Inclusion of glutamine associated with glutamic acid in the diet of piglets weaned at 21 days of age

Teixeira, Alexandre de Oliveira; Nogueira, Eduardo Terra; Kutschenko, Marianne; Rostagno, Horacio Santiago; Lopes, Darci Clementino

Abstracts

The effects of dietary inclusion levels of the association of glutamine with glutamic acid (AminoGut: AmG) on the performance, gastrointestinal morphophysiology, and diarrhea incidence of piglets weaned at 21 days of age were evaluated. In the experiment, 120 piglets with 6.24 ± 1.00 kg initial weight were distributed according to a randomized block experimental design into five treatments with six replicates of four animals each. The following treatments were applied: negative control diet (0% AmG); 0.5% AmG; 1.0% AmG; 1.5% AmG; positive control diet (0% AmG, 4% inclusion of porcine plasma). The inclusion of 1.0% AmG, as compared to the positive control diet, improved weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The lowest diarrhea score was observed when 1.0% AmG was included, whereas the best villus height and villus:crypt ratio were obtained with the inclusion of 0.82% AmG. Villus height, crypt depth, and villus:crypt ratio values obtained with 1.0% AmG were similar to those obtained with the positive control diet, except in the period of 21 to 28 days, when the diet with 1.0% AmG promoted higher villus:crypt ratio. The supplementation of 0.5 and 1.0% AmG affected organ weights, and reduced digestive content pH in the pylorus and in the ileum relative to the positive control diet. The dietary supplementation of 1% glutamine associated with glutamic acid improves the performance and the morphophysiology of piglets weaned at 21 days of age.

amino acids; diarrhea; nutrition; intestinal mucosa; villus

Avaliou-se o efeito dos níveis de inclusão da associação de glutamina e ácido glutâmico (AminoGut: AmG) nas rações sobre o desempenho, morfo-fisiologia gastrintestinal e incidência de diarréia de leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 120 leitões com peso inicial de 6,24±1,00 kg, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos casualizados, distribuídos de acordo com o peso, cinco tratamentos, seis repetições e quatro leitões por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram: controle negativo (0% AmG); 0,5% AmG; 1,0% AmG; 1,5% AmG; controle positivo (0% AmG, 4% de inclusão de plasma suíno). A inclusão de 1,0% de AmG, quando comparada com a dieta controle positivo, melhorou o ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. O menor índice de diarréia foi observado com 1,0% de AmG. Os melhores resultados de altura de vilosidade intestinal e relação vilosidade:cripta foram obtidos com 0,82% de AmG. Altura de vilosidade, profundidade de cripta e relação vilo:cripta com 1,0% de AmG foram similares aos obtidos com a dieta controle positivo, no entanto, a relação vilo:cripta foi maior para a dieta 1,0% de AmG no período de 21 a 28 dias. A suplementação de 0,5 e 1,0% de AmG alterou o peso dos órgãos e reduziu o pH da região pilórica e do íleo do intestino delgado em relação ao controle positivo. A suplementação de 1% de glutamina associada ao ácido glutâmico na ração melhora o desempenho e a morfo-fisiologia gastrintestinal de leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade.

aminoácidos; diarréia; nutrição; mucosa intestinal; vilosidade

ABREU, M.L.T.; DONZELE, J.L.; SARAIVA, A.; OLIVEIRA, R.F.M.; FORTES, E.L.; GRANA, G.L. Glutamina, nucleotídeos e plasma suíno em rações para leitões desmamados. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.3, p.520-525, 2010.
ABREU, M.L.T.; DONZELE, J.L. Glutamina na nutrição de leitões. In: SIMPÓSIO SOBRE MANEJO E NUTRIÇÃO DE AVES E SUÍNOS, 5., 2008, Cascavel, PR. Anais... Cascavel, PR: CBNA, 2008. p.170.
BIKKER, P.; VAN DIJK, A.J.; DIRKZWAGER, A.; FLEDDERUS, J.; UBBINK-BLANKSMA, M.; BEYNEN, A.C. The influence of diet composition and anti-microbial growth promoter on the growth response of weaned piglets to spray dried animal plasma. Livestock Production Science, v.86, n.1-3, p.201-208, 2004.
CALDARA, F.R.; DUCATTI, C.; BERTO, D.A.; DENADAI, J.C.; GARCIA, R.G.; FERREIRA, V.M.O.S. Glutamina e turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal de leitões desmamados. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.12, p.2664-2669, 2010.
CALSON, M.S., VEUM, T.L. AND TURK, J.R. Effects of yeast extract versus animal plasma in weanling pig diets on growth performance and intestinal morphology. Journal of Swine Health and Production. v.13, n.4, p.204-209, 2005.
CURI, R.; LAGRANHA, C.J.; DOI, S.Q.; SELLITTI, D.F.; PROCOPIO, J.; PITHON-CURI, T.C.; CORLESS, M.; NEWSHOLME, P. Molecular mechanisms of glutamine action. Journal of Cellular Physiology, v.204, p.392-401, 2005.
DUGAN, M.E.R., MCBURNEY, M.I. Luminal glutamine perfusion alters endotoxin-related changes in ileal permeability of the piglet. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, v.19, p.83-87, 1995.
EWTUSHIK, A.L.; BERTOLO, R.F.P.; BALL, R.O. Intestinal development of early-weaned piglets receiving diets supplemented with selected amino acids or polyamines. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v.80, p.653-662, 2000.
HSU, C.B.; HUANG, H.J.; WANG, C.H.; YEN, H.T; YU, B. The effect of glutamine supplement on small intestinal morphology and xylose absorptive ability of weaned piglets. African Journal of Biotechnology, v.9, n.41, p.7003-7008, 2010.
JIANG, R.; CHANG, X.; STOLL, B.; FAN, M. Z; ARTHINGTON, J.; WEAVER, E.; CAMPBELL, J.; BURRIN, D. Dietary plasma protein reduces small intestinal growth and lamina propria cell density in early weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.130, n.1, p.21-26, 2000.
KITT, S.J.; MILLER, P.S.; LEWIS, A.J. et al. Effects of glutamine on growth performance and small intestine villus height in weanling pigs. Nebraska Swine Report, p.29-32, 2002.
LACKEYRAM, D.; YUE, X.; FAN, M.Z. Effects of dietary supplementation of crystalline L-glutamine on the gastrointestinal tract and whole body growth in early-weaned piglets fed corn and soybean meal-based diets. Journal Animal Science, v.79, p.11, 2001.
LESCANO, D.; ALBINO, L.; HANNAS, M.; SALGUEIRO, S.; KUTSCHENKO, M.; NOGUEIRA, E.; ROSTAGNO, H. Evaluation of dietary glutamic acid plus glutamine levels on the growth performance of piglets. Journal of Animal Science, v. 91, p.107, 2013. E-Suppl. 2 /Journal Dairy of Science, v.96, E-Suppl. 1, T307.
LIMA, G.J.M.M.; MORES, N.; SANCHES, R.L. As diarréias nutricionais na suinocultura. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, v.37, p.17-30, 2009. Supl. 1.
LIU, T.; PENG, J. XIONG, Y.; ZHOU, S.; CHENG, X. Effects of dietary glutamine and glutamate supplementation on small intestinal structure, active absorption and DNA, RNA concentrations in skeletal muscle tissue of weaned piglets during d 28 to 42 of age. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, v.16, n. 2, p.238-242, 2002.
LIU, T.; JIAN, P. Effects of glutamine and glutamate on the performance of early-weaned piglets. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, v.18, n.5. p.457-460, 1999.
MOLINO, J.P.; DONZELE, J.L.; OLIVEIRA, R.F.M.; SARAIVA, A.; HAESE, D.; FORTES, E.I. L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets with different lactose levels for piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.41, n.1, p.98-105, 2012.
PIVA, A.; BACH KNUDSEN, K.E.; LINDBERG, J.E. Glutamine in gut metabolism. In: PIVA, A.; BACH KNUDSEN, K.E.; LINDBERG, J.E. Gut environment of pigs Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, 2001. 260p.
REEDS, P.J.; BURRIN, D.G. Glutamine and the bowel. Journal of Nutrition, v.131, p.2505S–2508S, 2001.
ROSTAGNO, H.S.; ALBINO, L.F.T.; DONZELE, J.L.; GOMES, P.C.; OLIVEIRA, R.F.; LOPES, D.C.; FERREIRA, A.S.; BARRETO, S.L.T. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais. Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. 186p.
SHAN, Y.; SHAN, A.; LI, J.; ZHOU, C. Dietary supplementation of arginine and glutamine enhances the growth and intestinal mucosa development of weaned piglets. Livestock Science, v.150, p.369–373, 2012.
TEIXEIRA, A.O.; LOPES, D. C.; FERREIRA, A. S.; DONZELE, J. L.; COSTA, I. R. S.; OLIVEIRA, R. F. M. DE; FERREIRA, VANUSA P. A.; SOUZA, A. V. C. de. Efeito de Dietas Simples e Complexas sobre a Morfo-fisiologia Gastrintestinal de Leitões até 35 Dias de Idade. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.32, n.4, p.926-934, 2003.
TUCCI, F.M.; THOMAZ, M.C.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; HANNAS, M.I.; SCANDOLERA, A.J.; BUDIÑO, F.E.L.^.Efeito da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e sobre o desempenho. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.63, n.4, p.931-940, 2011a.
TUCCI, F.M.; THOMAZ, M.C.; PIZAURO JÚNIOR, J.M.; HANNAS, M.I; SCANDOLERA, A.J.; BUDIÑO, F.E.L. Agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a atividade das enzimas digestivas e o desempenho. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, v.48, n.4, p.289-298, 2011b.
WATFORD, M.; KUTSCHENKO, M.; NOGUEIRA, E.T. Optimal dietary glutamine for growth and development. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.40, p.402-408, 2011.
WU, G.; BAZER, F.W.; JOHNSON, G.A.; KNABE, D. A.; BURGHARDT, R. C.; SPENCER,T. E.; LI, X. L.; WANG, J. J. TRIENNIAL GROWTH SYMPOSIUM: Important roles for l-glutamine in swine nutrition and production. Journal of Animal Science, v.89, n.7, p.2017-2030, 2011.
WU, G.; MEIER, S.A.; KNABE, D.A. Dietary glutamine supplementation prevents jejunal atrophy in weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.126, p.2578-2584, 1996.
XIAO, Ying-ping; WU, Tiang-xing; HONG, Qi-hua; SUN, Jiang-ming; CHEN, An-guo; YANG, Cai-mei; LI, Xiao-yan. Response to weaning and dietary L-glutamine supplementation: metabolic analysis in piglets by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Zhejiang University – Science B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology), v.13, n.7, p.567-578, 2012.
YI, G.F.; CARROLL, J.A.; ALLEE, G.L.; GAINES, A.M.; KENDALL, D.C.; USRY, J.L.; TORIDE, Y.; IZURU, S. Effect of glutamine and spray-dried plasma on growth performance, small intestinal morphology and immune responses of Escherichia coli k88+- challenged weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science, v.83, n.3, p.634-643, 2005.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
02 Feb 2015
Date of issue
Dec 2014

History

Accepted
20 Oct 2014
Received
17 Feb 2014

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

[1] ABREU, M.L.T.; DONZELE, J.L.; SARAIVA, A.; OLIVEIRA, R.F.M.; FORTES, E.L.; GRANA, G.L. Glutamina, nucleotídeos e plasma suíno em rações para leitões desmamados. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.3, p.520-525, 2010.

[2] ABREU, M.L.T.; DONZELE, J.L. Glutamina na nutrição de leitões. In: SIMPÓSIO SOBRE MANEJO E NUTRIÇÃO DE AVES E SUÍNOS, 5., 2008, Cascavel, PR. Anais... Cascavel, PR: CBNA, 2008. p.170.

[3] BIKKER, P.; VAN DIJK, A.J.; DIRKZWAGER, A.; FLEDDERUS, J.; UBBINK-BLANKSMA, M.; BEYNEN, A.C. The influence of diet composition and anti-microbial growth promoter on the growth response of weaned piglets to spray dried animal plasma. Livestock Production Science, v.86, n.1-3, p.201-208, 2004.

[4] CALDARA, F.R.; DUCATTI, C.; BERTO, D.A.; DENADAI, J.C.; GARCIA, R.G.; FERREIRA, V.M.O.S. Glutamina e turnover do carbono da mucosa intestinal de leitões desmamados. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.39, n.12, p.2664-2669, 2010.

[5] CALSON, M.S., VEUM, T.L. AND TURK, J.R. Effects of yeast extract versus animal plasma in weanling pig diets on growth performance and intestinal morphology. Journal of Swine Health and Production. v.13, n.4, p.204-209, 2005.

[6] CURI, R.; LAGRANHA, C.J.; DOI, S.Q.; SELLITTI, D.F.; PROCOPIO, J.; PITHON-CURI, T.C.; CORLESS, M.; NEWSHOLME, P. Molecular mechanisms of glutamine action. Journal of Cellular Physiology, v.204, p.392-401, 2005.

[7] DUGAN, M.E.R., MCBURNEY, M.I. Luminal glutamine perfusion alters endotoxin-related changes in ileal permeability of the piglet. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, v.19, p.83-87, 1995.

[8] EWTUSHIK, A.L.; BERTOLO, R.F.P.; BALL, R.O. Intestinal development of early-weaned piglets receiving diets supplemented with selected amino acids or polyamines. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v.80, p.653-662, 2000.

[9] HSU, C.B.; HUANG, H.J.; WANG, C.H.; YEN, H.T; YU, B. The effect of glutamine supplement on small intestinal morphology and xylose absorptive ability of weaned piglets. African Journal of Biotechnology, v.9, n.41, p.7003-7008, 2010.

[10] JIANG, R.; CHANG, X.; STOLL, B.; FAN, M. Z; ARTHINGTON, J.; WEAVER, E.; CAMPBELL, J.; BURRIN, D. Dietary plasma protein reduces small intestinal growth and lamina propria cell density in early weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.130, n.1, p.21-26, 2000.

[11] KITT, S.J.; MILLER, P.S.; LEWIS, A.J. et al. Effects of glutamine on growth performance and small intestine villus height in weanling pigs. Nebraska Swine Report, p.29-32, 2002.

[12] LACKEYRAM, D.; YUE, X.; FAN, M.Z. Effects of dietary supplementation of crystalline L-glutamine on the gastrointestinal tract and whole body growth in early-weaned piglets fed corn and soybean meal-based diets. Journal Animal Science, v.79, p.11, 2001.

[13] LESCANO, D.; ALBINO, L.; HANNAS, M.; SALGUEIRO, S.; KUTSCHENKO, M.; NOGUEIRA, E.; ROSTAGNO, H. Evaluation of dietary glutamic acid plus glutamine levels on the growth performance of piglets. Journal of Animal Science, v. 91, p.107, 2013. E-Suppl. 2 /Journal Dairy of Science, v.96, E-Suppl. 1, T307.

[14] LIMA, G.J.M.M.; MORES, N.; SANCHES, R.L. As diarréias nutricionais na suinocultura. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, v.37, p.17-30, 2009. Supl. 1.

[15] LIU, T.; PENG, J. XIONG, Y.; ZHOU, S.; CHENG, X. Effects of dietary glutamine and glutamate supplementation on small intestinal structure, active absorption and DNA, RNA concentrations in skeletal muscle tissue of weaned piglets during d 28 to 42 of age. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science, v.16, n. 2, p.238-242, 2002.

[16] LIU, T.; JIAN, P. Effects of glutamine and glutamate on the performance of early-weaned piglets. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, v.18, n.5. p.457-460, 1999.

[17] MOLINO, J.P.; DONZELE, J.L.; OLIVEIRA, R.F.M.; SARAIVA, A.; HAESE, D.; FORTES, E.I. L-glutamine and L-glutamate in diets with different lactose levels for piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.41, n.1, p.98-105, 2012.

[18] PIVA, A.; BACH KNUDSEN, K.E.; LINDBERG, J.E. Glutamine in gut metabolism. In: PIVA, A.; BACH KNUDSEN, K.E.; LINDBERG, J.E. Gut environment of pigs Nottingham: Nottingham University Press, 2001. 260p.

[19] REEDS, P.J.; BURRIN, D.G. Glutamine and the bowel. Journal of Nutrition, v.131, p.2505S–2508S, 2001.

[20] ROSTAGNO, H.S.; ALBINO, L.F.T.; DONZELE, J.L.; GOMES, P.C.; OLIVEIRA, R.F.; LOPES, D.C.; FERREIRA, A.S.; BARRETO, S.L.T. Tabelas brasileiras para aves e suínos: composição de alimentos e exigências nutricionais. Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2005. 186p.

[21] SHAN, Y.; SHAN, A.; LI, J.; ZHOU, C. Dietary supplementation of arginine and glutamine enhances the growth and intestinal mucosa development of weaned piglets. Livestock Science, v.150, p.369–373, 2012.

[22] TEIXEIRA, A.O.; LOPES, D. C.; FERREIRA, A. S.; DONZELE, J. L.; COSTA, I. R. S.; OLIVEIRA, R. F. M. DE; FERREIRA, VANUSA P. A.; SOUZA, A. V. C. de. Efeito de Dietas Simples e Complexas sobre a Morfo-fisiologia Gastrintestinal de Leitões até 35 Dias de Idade. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.32, n.4, p.926-934, 2003.

[23] TUCCI, F.M.; THOMAZ, M.C.; NAKAGHI, L.S.O.; HANNAS, M.I.; SCANDOLERA, A.J.; BUDIÑO, F.E.L.^.Efeito da adição de agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a estrutura e ultraestrutura do intestino delgado e sobre o desempenho. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.63, n.4, p.931-940, 2011a.

[24] TUCCI, F.M.; THOMAZ, M.C.; PIZAURO JÚNIOR, J.M.; HANNAS, M.I; SCANDOLERA, A.J.; BUDIÑO, F.E.L. Agentes tróficos na dieta de leitões desmamados sobre a atividade das enzimas digestivas e o desempenho. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, v.48, n.4, p.289-298, 2011b.

[25] WATFORD, M.; KUTSCHENKO, M.; NOGUEIRA, E.T. Optimal dietary glutamine for growth and development. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.40, p.402-408, 2011.

[26] WU, G.; BAZER, F.W.; JOHNSON, G.A.; KNABE, D. A.; BURGHARDT, R. C.; SPENCER,T. E.; LI, X. L.; WANG, J. J. TRIENNIAL GROWTH SYMPOSIUM: Important roles for l-glutamine in swine nutrition and production. Journal of Animal Science, v.89, n.7, p.2017-2030, 2011.

[27] WU, G.; MEIER, S.A.; KNABE, D.A. Dietary glutamine supplementation prevents jejunal atrophy in weaned pigs. Journal of Nutrition, v.126, p.2578-2584, 1996.

[28] XIAO, Ying-ping; WU, Tiang-xing; HONG, Qi-hua; SUN, Jiang-ming; CHEN, An-guo; YANG, Cai-mei; LI, Xiao-yan. Response to weaning and dietary L-glutamine supplementation: metabolic analysis in piglets by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Zhejiang University – Science B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology), v.13, n.7, p.567-578, 2012.

[29] YI, G.F.; CARROLL, J.A.; ALLEE, G.L.; GAINES, A.M.; KENDALL, D.C.; USRY, J.L.; TORIDE, Y.; IZURU, S. Effect of glutamine and spray-dried plasma on growth performance, small intestinal morphology and immune responses of Escherichia coli k88+- challenged weaned pigs. Journal of Animal Science, v.83, n.3, p.634-643, 2005.

Brasil

Brasil

Inclusion of glutamine associated with glutamic acid in the diet of piglets weaned at 21 days of age

Inclusão de glutamina associada com ácido glutâmico na dieta de leitões desmamados aos 21 dias de idade

Abstracts

Publication Dates

History