ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of nano-selenium (NS) on growth performance, antioxidant activity, biochemical parameters, and selenium content in Landes geese. A total of 120 80-week-old healthy Landes geese (4.44±0.03 kg) were randomly assigned to three groups, each with four replicates of 10 birds. The control birds were fed a basal diet without further dietary supplementation (0.0 mg/kg of NS) and the two experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with dietary NS at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg of feed. The results demonstrated that NS dietary supplementation had no significant effect on growth performance. Increased total superoxide dismutase activity in serum, breast muscle and liver, glutathione peroxidase level in serum and liver, and catalase in breast muscle and liver were observed for both NS supplemented groups. Additionally, reduced malondialdehyde in serum, breast muscle, and liver was detected in both NS-supplemented groups. Compared with the control, the birds fed diets supplemented with NS had lower concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased. Furthermore, increased selenium, especially in the liver, was found in groups with dietary supplementation of NS. These findings suggest the supplementation of NS in diets can improve antioxidant status, biochemical parameters, and tissue selenium content, although it has no significant effect on growth performance of Landes geese.
antioxidant status; average daily gain; diets; serum biochemical parameters; supplementation
1. Introduction
Selenium (Se) is a basic trace element in animals and humans. The dietary shortage of Se might lead to white muscle disease (Bakhshalinejad et al., 2018Bakhshalinejad, R.; Kakhki, R. A. M. and Zoidis, E. 2018. Effects of different dietary sources and levels of selenium supplements on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 59:81-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2017.1380296
https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2017.13...
; Semenenko et al., 2021Semenenko, M. P.; Grin, V. A.; Kuzminova, E. V.; Semenenko, K. A.; Nepshekueva, T. S. and Chernykh, O. Y. 2021. Pharmacological therapy of white muscle disease in lambs with selenium preparations in a comparative aspect. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 677:042020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/677/4/042020
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/677/4/...
), low glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (Silva et al., 2021Silva, J. S.; Rosa, A. F.; Moncau, C. T.; Silva-Vignato, B.; Pugine, S. M. P.; Melo, M. P.; Sanchez, J. M. D. and Zanetti, M. A. 2021. Effect of different selenium sources and concentrations on glutathione peroxidase activity and cholesterol metabolism of beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science 99:skab321. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab321
https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab321...
), and reproduction inefficiency (Hemingway et al., 2003). Selenium has many physiologically relevant regulatory functions such as maintaining normal immunity, reducing free radicals, and improving growth performance (Li et al., 2021Li, Z. M.; Dong, Y. P.; Chen, S. R.; Jia, X.; Jiang, X. M.; Che, L. Q.; Lin, Y.; Li, J.; Feng, B.; Fang, Z. F.; Zhuo, Y.; Wang, J. P.; Xu, H. T.; Wu, D. and Xu, S. Y. 2021. Organic selenium increased gilts antioxidant capacity, immune function, and changed intestinal microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology 12:723190. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.723190
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.72319...
; Nemati et al., 2021Nemati, Z.; Alirezalu, K.; Besharati, M.; Holman, B. W. B.; Hajipour, M. and Bohrer, B. M. 2021. The effect of dietary supplementation with inorganic or organic selenium on the nutritional quality and shelf life of goose meat and liver. Animals 11:261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020261
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020261...
). The biological functions of Se are carried out utilizing protein selenium (selenase). Importantly, Se is an integral constituent of the antioxidative enzyme GSH-Px, which promotes organic lipid peroxides (H2O2) and detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (GSH) (Look et al., 1997Look, M. P.; Rockstroh, J. K.; Rao, G. S.; Kreuzer, K. A.; Barton, S.; Lemoch, H.; Sudhop, T.; Hoch, J.; Stockinger, K.; Spengler, U. and Sauerbruch, T. 1997. Serum selenium, plasma glutathione (GSH) and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)-levels in asymptomatic versus symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-infection. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 51:266-272. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600401
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600401...
).
At present, Se sources used in animal feeds include inorganic Se, organic Se, and nano-selenium (NS) (Selim et al., 2015Selim, N. A.; Radwan, N. L.; Youssef, S. F.; Eldin, T. A. S. and Elwafa, S. A. 2015. Effect of inclusion inorganic, organic or nano selenium forms in broiler diets on: 1-growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics. International Journal of Poultry Science 14:135-143. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2015.135.143
https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2015.135.14...
). Inorganic Se is the most common form used in dietary supplementation, though poor selenoprotein activity, high toxicity, and low absorption have been observed (Peng et al., 2007Peng, D.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Q. and Taylor, E. W. 2007. Size effect of elemental selenium nanoparticles (Nano-Se) at supranutritional levels on selenium accumulation and glutathione S-transferase activity. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 101:1457-1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007.06.021
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2007...
; Zhang et al., 2008Zhang, J. S.; Wang, X. F. and Xu, T. W. 2008. Elemental selenium at nano size (Nano-Se) as a potential chemopreventive agent with reduced risk of selenium toxicity: comparison with Se-methylselenocysteine in mice. Toxicological Sciences 101:22-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm221
https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm221...
; Hu et al., 2012Hu, C. H.; Li, Y. L.; Xiong, L.; Zhang, H. M.; Song, J. and Xia, M. S. 2012. Comparative effects of nano elemental selenium and sodium selenite on selenium retention in broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science and Technology 177:204-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.08.010
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.201...
). However, NS shows unique characteristics like large specific surface, high absorption efficiency, high surface activity, and low toxicity (Wang et al., 2007Wang, H.; Zhang, J. and Yu, H. 2007. Elemental selenium at nano size possesses lower toxicity without compromising the fundamental effect on selenoenzymes: comparison with selenomethionine in mice. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 42:1524-1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.013
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed....
). In animal diets, NS is an additive increasingly used in animal production. A previous study showed that growth performance, immune function, and carcass characteristics of male Ross chicks were improved by dietary supplementation with NS (Ahmadi et al., 2018Ahmadi, M.; Ahmadian, A. and Seidavi, A. R. 2018. Effect of different levels of nano-selenium on performance, blood parameters, immunity and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Poultry Science Journal 6:99-108. https://doi.org/10.22069/psj.2018.13815.1276
https://doi.org/10.22069/psj.2018.13815....
). Moreover, supplementation of NS in diets for chickens and pigs has been widely reported, and dietary NS had significantly positive influence on performance, immunity, and carcass and meat quality for chicks (Soliman et al., 2020Soliman, E. S.; Mahmoud, F. F.; Fadel, M. A. and Hamad, R. T. 2020. Prophylactic effect of nano-selenium on performance, carcasses quality, and tissues selenium concentration using reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography during microbial challenge in broiler chickens. Veterinary World 13:1780-1797. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1780-1797
https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.1...
). However, dietary supplementation with NS in geese diets is rarely reported. Therefore, in this study, the effect of dietary supplementation with different levels of NS on growth performance, antioxidant activity, biochemical parameters, and Se content in Landes geese (Anser anser) was effectively investigated.
2. Material and Methods
The methods used in this study were approved by the local Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (case number G56/2018). The experiment complies with the approved guidelines and regulations of the regional Animal Ethics Committee. The experiment was performed in Changsha, China (28.1844° N, 113.0318 °E).
2.1. Animal and experimental procedures
A total of 120 80-week-old healthy male Landes geese with similar body weight (4.44±0.03 kg) were chosen and housed collectively during growth. Based on a completely randomized design, geese were individually divided into three groups, each with four replicates of 10 birds. Feed intake was progressively increased for one week to enlarge the volume of the digestive tract and initiate the metabolism to adapt to overfeeding. Before forced feeding, initial body weights (IBW) of the geese were measured separately.
After the end of the pre-overfeeding period, the basal diet without added selenium was formulated based on corn meal in compliance with the Chinese nutritional requirements of broiler geese (Table 1). The diet, provided by a commercial company, contains 98% corn, 1% plant oil, 0.5% salt, and 0.5% vitamins. The diet was prepared by grinding components in the Wiley mill (about 1 mm particle size) and slowly stirring in plant oil and vitamin. The experimental groups were as follows: the first group acted as the control, which was only fed the basal diet; the second group was given the basal diet supplemented with 0.2 mg/kg of NS (0.2 mg NS/kg); the third group was given the basal diet supplemented with 0.4 mg/kg of NS (0.4 mg NS/kg).
Forced feeding was carried out with the following procedure in compliance with approved guidelines and regulations of the regional Animal Ethics Committee. During the first week of the 28-day experiment, geese were overfed every eight hours with 450 g high-carbohydrate diet. From day 8 to 14, the geese were given four meals of 1000 g/d. For the last two weeks, geese were given five meals of 1,500 g/d. During the forced feeding, the temperature was 20-25 ℃, and the relative humidity was 70-80%. The geese were allowed free access to water.
2.2. Sample collection
After 28 d of overfeeding, the geese were subjected to a water-only fast overnight for 12 h. The next morning, geese were weighed, and blood was collected through jugular vein and placed at room temperature for 1 h. The serum supernatant was collected after centrifugation at 3000 g for 15 min at 4 ℃. Lastly, 1.0-1.5 mL of serum was transferred into a 1.5-mL centrifuge tube and stored below −20 ℃. The blood serum sample was divided evenly into two portions; one for analyzing antioxidation of serum and the second for performing biochemical tests (Liu et al., 2019Liu, X.; Peng, C. Y.; Qu, X. Y.; Guo, S. C.; Chen, J. F.; He, C. Q.; Zhou, X. B. and Zhu, S. W. 2019. Effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 on production, hatching performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant capacity and immune response of laying breeders. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 103:182-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13022
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13022...
).
After blood collections, the geese were sacrificed by exsanguination. The breast muscle, leg muscle, and liver were removed quickly, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 ℃ until analysis of antioxidation and Se tissue content analyses could be performed.
2.3. Animal growth performance
During the process of feeding, body weight was recorded weekly to calculate the average daily gain (ADG) and body weight gain rate. Forced feeding was terminated at 28 d, and the geese were starved for 12 h. The geese final body weight (FBW) was measured by digital balance.
2.4. Antioxidant activity
Catalase (CAT), GSH-Px, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in serum, breast, and liver were detected by using the corresponding kits in compliance with the instructions and according to the instructions of the manufacturer to operate the microplate reader.
2.5. Biochemical analysis
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), globulin (GLB), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), ALB (albumin), total protein (TP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in serum were measured using an automatic biochemical instrument and matching kits produced by Mindray according to the method reported by Liu et al. (2021)Liu, X.; Liu, Y. W.; Cheng, H.; Deng, Y.; Xiong, X. W. and Qu, X. Y. 2021. Comparison of performance, fatty acid composition, enzymes and gene expression between overfed Xupu geese with large and small liver. Italian Journal of Animal Science 20:102-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.1872423
https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2021.18...
.
2.6. Selenium content
The connective tissues were removed from the breast muscle, leg muscle, and liver. The Se content in the tissue was determined by the fluorescence spectrophotometer. Homogenized tissue sample (5 g) in 25 mL of HNO3-HClO4 (4:1) was added into a 150 mL Erlenmeyer flask and heated at 100 ℃ until white fumes appeared. Hydrochloric acid (5 M; 8 mL) was added, and the mixture was again heated until white fumes were seen. The flask was removed from heat and left to cool. Once the mixture cooled to room temperature, 10 mL of 25% HCl was added, and the solution was boiled again. After reaching a boil, the flask was cooled to room temperature, and 50 mL ultrapure water was added. Finally, the supernatant was collected and measured by the spectrophotometer at the following parameters: 270 V negative high pressure, 30 mA hollow cathode lamp current, 7 mm electric heating atomizer height, high purity carrier gas Ar, 800 mL/min carrier, 1.0 inject samples.
2.7. Statistical analysis
The data obtained from the completely randomized design were analyzed with SPSS7.0 and general linear models (GLM). The difference among the groups was analyzed by one way ANOVA, and multiple comparisons were performed by Duncan’s method (Chambers and Hastie, 1992Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. 1992. Statistical models in S. Routledge, New York. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203738535
https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203738535...
). All the data were expressed as the mean and standard error of mean (SEM). The statistical model was analyzed as follows:
in which Yij is the observation of traits, µ is the overall mean, Ai is the treatment effect, and eij is the experimental error. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic responses to NS. The significance between different groups was measured by a P-value <0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Growth performance
We found no significant difference (P>0.05) among IBW, FBW, ADG, and body weight gain rate. However, groups fed diets supplemented with NS (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) had higher ADG and body weight gain rate compared with the control (0.0 mg/kg) (P>0.05) (Table 2). Between both groups receiving NS-supplemented diets, geese receiving less NS/kg had the highest ADG and body weight gain rate (P>0.05).
3.2. Antioxidant activity
The effects of NS supplementation with different levels on activities of CAT, GSH-Px, T-SOD, and MDA in serum, breast, and liver was studied (Table 3). Supplementation of 0.2 and 0.4 mg NS/kg increased the activity of GSH-Px and T-SOD in serum (P<0.05). Similarly, supplementation of 0.2 and 0.4 mg NS/kg increased activities of CAT and T-SOD in breast muscle, while CAT and GSH-Px activities were increased in the liver (P<0.05). Compared with the control, MDA activity in breast muscle and liver was reduced in both experimental groups (P<0.05).
3.3. Serum biochemical parameters
The birds fed NS-supplemented diets had lower levels of ALT, TG, and LDL-C than the control birds (Table 4). Birds fed diets containing 0.4 mg NS/kg had the highest HDL-C counts (P<0.05) and lowest AST levels (P<0.05). Furthermore, the geese fed NS-supplemented diets had higher TC concentration than the birds in the control, though we observed no significant difference in TC concentration of the birds fed 0.4 mg NS/kg in the diets when compared with the other two groups.
3.4. Selenium content
The NS-supplemented diets increased Se content in tissues of the geese (Table 5). A significant increase of Se deposition in the liver (P<0.05) was observed in both groups receiving NS-supplemented diets, but Se content in breast muscle and leg muscle was not significantly different among all groups.
4. Discussion
The results of this study showed that supplementation with different levels of NS in the diet had no significant effect on geese growth performance. The effects of dietary supplementation with Se on growth performance in animals have varied conclusions. Not much is known about the NS influence on geese. Consistent with our findings, previous work has found no differences in growth parameters between broilers fed diets supplemented with varying levels of NS (Mohammadi et al., 2020Mohammadi, E.; Janmohammadi, H.; Olyayee, M.; Helan, J. A. and Kalanaky, S. 2020. Nano selenium improves humoral immunity, growth performance and breast-muscle selenium concentration of broiler chickens. Animal Production Science 60:1902-1910. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN19581
https://doi.org/10.1071/AN19581...
; Bami et al., 2022Bami, M. K.; Afsharmanesh, M.; Espahbodi, M. and Esmaeilzadeh, E. 2022. Effects of dietary nano-selenium supplementation on broiler chicken performance, meat selenium content, intestinal microflora, intestinal morphology, and immune response. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 69:126897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126897
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126...
). However, other studies have shown that dietary supplementation of NS had a significant effect on FBW, daily body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). In Guangxi Yellow chickens fed NS-supplemented diets at 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg, higher FBW and daily body weight gain (DWG) were observed (Zhou and Wang, 2011Zhou, X. and Wang, Y. 2011. Influence of dietary nano elemental selenium on growth performance, tissue Se distribution, meat quality, and glutathione peroxidase activity in Guangxi yellow chicken. Poultry Science 90:680-686. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00977
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00977...
). Dietary supplementation with Se was also shown to improve gain:feed ratio and ADG in broiler chickens (Bakhshalinejad et al., 2018Bakhshalinejad, R.; Kakhki, R. A. M. and Zoidis, E. 2018. Effects of different dietary sources and levels of selenium supplements on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune parameters in Ross 308 broiler chickens. British Poultry Science 59:81-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2017.1380296
https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2017.13...
). El-Deep et al. (2016)El-Deep, M. H.; Ijiri, D.; Ebeid, T. A. and Ohtsuka, A. 2016. Effects of dietary nano-selenium supplementation on growth performance, antioxidative status, and immunity in broiler chickens under thermoneutral and high ambient temperature conditions. Journal of Poultry Science 53:274-283. https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0150133
https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.0150133...
verified that FCR was significantly improved with both NS, Se, and combinations of both under thermoneutral and high temperature conditions. Xia et al. (2005)Xia, M. S.; Zhang, H. M.; Hu, C. H. and Xu, Z. R. 2005. Effect of nano-selenium on growth performance and antioxidant function of broiler chicken. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica 27:307-310. reported that higher growth performance was observed in chickens fed diets supplemented with between 0.4-1.0 mg/kg NS when compared with chickens fed a Na2SeO3 supplemented diet. Therefore, supplementation of animal diets with Se remains unclear, and growth performance may depend on different levels and forms.
The antioxidant system has a diverse set of defense mechanisms, such as CAT, GSH-Px, T-SOD, and MDA among others. Selenium is an essential element required for components of the antioxidant defense mechanism. Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) works within the cytoplasm and plays a significant role in neutralizing reactive radicals (Yuan et al., 2012Yuan, D.; Zhan, X. A. and Wang Y. X. 2012. Effect of selenium sources on the expression of cellular glutathione peroxidase and cytoplasmic thioredoxin reductase in the liver and kidney of broiler breeders and their offspring. Poultry Science 91:936-942. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01921
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-01921...
; Xu et al., 2016Xu, L.; He, S. S.; Li, D. Y.; Mei, C.; Hou, X. L.; Jiang, L. S. and Liu, F. H. 2016. Hydrogen peroxide induces oxidative stress and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in RAT intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6). Molecular Biology 50:270-277. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026893316020266
https://doi.org/10.1134/S002689331602026...
). The results of this study showed that the geese fed NS-supplemented diets had higher GSH-Px and T-SOD in serum than the birds on the control group. Birds fed 0.2 and 0.4 mg NS/kg had higher CAT and T-SOD in breast muscle compared with the control. Furthermore, geese fed diets containing 0.2 and 0.4 mg NS/kg had higher CAT and GSH-Px in liver and lower MDA in serum, breast, and liver when compared with the control. The study proved that the inorganic Se has higher bioavailability than the organic Se (Zhang et al., 2001Zhang, J. S.; Gao, X. Y.; Zhang, L. D. and Bao, Y. P. 2001. Biological effects of a nano red elemental selenium. BioFactors 15:27-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520150103
https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.5520150103...
). Supplementation of NS increased CAT, GSH-Px, and T-SOD levels to a greater degree than dietary supplementation of sodium selenite. The levels of GSH-Px in serum and liver were increased with NS-supplementation (Mohapatra et al., 2014a). Zhou and Wang (2011)Zhou, X. and Wang, Y. 2011. Influence of dietary nano elemental selenium on growth performance, tissue Se distribution, meat quality, and glutathione peroxidase activity in Guangxi yellow chicken. Poultry Science 90:680-686. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00977
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00977...
reported that chickens fed diets containing NS had higher GSH-Px than control groups. Moreover, the results indicated that chickens fed diets supplemented with selenium yeast and sodium selenium had higher CAT, T-SOD, total antioxidant capacity, and lower MDA (Ahmad et al., 2012Ahmad, H.; Tian, J.; Wang, J.; Khan, M. A.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, L. and Wang, T. 2012. Effects of dietary sodium selenite and selenium yeast on antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative stability of chicken breast meat. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60:7111-7120. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3017207
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3017207...
).
Selenium can increase TG, free fatty acids, and total cholesterol, but it decreases LDL-C in serum (Iizuka et al., 2001Iizuka, Y.; Sakurai, E. and Tanaka, Y. 2001. Effect of selenium on serum, hepatic and lipoprotein lipids concentration in rats fed on a high cholesterol diet. Yakugaku Zasshi - Journal of the Pharmaceutical Society of Japan 121:93-96. https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.121.93
https://doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.121.93...
). Diagnostic evaluation of hepatocellular injury heavily relies on levels of ALT and AST, generally reflecting the physical condition of liver and other tissues (Wang et al., 2012Wang, C. S.; Chang, T. T.; Yao, W. J.; Wang, S. T. and Chou, P. 2012. Impact of increasing alanine aminotransferase levels within normal range on incident diabetes. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 111:201-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2011.04.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2011.04.0...
). In this research, supplementation of NS in the diet has an influence on geese biochemical parameters. The birds fed diets containing 0.4 mg NS/kg had lower AST content and higher HDL-C concentration than the other two groups. Previous studies determined supplementation of inorganic and bacterial organic Se in the diet had a significant impact on ALT, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), AST, and serum creatinine levels in broiler chickens (Dalia et al., 2017Dalia, A. M.; Loh, T. C.; Sazili, A. Q.; Jahromi, M. F. and Samsudin, A. A. 2017. The effect of dietary bacterial organic selenium on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and Selenoproteins gene expression in broiler chickens. BMC Veterinary Research 13:254. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1159-4
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1159-...
), which is in agreement with the results of this study. However, different kinds of Se show various effects on biochemical parameters. Emara et al. (2019)Emara, S. S.; El-Zaher, M.; Michael, I. M. and Eid, S. Y. 2019. Comparative effects of nano-selenium and sodium selenite supplementation on blood biochemical changes in relation to growth performance of growing New Zealand White rabbits. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications 52:1-14. https://doi.org/10.21608/AJNSA.2019.5423.1124
https://doi.org/10.21608/AJNSA.2019.5423...
found that dietary supplementation with NS reduced the levels of triglycerides, phospholipid, TC, LDL, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) values. Sun et al. (2015)Sun, H. N.; Ju, X. J.; Wang, Z. Y.; Yang, H. M. and Cai, Z. M. 2015. Effect of different selenium levels on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and organ development of goose. China Poultry 37:29-33. https://doi.org/10.16372/j.issn.1004-6364.2015.07.007
https://doi.org/10.16372/j.issn.1004-636...
observed TP content and GLB were influenced when Yangzhou geese were fed diets supplemented with 0.35 mg/kg of Se. There were no differences in biochemical parameters between chickens fed diets supplemented with or without Se (Navas-Carretero et al., 2011Navas-Carretero, S.; Cuervo, M.; Abete, I.; Zulet, M. A. and Martínez, J. A. 2011. Frequent consumption of selenium-enriched chicken meat by adults causes weight loss and maintains their antioxidant status. Biological Trace Element Research 143:8-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8831-x
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8831-...
).
This study also showed that Se content in geese muscle and liver can be improved by supplementing NS into the feed. We observed Se concentration in the liver was much higher than in breast or leg muscle. Similar results were reported by Cai et al. (2012)Cai, S. J.; Wu, C. X.; Gong, L. M.; Song, T.; Wu, H. and Zhang, L. Y. 2012. Effects of nano-selenium on performance, meat quality, immune function, oxidation resistance, and tissue selenium content in broilers. Poultry Science 91:2532-2539. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02160
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02160...
, who investigated the effects of NS on tissue Se content in broilers. The Se content in laying hens fed NS-supplemented diets was higher than in birds given Se-free diets. Additionally, as the amount of NS increased in the diet, the Se content in the chickens increased (Petrovič et al., 2006Petrovič, V.; Boldižárová, K.; Faix, S.; Mellen, M.; Arpášová, H. and Leng, L. 2006. Antioxidant and selenium status of laying hens fed with diets supplemented with selenite or Se-yeast. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 15:435-444. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66914/2006
https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66914/2006...
). Nano-selenium has excellent bioavailability, high catalytic efficiency, strong adsorption capacity, and low toxicity (Zhang et al., 2008Zhang, J. S.; Wang, X. F. and Xu, T. W. 2008. Elemental selenium at nano size (Nano-Se) as a potential chemopreventive agent with reduced risk of selenium toxicity: comparison with Se-methylselenocysteine in mice. Toxicological Sciences 101:22-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm221
https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfm221...
). Broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with NS-Met had higher Se concentration in breast muscles and liver than those fed diets supplemented with organic and inorganic Se complexes (Mohammadi et al., 2019Mohammadi, A.; Ghazanfari, S. and Sharifi, S. D. 2019. Comparative effects of dietary organic, inorganic, and nano-selenium complexes and rosemary essential oil on performance, meat quality and selenium deposition in muscles of broiler chickens. Livestock Science 226:21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.06.001
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.06...
). The report showed that different levels and sources of dietary Se increased tissue Se concentration in broiler chickens. When fed the diet containing 0.25 mg/kg NS, Se content gradually increased in liver, breast muscle, and serum (Dukare et al., 2020Dukare, S.; Mir, N. A.; Mandal, A. B.; Dev, K.; Begum, J.; Tyagi, P. K.; Rokade, J. J.; Biswas, A.; Tyagi, P. K. and Bhanja, S. K. 2020. Comparative study on the responses of broiler chicken to hot and humid environment supplemented with different dietary levels and sources of selenium. Journal of Thermal Biology 88:102515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102515
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020....
). A dose-dependent response between tissue Se content and NS supplementation levels was observed. The higher tissue Se concentrations in broiler chickens were found when increasing supplementation level of NS in the dietary (Celi et al., 2014Celi, P.; Selle, P. H. and Cowieson, A. J. 2014. Effects of organic selenium supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilisation, oxidative stress and selenium tissue concentrations in broiler chickens. Animal Production Science 54:966-971. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13116
https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13116...
), which is consistent with the results of this study. Similarly, recent studies reported that diets supplemented with NS increased the Se content in Wister rats’ serum (Mohapatra et al., 2014b), broiler chickens’ liver (Petrovič et al., 2006Petrovič, V.; Boldižárová, K.; Faix, S.; Mellen, M.; Arpášová, H. and Leng, L. 2006. Antioxidant and selenium status of laying hens fed with diets supplemented with selenite or Se-yeast. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 15:435-444. https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66914/2006
https://doi.org/10.22358/jafs/66914/2006...
), and hens’ eggs (Attia et al., 2010Attia, Y. A.; Abdalah, A. A.; Zeweil, H. S.; Bovera, F.; Tag El-Din, A. A. and Araft, M. A. 2010. Effect of inorganic or organic selenium supplementation on productive performance, egg quality and some physiological traits of dual-purpose breeding hens. Czech Journal of Animal Science 55:505-519. https://doi.org/10.17221/1702-CJAS
https://doi.org/10.17221/1702-CJAS...
).
5. Conclusions
This study suggests that nano-selenium-supplemented diets could improve the antioxidant performance and biochemical parameters in Landes geese. Although dietary supplementation with different levels of nano-selenium has little effect on geese growth performance, significant positive changes in other biochemical markers are observed in geese fed diets supplemented with 0.4 mg nano-selenium/kg. Furthermore, supplementing nano-selenium in the diet is effective in increasing meat selenium content.
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China, for providing research workspace and facilities at the institute. This study was supported by Key Project of Hunan Education Department (Nature) (18A089) and Key Research and Development Programs in Hunan—Agricultural Technology Innovation Projects (2016NK2106).
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
30 Jan 2023 -
Date of issue
2023
History
-
Received
27 Feb 2022 -
Accepted
6 Oct 2022