Effect of different levels of total dietary fiber on the performance of sows in gestation and lactation

Oelke, Carlos Alexandre; Ribeiro, Andréa Machado Leal; Noro, Mirela; Bernardi, Mari Lourdes; Denardin, Cristiane Casagrande; Nunes, Paula Raymundo; Veit, Fernando Cézar; Winckler, João Carlos

doi:10.1590/rbz4720170299

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Non-Ruminants • R. Bras. Zootec. 47 • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/rbz4720170299 copy

Effect of different levels of total dietary fiber on the performance of sows in gestation and lactation

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The present study evaluated the effect of variation in the amount of total dietary fiber (TDF) in sow diets, provided from 74 to 114 days of gestation, on the digestibility of nutrients and energy during gestation, as well as productivity and metabolism during gestation and lactation. Thirty-three sows were used in a randomized experimental design. The amounts of TDF in three treatment diets were 156, 223, and 282 g kg⁻¹. The daily intake of nutrients and energy was similar for all diets the entire period of gestation, differing only in the volume of ration consumed, which was 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4 kg day⁻¹ (days 74 to 90) and 2.5, 2.6, and 2.8 kg day⁻¹ (days 91 to 111) for the 156, 223, and 282 g kg⁻¹ TDF diets, respectively. During gestation, the increase in TDF resulted in a significant linear decrease in the digestible energy and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and organic matter. During gestation, blood concentrations of protein and globulins exhibited a quadratic response to the amount of TDF in the diet, whereas cholesterol exhibited a significant linear increase. The productivity and reproductive performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or the birth weight of the piglets were not affected by the amount of TDF, but the average daily weight gain of the litter during nursing increased linearly with increasing levels of dietary fiber. Increasing the amount of TDF reduces the digestibility of nutrients and energy, without affecting the performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or that of the piglets at birth and increasing TDF during gestation improves the weight gain of piglets during lactation.

Key Words
digestibility; insulin; piglets

Item		Total dietary fiber level (g kg⁻¹)¹ 1 Amounts of total dietary fiber level in gestation diets.			Lactation
Item		156	223	282	Lactation
Ingredient (g kg⁻¹)
	Defatted rice bran	320	348	376	100
	Rice grain	570	442	314	611
	Blood and bone meal	40	40	40	45
	Soybean meal	42	21	–	216
	Soybean hulls	–	122	244	–
	Limestone	12.9	11.7	10.5	5.1
	Salt	2.2	2.3	2.4	3.55
	Rice oil	10	10	10	15
	Vitamin and mineral premix² 2 Guaranteed levels: vitamin A, 4,750,000 IU/kg; vitamin D3, 950,000 IU/kg; vitamin E, 17,500 IU/kg; vitamin K3, 550 mg/kg; vitamin B1, 1,000 mg/kg; vitamin B2, 3,188 mg/kg; vitamin B6, 1,590.50 mg/kg; vitamin B12, 9,000 mcg/kg; niacin, 14,068 mg/kg; pantothenic acid, 8500 mg/kg; folic acid, 700 mg/kg; biotin, 300 mg/kg; choline chloride, 104.14 g/kg; B.H.T, 250 mg/kg; calcium, 60 g/kg; manganese, 45 g/kg; zinc, 170 g/kg; iron, 80 g/kg; copper, 12 g/kg; iodine, 750 mg/kg; selenium, 300 mg/kg.	2.74	2.74	2.74	3.61
	Copper sulfate	0.24	0.24	0.24	0.2
Analyzed composition (g kg⁻¹)³ 3 As fed.
	Crude protein	156	139	129	202
	Ashes	66	81	96	63
	Ether extract	12.8	20.6	22.8	7.6
	Crude fiber	33	70	101	21
	Neutral detergent fiber	135	196	261	–
	Acid detergent fiber	40	102	118	–
	Non-fibrous carbohydrates⁴ 4 Calculated as per Weiss (1999).	631	563	492	–
	Insoluble food fiber	106	169	207	–
	Soluble food fiber	50	54	75	–
	Total dietary fiber	156	223	282	–
	Dry matter	862	883	877	848
	Gross energy (MJ kg⁻¹)	14.36	15.06	15.47	16.27
	Digestible energy (MJ kg⁻¹)	12.54	12.24	11.92	14.4
Daily ration intake (kg)
	74 to 90 days of gestation	2.10	2.21	2.40	–
	91 to 111 days of gestation	2.47	2.65	2.85	–
	112 days of gestation	1.70	1.82	1.96	–
	113 days of gestation	1.00	1.07	1.15	–
	Day of birth	0.500	0.540	0.580	–
	Lactation period	–	–	–	No restriction

Variable	Total dietary fiber level (g kg⁻¹)			SEM	P-value
Variable	156	223	282	SEM	Diets	L	Q
Dry matter	859a	732b	684c	4.95	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001
Gross energy	887a	782b	725c	4.95	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0003
Crude protein	890a	742b	635c	8.15	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.05
Ether extract	630	648	655	39.56	0.90	0.66	0.92
Neutral detergent fiber	694a	599c	636b	58.00	<0.0001	0.003	<0.0001
Non-fibrous carbohydrates	978a	949b	917c	55.32	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.91
Organic matter	907a	813b	763c	41.85	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0001
Digestible energy (MJ kg⁻¹)	14.8a	13.3b	12.8c	0.09	<0.0001	<0.0001	0.0002

Variable		Total dietary fiber level (g kg⁻¹)			SEM	P-value
Variable		156	223	282	SEM	Diets	L	Q
Sows
	Weight at 107 days (kg)	244.2	245.7	248.0	7.14	0.49	0.24	0.88
	Weight gain 74-107 days (kg)	12.4	13.5	15.8	2.05	0.50	0.25	0.81
	Weight gain 74-107 days (%)	5.5	5.8	7.0	0.87	0.43	0.22	0.68
Piglets
	Total born	13.7	13.2	12.5	1.43	0.82	0.54	0.94
	Live-born	13.0	12.8	12.0	1.30	0.84	0.58	0.84
	Stillborn¹ 1 Non-parametric analysis and diets compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test.	0.6	0.2	0.2	0.25	0.51	–	–
	Stillborn (%)¹ 1 Non-parametric analysis and diets compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test.	4.2	1.0	1.1	1.38	0.42	–	–
	Mummified¹ 1 Non-parametric analysis and diets compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test.	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.13	0.48	–	–
	Mummified (%)¹ 1 Non-parametric analysis and diets compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test.	0.5	1.5	2.0	0.88	0.46	–	–
	Piglet weight (kg)	1.37	1.41	1.44	0.09	0.87	0.59	0.98
	Litter weight (kg)	17.5	17.2	16.1	1.26	0.68	0.41	0.78

Variable	Total dietary fiber level (g kg⁻¹)			SEM	Day of gestation		SEM	P-value
Variable	156	223	282	SEM	105	112	SEM	Diets	Day	L	Q
Protein (g L⁻¹)	61.1b	64.0a	60.1b	1.01	62.1	61.5	0.72	0.03	0.34	0.48	0.009
Albumin (g L⁻¹)	31.1	31.7	33.2	0.73	31.2b	32.8a	0.55	0.12	0.03	0.05	0.63
Globulin (g L⁻¹)	30.0ab	32.3a	26.9b	1.34	30.8a	28.7b	0.84	0.03	0.003	0.11	0.03
Urea (mmol L⁻¹)	4.5	4.6	4.5	0.12	4.4	4.7	0.10	0.69	0.07	0.82	0.41
Glucose (mmol L⁻¹)	3.9	4.1	4.0	0.12	3.9	4.1	0.11	0.70	0.17	0.79	0.42
Cholesterol (mmol L⁻¹)	1.6b	1.7b	1.9a	0.07	1.7	1.7	0.05	0.01	0.16	0.005	0.57
Leptin (ng mL⁻¹)	1.0	0.8	1.0	0.10	1.1a	0.7b	0.09	0.46	0.001	0.78	0.23
Insulin (µU mL⁻¹)	0.7	0.7	0.5	0.11	0.5b	0.8a	0.13	0.34	0.01	0.22	0.44

Variable	Total dietary fiber level (g kg⁻¹)			SEM	Day of lactation				SEM	P-value
Variable	156	223	282	SEM	4	11	18	25	SEM	Diets	Day	L	Q
Protein (g L⁻¹)	65.2	66.0	63.9	1.12	63.5b	64.9ab	65.6a	66.2a	0.88	0.38	0.05	0.41	0.24
Albumin (g L⁻¹)	29.8	29.9	29.0	0.81	31.1a	28.4b	28.9bc	29.9ac	0.58	0.68	<0.0001	0.46	0.59
Globulin (g L⁻¹)	35.4	36.1	34.7	1.51	32.4b	36.4a	36.8a	36.2a	1.12	0.79	<0.0001	0.74	0.54
Urea (mmol L⁻¹)	7.85	7.90	7.92	0.29	6.99c	8.01b	8.07ab	8.49a	0.21	0.98	<0.0001	0.86	0.96
Glucose (mmol L⁻¹)	4.66	4.60	4.57	0.14	4.54	4.55	4.70	4.64	0.14	0.88	0.75	0.65	0.86
Cholesterol (mmol L⁻¹)	2.19	2.19	2.20	0.08	2.14b	2.16b	2.08b	2.39a	0.06	0.99	<0.0001	0.97	0.92
Leptin (ng mL⁻¹)	1.23	1.27	1.04	0.14	1.14a	1.23a	1.65a	0.70b	0.12	0.44	<0.0001	0.30	0.39
Insulin (µU mL⁻¹)	4.42	4.04	2.98	0.69	4.43	3.90	3.36	3.56	0.60	0.30	0.59	0.13	0.65

Variable		Total dietary fiber level (g kg⁻¹)			SEM	Day of lactation				SEM	P-value
Variable		156	223	282	SEM	4	11	18	25	SEM	Diets	Day	L	Q
Sows
	ADFI (kg)	7.2	7.2	7.4	0.23	5.7d	7.3c	7.8b	8.2a	0.18	0.79	<0.0001	0.52	0.78
Litter
	Weight (kg)	44.3	47.8	48.1	1.93	20.8d	38.2c	55.1b	72.8a	1.10	0.24	<0.0001	0.14	0.45
	ADWG (kg)	1.9b	2.2a	2.3a	0.10	1.1b	2.4a	2.4a	2.6a	0.09	0.03	<0.0001	0.02	0.36
Piglets
	ADWG (g)	207b	217ab	238a	8.79	132b	243a	248a	260a	8.09	0.04	<0.0001	0.02	0.61

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[1] * Corresponding author: carlosalexandreoelke@gmail.com