of the microbasin where the enterprise is located - current condition?	⬜ Excellent ⬜ Comfortable ⬜ Worrying ⬜ Critical ⬜ Very critical ⬜ Unknown	⬜ One ⬜ Two ⬜ Three ⬜ Four ⬜ Five ⬜ Three	3
4 - What is the classification of the Water Exploitation Index of the watershed where the enterprise is located - future condition (simulation for the next 5 years)?	⬜ Excellent ⬜ Comfortable ⬜ Worrying ⬜ Critical ⬜ Very critical ⬜ Unknown	⬜ One ⬜ Two ⬜ Three ⬜ Four ⬜ Five ⬜ Three	1
Maximum rating			35

Questions	Answering options	Score	Weight
Physical Hazards
1 - What is the level of involvement of the top management of the enterprise with the water issue?	⬜ Board of Directors ⬜ General management ⬜ Operational management ⬜ Supervision /Operation ⬜ There is no involvement	⬜ One ⬜ Two ⬜ Three ⬜ Four ⬜ Five	2
2 - Does the strategic planning of the enterprise include guidelines related to water management?	⬜ Yes, at corporate and local level ⬜Yes, at the corporate level ⬜Yes, at local level ⬜ No	⬜ One ⬜ Three ⬜ Two ⬜ Five	2
3 - Does the enterprise have goals related to the reduction of the catchment / use of new water and increase of the recirculation?	⬜ Yes, at corporate and local level ⬜ Yes, at the corporate level ⬜ No	⬜ One ⬜ Three ⬜ Five	1
4 - Does the enterprise have a management plan that includes the assessment of the risks associated with water use and establishes contingency measures for water crisis cases?	⬜ Yes, at corporate and local level ⬜ Yes, at the corporate level ⬜ No	⬜ One ⬜ Three ⬜ Five	3
5 - Does the enterprise have a water balance prepared according to a standardized methodology? Note: Used criterion based on adapting the adapted Water Accounting Framework (WAF) or similar methodology standardized at the corporate level	⬜ Yes ⬜ No	⬜ One ⬜ Five	3
6 - Based on the data of the water balance of the enterprise, what is the percentage of input and output data measured?	⬜ Less than 05% ⬜ From 06 to 25% ⬜ From 26 to 50% ⬜ From 51 to 75% ⬜ Greater than 75% ⬜ There is no evaluation	⬜ Five ⬜ Four ⬜ Three ⬜ Two ⬜ One ⬜ Three	3
7 - Based on the data of the water balance of the enterprise, what is the percentage of water reused?	⬜ Less than 05% ⬜ From 06 to 25% ⬜ From 26 to 50% ⬜ From 51 to 75% ⬜ Greater than 75% or better obtained index based on available technology ⬜ There is no evaluation	⬜ Five ⬜ Four ⬜ Three ⬜ Two ⬜ One ⬜ Three	3
8 - What percentage of the effluents generated and discarded by the enterprise is returned to the same microbasin of catchment?	⬜ Less than 05% ⬜ From 06 to 25% ⬜ From 26 to 50% ⬜ From 51 to 75% ⬜ Greater than 75% ⬜ There is no evaluation	⬜ Five ⬜ Four ⬜ Three ⬜ Two ⬜ One ⬜ Three	1
9 - Does the enterprise have the mapping of the water situation of the suppliers considered critical for the production process?	⬜ Yes ⬜ No	⬜ One ⬜ Three	1
10 - Is there a replacement route established for critical suppliers located in areas of water scarcity?	⬜ Yes ⬜ No	⬜ One ⬜ Five	1
Regulatory Risks
11- Are there vulnerabilities related to the authorizations in force issued for the water catchment and effluent disposal points of the enterprise? Note: Vulnerability refers to an event related to noncompliance with the granted standards (e.g., capture above granting, release not in compliance with established standards) or absence of measurement / capture tracking/ release.	⬜ Yes, for capture and release ⬜ Yes, for capture ⬜ Yes, release ⬜ No,	⬜ Five ⬜ Four ⬜ Four ⬜ One	3
12 – Do the reject dams of the enterprise have cutoffs and a belt channel (peripheral drainage channel) that ensure proper interception of rainwater, springs and rivers avoiding contact with the deposited waste?	⬜ Yes, cutoffs and belt channel ⬜ Yes, cutoffs ⬜ Yes, belt channel ⬜ No ⬜ There are no tailings dams	⬜ One ⬜ Three ⬜ Four ⬜ Five ⬜ One	3
13 – Are the liquid effluents discarded by the enterprise in compliance with the established legal standards (verify history of the last 5 years)?	⬜ Up to 10% of monitored data ⬜ From 11 to 40% of the data ⬜ From 41 to 75% of the data ⬜ 76 to 90% of the data ⬜ Over 90% ⬜ No effluent disposal	⬜ Five ⬜ Four ⬜ Three ⬜ Two ⬜ One ⬜ One	3
14 - Do the monitoring points in the receiving body of water, located downstream of the effluent disposal points of the enterprise, present a quality framework according to the established class (verify historical of the last 5 years)?	⬜ Up to 10% of monitored data ⬜ From 11 to 40% of the data ⬜ From 41 to 75% of the data ⬜ 76 to 90% of the data ⬜ Over 90% ⬜ No effluent disposal	⬜ Five ⬜ Four ⬜ Three ⬜ Two ⬜ One ⬜ One	3
15 - Is the enterprise exposed to changes in regulatory aspects that will negatively impact its operation?	⬜ Yes ⬜ No ⬜ No mapping	⬜ Five ⬜ One ⬜ Three	1
Reputational Risks
16 - Are there any media exposure records regarding problems related to water use or effluent disposal in the last 5 years?	⬜ Yes, global media ⬜ Yes, national media ⬜ Yes, regional media ⬜ Yes, local media ⬜ No ⬜ No mapping	⬜ Five ⬜ Four ⬜ Three ⬜ Two ⬜ One ⬜ Three	2
17 - Does the enterprise have a good relationship with users and concerned parties who are involved in water use issues in the river basin?	⬜ Yes ⬜ No ⬜ No mapping	⬜ One ⬜ Five ⬜ Three	1
18 - Port of the enterprise in relation to the other users in the microbasin?	⬜ Highest user ⬜ User equivalent ⬜ Lowest user ⬜ No mapping	⬜ Five ⬜ Two ⬜ One ⬜ Three	1
19 - Is there a record of involvement in disputes and conflicts over the use of water resources in the last 5 years?	⬜ Yes ⬜ No ⬜ No mapping	⬜ Five ⬜ One ⬜ Three	2
Maximum score			193

Questions	Answering options	Score	Weight
1 - What percentage of the total water required for the operation of the enterprise comes from the abstraction of surface or underground water?	⬜ Less than 25% ⬜ From 50 to 75% ⬜ Greater than 75%	⬜ One ⬜ Two ⬜ Three	3
2 - What is the percentage of the flow granted that has been captured by the enterprise?	⬜ Less than 25% ⬜ From 50 to 75% ⬜ Greater than 75%	⬜ One ⬜ Two ⬜ Three	1
3 - In a situation of water scarcity (surface or underground water), does the enterprise have alternative sources for its supply?	⬜ Yes, for 100% of the operation ⬜ Only for critical activities ⬜ No	⬜ One ⬜ Two ⬜ Three	2
Maximum score			18

N°	Production	Production process	State
1	22.9	Underground mine	Minas Gerais
2	134.0	Underground mine	Minas Gerais
3	957.8	Open pit mine	Minas Gerais
4	630.5	Open pit mine	Minas Gerais
5	18.5	Open pit	Goiás
6	363.8	Metallurgy	São Paulo
7	183.9	Hydrometallurgy	Minas Gerais
8	86.8	Hydrometallurgy	Minas Gerais
9	22.7	Metallurgy	São Paulo

Nº	∑ New water withdrawal (ML)	∑ Total water used (ML)	∑ New water used (ML)	∑ Total water reused (ML)	% Reuse
1	2,296	2,885	769	2,116	73
2	91,561	11,037	9,906	1,131	10
3	2,267	2,478	1,314	1,164	47
4	28	28	28	0	0
5	7,124	9,456	5,502	3,954	42
6	5,560	27,592	4,896	22,696	82
7	5,309	4,881	3,699	1,182	24
8	3,878	2,969	2,706	263	9
9	420	791	220	571	72

Actions	Guide
Maintain the water balance of the enterprise updated (water accounting).	WAF Annual Mandatory Update - Adapted.
Elaborate and implement the master plan of water measurement, ensuring the installation of meters along the operational flow of water demand of the enterprise.	Based on the water balance, map the main flows of capture, distribution, consumption, recirculation and disposal and establish the measurement plan.
Maintain hydrological and hydrogeological study of updated sources of supply.	Hire specialized consultancy to update the hydrological study of the sources of water capture of the Unit. Map alternative sources of supply
Establish a relationship agenda with the committees, agencies and technical groups related to the management of water resources.	Indicate a technical representative and a political representative to accompany these discussion forums.

Actions	Guide
Implement the actions in Table 7.	Follow the guidelines / action plans identified for the low water risk scale.
Carry out the monitoring of hydrographic basins according to the recommendations of the hydrological and hydrogeological studies	Perform daily monitoring of river basins. Establish communication channel with other players in the basin. Assess potential constraints or barriers to continued water capture.
Critically analyze the production process and identify opportunities for management improvement. Define goals and targets for reuse and reduction in new water intake for its process.	Together with the operational areas, the initiatives designed in strategic planning will be unfolded, critically analyzing the proposed actions and prioritizing those that result in greater gains.
Establish a channel of communication with senior management and other employees to inform the actions of increase in recirculation and reduction of new water intake.	Carry out the monthly dissemination of the results to the operational areas involved, comparing the results with the established goals.
Identify suppliers of raw materials and critical inputs for their production process.	Ask the supply area for a list of suppliers of raw materials and critical supplies for your process.
Establish a plan with the necessary process safety actions aiming at the partial or total stoppage of the enterprise.	Create or update stopping procedures considering the scenario of water resource scarcity. Define the volume of water required for critical equipment.

Actions	Guide
Implement the actions in Table 7 and Table 8.	Follow the guidelines / action plans identified for the low and moderate water risk scale.
Implement the necessary mechanisms to access alternative sources of supply mapped in hydrological and hydrogeological studies.	Implement alternative sources of identified water resources in order to maintain the productive process.
Insert the agenda of water shortages in the processes of qualification and contractual renewal of suppliers.	Assess the need for alternatives to supply raw materials and inputs.
Evaluate critical functions/activities that should be maintained in the production unit if there is water rationing.	Each production unit should evaluate the minimum quota to maintain its operation in view of a possible rationing.
Complement the action plan with actions that ensure the continuity of the business.	Involve the planning, supply and commercial area, evaluating the possibility of inventory increase.

Actions	Guide
Implement the actions in Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9.	Follow the guidelines/action plans identified for the low, moderate and high water risk scale.
Establish the Crisis Management Committee.	The committee must be formed by professionals who work in areas such as: Human Resources, Communication, Production, Supplies, Commercial, Legal, Health, Safety and Environment, etc. with the objectives of mitigating the risks to health, safety and the environment and to maintain business continuity
Start the process of internal and external communication.	Define the communication strategy by considering key concerned parties in a transparent and clear way.
Communicate key customers and suppliers, employees and unions about the risk of disruption in the production process.	Prepare communication with support of the legal area (e.g., check contractual issues with clients, temporary suspension plan for employees, etc.).
If necessary, establish the emergency action plan to interrupt the production process in a safe manner, following the safety procedures defined in the previous steps.	Stop the production process safely. Maintain applicable health, safety and environmental controls.

\begin{array}{l} Σ V o l . o f r e u s e d w a t e r (Σ o f a l l p r o c e s s - t o - p r o c e s s l i n e s, m u l t i p l i e d b y t h e % p r o c e s s w a t e r i n t h e t a i l i n g s d a m) = \\ [(434 + 10,539) * 10,3 %] = 1,131 M L \end{array}

[1] E-mails: thaizacouto@yahoo.com.br (TCCB), silvia@desa.ufmg.br (SMACO)

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Desenvolvimento de Ferramenta de Gestão para Avaliação de Risco Hídrico (FARH): aplicação no segmento minero metalúrgico no Brasil

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