Nitrogen metabolism and microbial production of dairy cows fed sugarcane and nitrogen compounds

Gonçalves, Geógenes da Silva; Pedreira, Marcio dos Santos; Pereira, Mara Lúcia Albuquerque; Santos, Dimas Oliveira; Souza, Dicastro Dias de; Porto Junior, Antonio Ferraz

Abstracts

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dairy cow diets containing two different sources of urea on nitrogen metabolism and microbial synthesis. Eight crossbred cows were confined and distributed in two 4x4 Latin: FS - soybean meal (control), conventional urea (UC) 100%; ULL 44 UC = 56% / 44% ULL, ULL 88 UC = 12% / 88% ULL. Diets were offered to animals during 21 days with 14 days of adaptation. The N intake, retained nitrogen balance, nitrogen excretion in milk, urine, feces and total N excretion were similar and presented averages of 340.27g/day, 136.73g/day, 43.25g/day, 53.17g/day, 103.54g/day, and 199.96g/day, respectively. The percentages of urine and total nitrogen excretion were 16.24 and 60.71 (%), respectively. Ureic nitrogen in milk, urine and blood were 3.95mg/dL, 4.32mg/dl and 23.73mg/dL, respectively. The results found for the excretion of purine derivatives, allantoin, absorbable purines, microbial nitrogen, microbial protein and the relationship between microbial protein and digestible nutrients were 321.68mmol/day, 296.35mmol/day, 334.61mmol/day, 210.6g/day, 1316.27g/day, and 127.36g/kg, respectively. The partial replacement of soybean meal by conventional urea and / or urea encapsulated in feeding lactating cows yielded similar results in nitrogenous compounds, the concentrations of nitrogen from urine and milk and microbial protein synthesis.

coated urea; microbial production; nitrogen balance

Objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar o efeito de duas diferentes fontes de ureia na dieta de vacas lactantes sobre o metabolismo de nitrogênio e produção de síntese microbiana. Utilizaram-se oito vacas mestiças holandêszebu confinadas distribuídas aleatoriamente em um delineamento em dois quadrados latino 4x4. FS - farelo de soja (controle); ureia convencional (UC) 100%; ULL 44 = UC 56% / ULL 44%; ULL 88 = UC 12% / ULL 88%. Os períodos experimentais foram de 21 dias, com 14 dias de adaptação. O consumo de nitrogênio, balanço de nitrogênio retido, excreções de nitrogênio no leite, na urina, nas fezes e total de N excretado foram semelhantes e apresentavam médias de 340,27g/dia; 136,73g/dia; 43,25g/dia; 53,17g/dia; 103,54g/dia; 199,96g/dia, respectivamente. O nitrogênio excretado na urina e nitrogênio excretado total foram 16,24% e 60,71%, respectivamente. A concentração média de nitrogênio ureico no leite, na urina e no sangue foram de 3,95mg/dL; 4,32mg/dL e 23,73mg/dL, respectivamente. A excreção média de derivados de purina, alantoína, purinas absorvíveis, nitrogênio microbiano, proteína microbiana e relação proteína microbiana e nutrientes digetíveis totais foram de 321,68mmol/dia; 296,35mmol/dia; 334,61mmol/dia; 210,6g/dia; 1316,27g/dia; 127,36g/kg, respectivamente. A substituição parcial do farelo de soja por ureia convencional e/ou ureia encapsulada na alimentação de vacas lactantes proporcionou resultados semelhantes no balanço de compostos nitrogenados, nas concentrações de nitrogênio da urina e do leite e na síntese de proteína microbiana.

balanço de nitrogênio; produção microbiana; ureia encapsulada

AZEVEDO, E.B.; OSPINA-PATINO, H.; SILVEIRA, A.L.F.; LÓPEZ, J.; NÕRNBERG, J.L.; BRÜNING, G. Nitrogen supplement with common or coated urea on ruminal parameters of steers fed with low quality hay. Ciência Rural, v.40, n.3, p.622- 627, 2010.
BACH, A.; CALSAMIGLIA, S.; STERN, M.D. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, v.88, p 9-20, 2005.
BARBOSA, A.M.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C. VÉRAS, R.M.L.; LEÃO,M.I.; DETMANN, E.; PAULINO,M.F.; MARCONDES, M.I.; SOUZA, M.A. Effect of urinary collection days, concentrate levels and protein sources on creatinine, urea and purine derivatives excretions and microbial protein synthesis in Nellore cattle. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, n.3, p.870-877, 2006.
BRAGA, J.M.S.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; PELLIZZONI, S.G. Estimation of endogenous contribution and urinary excretion of purine derivatives from the total digestible nutrient intake in Nellore heifers Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.41, n.8, p.1899-1906, 2012
CASALI, A.O.; DETMANN, E.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; CARLOS, J.P.; HENRIQUES, L.T.; FREITAS, S.G.; PAULINO, M.F. Influence of incubation time and particles size on indigestible compounds contents in cattle feeds and feces obtained by in situ procedures. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.37, n.2, p.335-342, 2008.
CAVALCANTE, M.A.B.; PEREIRA, O.G.; VALADADARES FILHO, S.C.; RIBEIRO, K.G., PACHECO,L.B.B., ARAÚJO, D.; LEMOS, V.M.C. Crude protein levels on beef cattle diets: ruminal metabolism, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, n.1, p.203-210, 2006.
CHEN, X.B.; GOMES, M.J. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives- an overview of technical details International feed research unit. Aberdeen: Rowett Research Institute, 1992. 21p.
CHERDTHONG, A; WANAPAT, M. Development of urea products as rumen slow- release feed for ruminant production: a review. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, v.4, p.2232-2241, 2010.
CHIZZOTTI, M.L.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; CHIZZOTTI, F.H.M.; MARCONDES, M.I.; FONSECA, M.A. Intake, digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in Holstein cows with different milk production levels. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, n.1, p.138-146, 2007.
COSTA, V.A.C.; DETMANN, E.; PAULINO, M.F. Total and partial digestibility and nitrogen balance in grazing cattle supplemented with non-protein and, or true protein nitrogen during the rainy season. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.40, n.12, p.2815-2826, 2011.
GONZALEZ-RONQUILLO, M.; BALCELLS, J.; GUADA, J.A.; VICENTE, F. Purine derivative excretion in dairy cows: Endogenous excretion and the effect of exogenous nucleic acid supply. Journal of Dairy Science, v.86, n.4, p.1282-1291, 2003.
HALL, M.B.; HUNTINGTON, G.B. Nutrient synchrony: Sound in theory, elusive in practice. Journal Animal Science, v.86, p.287-292, 2008.
HOFFMAN, P.C.; ESSER, N.M.; BAUMAN, L.M.; DENZINE, S.L.; ENGSTROM, M. ; CHESTER-JONES, H. Short communication: effect of dietary protein on growth and nitrogen balance of Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, v.84, p.843-847, 2001.
HOJMAN, D. Relationships between milk urea and production, nutrition and fertility traits in Israeli Dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, v.87, p.1001-11, 2004.
IMAIZUMI, H.; SANTOS, F.A.P.; BITTAR, C.M.M. Diet crude protein content and sources for lactating dairy cattle Science Agricola, v.67, n.1, p.16-22, 2010.
INOSTROZA, J.F.; SHAVER, R.D.; CABRERA, V.E., TRICARICO, J.M. Effect of diets containing a controlled-release urea product on milk yield, milk composition, and milk component yields in commercial Wisconsin dairy herds and economic implications. The Professional Animal Scientist, v.26, p.175-180, 2010.
MERTENS, D.R. Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beakers or crucibles: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, v.85, p.1217-1240, 2002.
MORAIS, M.G.; RANGEL, J.M.; MADUREIRA, J.S.; SILVEIRA, A.C. Seasonal changes of clinical biochemistry of graded Nelore cows on continuous grazing of Brachiaria decumbens Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia., v.52, n.2, p.98-104, 2000.
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle 7.ed.rev. Washington, D.C.: National Academic Press, 2001. 381p.
ORELLANA BOERO, P.; BALCELLS, J.; MARTÍN-ORÚE, S.M., LINAG, J.B., GUADA, J.A. Excretion of purine derivates in cows: endogenous contribution and recovery of exogenous purine bases. Livestock Production Science, v.68, p.243-250, 2001.
PEREIRA, M.L.A. Proteína na dieta de vacas nos terços inicial e médio da lactação 2003. 105p. Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa.
PEREIRA, K.P.; VÉRAS,A.S.C.; FERREIRA, M.A. Nitrogen balance and endogenous losses in cattle and buffaloes fed with increasing levels of concentrate. Acta Scientiarum Animal Science, v.29, n.4, p.433-440, 2007.
PINA, D.S.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; DETMANN, E.; CAMPOS, J.M.S.; FONSECA, M.A.; TEIXEIRA, R.M.A.; OLIVEIRA, A.S.O. Estimation of microbial protein synthesis and urea nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows fed diets supplemented with different protein sources. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, p.1551-1559, 2006.
PINA, D.S.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; AZEVEDO, J.A.G., BARBOSA, A.M.,VALADARES, R.F.D., DETMANN, E. Levels of inclusion and exposure time of sugar cane to calcium oxide on digestive parameters and performance of Nellore heifers. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.7, p.1579-1586, 2010.
ROY, B.; BRAHMA, B.; GHOSH, S.; ANKAJ, P.K.; MANDAL, G. Evaluation of milk urea concentration as useful indicator for dairy herd management: a review. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, v.6, p.1-19, 2011.
SANTOS, J.F.; DIAS JUNIOR, G.S.; BITENCOURT, L.L.; LOPES N.M.; SIÉCOLA JUNIOR, S.; SILVA, J.R.M.; PEREIRA, R.A.N.; PEREIRA, M.N. Response of lactating cows to the partial replacement of soybean meal by encapsulated urea. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.63, p.423-432, 2011.
SILVA, D.J.; QUEIROZ, A.C. Análise de alimentos: métodos químicos e biológicos Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 235p. 2002.
SILVEIRA, V.A.; LOPES, N.M.; OLIVEIRA, R.C. Partial replacement of soybean meal by slow release urea in commercial dairy herds. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Produção Animal [online], v.13, n.2, p.383-395, 2012.
SNIFFEN, C.J.; O'CONNOR, J.D.; Van SOEST, P.J.; FOX, D.J.; RUSSEL, J.B. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, v.70, n.11, p.3562-3577, 1992.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM. User's guide Cary: SAS Institute, 2002. 525p.
SOUSA, V.L.S; ALMEIDA, R; SILVA, D.F.F.S; PIEKARKI, P.R.B; JESUS, C.P. Effects of partial replacement of soybean meal by protected urea on milk yield and composition. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina veterinária e Zootecnia, v.62, n.6, p.1415-1422, 2010.
VALADARES, R.F.D.; BRODERICK, G.A.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C. CLAYTON, M.K. Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives. Journal of Dairy Science, v.82, n.12, p.2686-2699, 1999.
Van SOEST, P.J. Nutricional ecology of the ruminant 2.ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. 476p.
VASCONCELOS, A.M.; LEÃO, M.I.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C. Ruminal parameters, nitrogen compound balance and microbial production in dairy cows fed soybeans and their by-products. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.2, p.425-433, 2010.
VERBIC, J.; CHEN, X.B.; MACLEOD, N.A.; ØRSKOV, E.R. Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants. Effect of microbial nucleic acid infusion on purine derivative excretion by steers. Journal of Agricultural Science, v.114, n.3, p.243-248, 1990.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
08 May 2014
Date of issue
Mar 2014

History

Received
08 July 2013
Accepted
21 Feb 2014

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] AZEVEDO, E.B.; OSPINA-PATINO, H.; SILVEIRA, A.L.F.; LÓPEZ, J.; NÕRNBERG, J.L.; BRÜNING, G. Nitrogen supplement with common or coated urea on ruminal parameters of steers fed with low quality hay. Ciência Rural, v.40, n.3, p.622- 627, 2010.

[2] BACH, A.; CALSAMIGLIA, S.; STERN, M.D. Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen. Journal of Dairy Science, v.88, p 9-20, 2005.

[3] BARBOSA, A.M.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C. VÉRAS, R.M.L.; LEÃO,M.I.; DETMANN, E.; PAULINO,M.F.; MARCONDES, M.I.; SOUZA, M.A. Effect of urinary collection days, concentrate levels and protein sources on creatinine, urea and purine derivatives excretions and microbial protein synthesis in Nellore cattle. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, n.3, p.870-877, 2006.

[4] BRAGA, J.M.S.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; PELLIZZONI, S.G. Estimation of endogenous contribution and urinary excretion of purine derivatives from the total digestible nutrient intake in Nellore heifers Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.41, n.8, p.1899-1906, 2012

[5] CASALI, A.O.; DETMANN, E.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; CARLOS, J.P.; HENRIQUES, L.T.; FREITAS, S.G.; PAULINO, M.F. Influence of incubation time and particles size on indigestible compounds contents in cattle feeds and feces obtained by in situ procedures. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.37, n.2, p.335-342, 2008.

[6] CAVALCANTE, M.A.B.; PEREIRA, O.G.; VALADADARES FILHO, S.C.; RIBEIRO, K.G., PACHECO,L.B.B., ARAÚJO, D.; LEMOS, V.M.C. Crude protein levels on beef cattle diets: ruminal metabolism, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, n.1, p.203-210, 2006.

[7] CHEN, X.B.; GOMES, M.J. Estimation of microbial protein supply to sheep and cattle based on urinary excretion of purine derivatives- an overview of technical details International feed research unit. Aberdeen: Rowett Research Institute, 1992. 21p.

[8] CHERDTHONG, A; WANAPAT, M. Development of urea products as rumen slow- release feed for ruminant production: a review. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, v.4, p.2232-2241, 2010.

[9] CHIZZOTTI, M.L.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; CHIZZOTTI, F.H.M.; MARCONDES, M.I.; FONSECA, M.A. Intake, digestibility and nitrogen metabolism in Holstein cows with different milk production levels. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.36, n.1, p.138-146, 2007.

[10] COSTA, V.A.C.; DETMANN, E.; PAULINO, M.F. Total and partial digestibility and nitrogen balance in grazing cattle supplemented with non-protein and, or true protein nitrogen during the rainy season. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.40, n.12, p.2815-2826, 2011.

[11] GONZALEZ-RONQUILLO, M.; BALCELLS, J.; GUADA, J.A.; VICENTE, F. Purine derivative excretion in dairy cows: Endogenous excretion and the effect of exogenous nucleic acid supply. Journal of Dairy Science, v.86, n.4, p.1282-1291, 2003.

[12] HALL, M.B.; HUNTINGTON, G.B. Nutrient synchrony: Sound in theory, elusive in practice. Journal Animal Science, v.86, p.287-292, 2008.

[13] HOFFMAN, P.C.; ESSER, N.M.; BAUMAN, L.M.; DENZINE, S.L.; ENGSTROM, M. ; CHESTER-JONES, H. Short communication: effect of dietary protein on growth and nitrogen balance of Holstein heifers. Journal of Dairy Science, v.84, p.843-847, 2001.

[14] HOJMAN, D. Relationships between milk urea and production, nutrition and fertility traits in Israeli Dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, v.87, p.1001-11, 2004.

[15] IMAIZUMI, H.; SANTOS, F.A.P.; BITTAR, C.M.M. Diet crude protein content and sources for lactating dairy cattle Science Agricola, v.67, n.1, p.16-22, 2010.

[16] INOSTROZA, J.F.; SHAVER, R.D.; CABRERA, V.E., TRICARICO, J.M. Effect of diets containing a controlled-release urea product on milk yield, milk composition, and milk component yields in commercial Wisconsin dairy herds and economic implications. The Professional Animal Scientist, v.26, p.175-180, 2010.

[17] MERTENS, D.R. Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beakers or crucibles: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International, v.85, p.1217-1240, 2002.

[18] MORAIS, M.G.; RANGEL, J.M.; MADUREIRA, J.S.; SILVEIRA, A.C. Seasonal changes of clinical biochemistry of graded Nelore cows on continuous grazing of Brachiaria decumbens Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia., v.52, n.2, p.98-104, 2000.

[19] NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL - NRC. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle 7.ed.rev. Washington, D.C.: National Academic Press, 2001. 381p.

[20] ORELLANA BOERO, P.; BALCELLS, J.; MARTÍN-ORÚE, S.M., LINAG, J.B., GUADA, J.A. Excretion of purine derivates in cows: endogenous contribution and recovery of exogenous purine bases. Livestock Production Science, v.68, p.243-250, 2001.

[21] PEREIRA, M.L.A. Proteína na dieta de vacas nos terços inicial e médio da lactação 2003. 105p. Tese (Doutorado em Zootecnia) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa.

[22] PEREIRA, K.P.; VÉRAS,A.S.C.; FERREIRA, M.A. Nitrogen balance and endogenous losses in cattle and buffaloes fed with increasing levels of concentrate. Acta Scientiarum Animal Science, v.29, n.4, p.433-440, 2007.

[23] PINA, D.S.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; VALADARES, R.F.D.; DETMANN, E.; CAMPOS, J.M.S.; FONSECA, M.A.; TEIXEIRA, R.M.A.; OLIVEIRA, A.S.O. Estimation of microbial protein synthesis and urea nitrogen metabolism in lactating dairy cows fed diets supplemented with different protein sources. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, p.1551-1559, 2006.

[24] PINA, D.S.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C.; AZEVEDO, J.A.G., BARBOSA, A.M.,VALADARES, R.F.D., DETMANN, E. Levels of inclusion and exposure time of sugar cane to calcium oxide on digestive parameters and performance of Nellore heifers. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.7, p.1579-1586, 2010.

[25] ROY, B.; BRAHMA, B.; GHOSH, S.; ANKAJ, P.K.; MANDAL, G. Evaluation of milk urea concentration as useful indicator for dairy herd management: a review. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, v.6, p.1-19, 2011.

[26] SANTOS, J.F.; DIAS JUNIOR, G.S.; BITENCOURT, L.L.; LOPES N.M.; SIÉCOLA JUNIOR, S.; SILVA, J.R.M.; PEREIRA, R.A.N.; PEREIRA, M.N. Response of lactating cows to the partial replacement of soybean meal by encapsulated urea. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.63, p.423-432, 2011.

[27] SILVA, D.J.; QUEIROZ, A.C. Análise de alimentos: métodos químicos e biológicos Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 235p. 2002.

[28] SILVEIRA, V.A.; LOPES, N.M.; OLIVEIRA, R.C. Partial replacement of soybean meal by slow release urea in commercial dairy herds. Revista Brasileira de Saúde Produção Animal [online], v.13, n.2, p.383-395, 2012.

[29] SNIFFEN, C.J.; O'CONNOR, J.D.; Van SOEST, P.J.; FOX, D.J.; RUSSEL, J.B. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, v.70, n.11, p.3562-3577, 1992.

[30] STATISTICAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM. User's guide Cary: SAS Institute, 2002. 525p.

[31] SOUSA, V.L.S; ALMEIDA, R; SILVA, D.F.F.S; PIEKARKI, P.R.B; JESUS, C.P. Effects of partial replacement of soybean meal by protected urea on milk yield and composition. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina veterinária e Zootecnia, v.62, n.6, p.1415-1422, 2010.

[32] VALADARES, R.F.D.; BRODERICK, G.A.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C. CLAYTON, M.K. Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives. Journal of Dairy Science, v.82, n.12, p.2686-2699, 1999.

[33] Van SOEST, P.J. Nutricional ecology of the ruminant 2.ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. 476p.

[34] VASCONCELOS, A.M.; LEÃO, M.I.; VALADARES FILHO, S.C. Ruminal parameters, nitrogen compound balance and microbial production in dairy cows fed soybeans and their by-products. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.2, p.425-433, 2010.

[35] VERBIC, J.; CHEN, X.B.; MACLEOD, N.A.; ØRSKOV, E.R. Excretion of purine derivatives by ruminants. Effect of microbial nucleic acid infusion on purine derivative excretion by steers. Journal of Agricultural Science, v.114, n.3, p.243-248, 1990.

Brasil

Brasil

Nitrogen metabolism and microbial production of dairy cows fed sugarcane and nitrogen compounds

Metabolismo do nitrogênio e produção microbiana de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com cana-de-açúcar e compostos nitrogenados

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History