Association between food consumption and the Quality of Diet Index Adapted for pregnant women

Gotine, Ana Raquel Ernesto Manuel; Filgueiras, Mariana De Santis; Ribeiro, Sarah Aparecida Vieira; Araújo, Raquel Maria Amaral; Pereira, Patrícia Feliciano

doi:10.1590/1806-9304202320210361-en

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ORIGINAL ARTICLES • Rev. Bras. Saude Mater. Infant. 23 • 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9304202320210361-en linkcopy

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Association between food consumption and the Quality of Diet Index Adapted for pregnant women

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objectives: to investigate the association between the Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Adaptado para Gestantes (IQDAG) (Quality of Diet Index Adapted for Pregnant Women) with food consumption, lifestyle and health information.

Methods: cross-sectional study with 110 pregnant women assisted at a public health service. Sociodemographic, nutritional and health data were collected from medical records. Food consumption was investigated through the usual intake, for a nutritional analysis, DietPro® program version 6.1 was used. Quality ofdiet was assessed using the IQDAG. Multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate an association between food consumption and IQDAG.

Results: the average total score of the IQDAG was 61.3 (±26.1), this is the best quality of the diet. After adjusting for age, schooling and physical activity, the highest consumption of vitamin A (OR=1.04; CI95% = 1.02-1.07) and B2 (OR=2.63; CI95% = 1.19-5.70) was associated with a greater chance of having a better quality of diet (3rdtertile of the IQDAG).

Conclusions: pregnant women with better quality of diet had higher intakes of vitamins A and B2. However, other population-based studies are suggested to more broadly in verify its association with food consumption and its ability to identify adherence to nutritional recommendations.

Key words:
Pregnancy; Food consumption; Quality of diet

IQDAG Component	Score
IQDAG Component	0	10	20
Legumes /1000 kcal (in servings)	0	≥ 0.5
Fresh fruit /1000 kcal (in servings)	0	≥ 1.5
Vegetables /1000 kcal (in servings)	0	≥ 1.5
Fiber	0	≥ 28
Calcium	0	≥ 800
Iron	0	≥ 22
Omega 3	0	≥ 1.4
Folate	0	≥ 520
Ultraprocessed food	>45		≤ 18

Variable	IQDAG			p
Variable	1^st Tertile	2^nd Tertile	3^rd Tertile	p
Age (years)	33 (±4.9)	35 (±5.7)	35 (±5.5)	0.059
Gestational age (weeks)				0.082
First visit	13.5 (±6.6)	13.7 (±6.1)	14.6 (±8.1)
Number of nutrition consultations	2 (1;4)	3 (2;5)	4 (2;6)	0.075
Schooling				0.218
Elementary school/high school	21 (35.0)	19 (31.7)	20 (33.3)
Higher education	16 (43.2)	18 (48.7)	17 (46.0)
Martial Status				0.422
With a partner	28 (37.3)	24 (32.0)	23 (30.7)
Without a partner	9 (25)	13 (36.1)	14 (38.9)
Parity				0.953
Primiparious	28 (33.7)	28 (33.7)	27 (32.5)
Multipara	9 (32.1)	9 (32.1)	10 (35.7)
Occupation				0.631
Yes	7 (18.9)	9 (25)	6 (16.2)
No	30 (81.1)	27 (75)	31(83.8)
Smoking				0.597
Yes	1 (50.0)	1 (50.0)	0 (0.0)
No	35 (32.4)	36 (33.3)	38(34.3)
Consume of alcohol				1.000
Yes	1 (33.3)	1 (33.3)	1 (33.3)
No	35 (32.7)	36 (33.6 )	37 (33.7)
Pre-pregnancy nutritional status				0.850
Overweight	13 (35.1)	11 (29.7)	13 (35.1)
Underweight	24 (32.4)	35.1 (33.9)	24 (32.4)
Estado nutricional gestacional*				0.884
Overweight	12 (33.3)	11 (34.7)	13 (32.0)
Underweight	25 (39.3)	26 (33.9)	24 (26.8)
Current diseases**				0.003
Yes	7 (87.5)	1 (12.5)	0 (0.0)
No	30 (29.1)	36 (35.0)	37 (35.9)
Physical activity				0.670
Yes	16 (37.2)	12 (27.9)	15 (34.9)
No	21 (31.3)	24 (35.8)	22 (32.8)
Supplement use				0.811
Yes	35 (33.0)	36 (34.0)	35 (33.0)
No	2 (40.0 )	1 (20.0)	2 (40.0)
Nausea in the last 30 days				0.084
Yes	15 (50.0)	6 (20.0)	9 (30.0)
No	22 (28.2)	28 (35.9)	28 (35.9)
Picamalacia				0.130
Yes	2 (100.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
No	35 (32.1)	37 (33.9)	37 (33.9)

IQDAG Component	Frequency*
Legumes /1000 kcal (in servings)	1.5 (0.7; 2.0)
Fresh Fruit /1000 kcal (in servings)	0.9 (0.5; 1.6)
Vegetables /1000 kcal (in servings)	0.4 (0.1; 1.6)
Calcium (mg)	521.91 (337.7; 874.6)
Iron (mg)	8.0 (6.1; 10.3)
Omega 3 (mg)	1.8 (0,2; 3,3)
Folate (µg)	18.1 (6.3; 40.9)
Fiber (g)	16.2 (8.2; 23.9)
Ultra-processed food (% TEV)	23.7 (4.2; 61.5)
Final score of the IQDAG	61.3 (26.1)

Variable	IQDGA			p
Variable	1^st Tertile	2^nd Tertile	3^rd Tertile	p
Total energy (Kcal)	1632.2 (1337.1;2082.3)	1688. (1363.3; 1951.8)	1964.9 (1653;2344)	0,060
Carbohydrates (%TEV)	56.8(43;69.8)	56.4 (48.5;67.9)	53.9 (40.5;65)	0,604
Protein (%TEV)	14.3 (7.5;21.7)	18.5 (13.7;24.3)	16.1 (13;21.4)	0,265
Total Fat (%TEV)	32.3 (21.4;40)	32.4 (19;38.1)	25.5 (20.2;35.9)	0,331
Saturated fat (%TEV)	8.3 (5.6;12.4)	9.9 (5.2;13.1)	7.5 (5.6;10.2)	0,428
Polyunsaturated fat (%TEV)	3.1 (1.3;6)	1.4 (0.4;2.5)	1.6 (0.8;3.1)	0,079
Trans fat (%TEV)	0.5 (0.3;0.9)	0.4 (0.3;0.8)	0.4 (0.2;0.6)	0,193
Vitamin A (µg)	145.7 (37.4;243.9)^a	215.2 (105.6; 267.7)^b	209.3 (144.3; 442.2)^b	0,002
Vitamin C (mg)	115.3 (82.2; 154.2)	97.3 (61.6;131)	134.1 (52.4; 184.8)	0,467
Vitamin B1(mg)	1.2 (0.8; 2.3)	1.0 (0.7;1.3)	1.1 (0.6;1.9)	0,089
Vitamin B2 (mg)	1.0 (0.6; 1.3)^a	1.2(0.9;1.7)^ab	1.5 (1.1;2.0)^b	0,001
Vitamin B6 (mg)	157.3 (140.6;167)	154.8 (141.9;160.2)	142 (131.7;151.9)	0,296
Vitamin B12 (µg)	11.9 (8.3;13.2)^a	8.6 (5.6;11.9)^b	9.4(5.1;11.3)^ab	0,014
Zinc (mg)	8.2 (5.5;10.8)	9.6 (7.5;12.3)	9.3 (7.6;13.2)	0,233
Folateo (µg)	18.0 (7.2; 34.4)	19.7 (5.0; 51.3)	18.8 (11.9; 36.6)	0,640
Calcium (mg)	388.6 (256.4;625)^a	586.2 (292.7; 852.9)^ab	657.4 (383; 959.5)^b	0,004

Variable	IQDAG
Variable	2^nd Tertile	3^rd Tertile
Total Energy (Kcal)
Model 1	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	1.00 (0.99-1.00)
Model 2	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	1.00 (0.99-1.00)
Protein (%TEV)
Model 1	1.06 (1.00-1.11)	1.02 (0.99-1.11)
Model 2	1.04 (0.98-1.11)	1.01 (0.96-1.07)
Carbohydrates (%TEV)
Model 1	1.02 (0.99-1.10)	1.02 (0.99-1.05)
Model 2	1.02 (0.99-1.01)	1.01 (0.99-1.05)
Total fat (%TEV)
Model 1	1.00 (0.98-1.01)	1.01 (0.99-1.02)
Model 2	0.99 (0.97-1.00)	1.01 (1.00-1.02)
Saturated fat (%TEV)
Model 1	1.01 (1.02-1.06)	1.04 (0.99-1.09)
Model 2	1.00 (0.96-1.05)	1.04 (1.00-1.09)
Polyunsaturated Fat (%TEV)
Model 1	0.96 (0.90-1.02)	1.02 (0.99-1.07)
Model 2	0.96 (0.89-1.03)	1.03 (0.99-1.07)
Vitamin A (µg)
Model 1	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	1.04 (1.01-1.07)
Model 2	1.00 (1.00-1.01)	1.04 (1.02-1.07)
Vitamin C (mg)
Model 1	0.99 (0.99-1.00)	0.99 (1.00-1.01)
Model 2	0.99 (0.99-1.00)	1.00 (1.00-1.01)
Vitamin B1 (mg)
Model 1	1.02 (0.83-1.27)	1.08 (0.89-1.33)
Model 2	0.99 (0.78-1.25)	1.08 (0.86-1.34)
Vitamin B2 (mg)
Model 1	1.94 (0.95-3.96)	2.38 (1.16-4.86)
Model 2	1.50 (0.69-3.29)	2.63 (1.19-5.70)
Vitamin B6 (mg)
Model 1	1.02 (0.81-1.29)	1.10 (0.90-1.37)
Model 2	1.02 (0.80-1.31)	1.13 (0.91-1.40)
Vitamin B12 (µg)
Model 1	1.08 (0.97-1.22)	1.09 (0.96-1.20)
Model 2	1.09 (0.97-1.24)	1.09 (0.98-1.23)
Zinc (mg)
Model 1	10.3 (0.95-0.13)	1.07 (1.00-1.17)
Model 2	1.01 (0.93-1.11)	1.07 (1.00-1.17)
Calcium (mg)
Model 1	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	1.00 (1.00-1.00)
Model 2	1.00 (0.99-1.00)	1.00 (1.00-1.00)

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