Effect of supplementation on the performance of F1 crossbred goats finished in native pasture1

The present study aimed to assess the effect of supplementation on the performance of F1 (Boer × females of no defined breed) goats finished in native pasture. The experiment was conducted at the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Patos Campus, Paraíba, Brazil, with twenty-four 120-day-old non-castrated F1 (Boer × NDB) male goats, with a 15.52 kg live weight (LW). Animals were distributed in four levels of supplementation (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5% of body) and six replicates. In order to perform the evaluation of dry matter availability, the herbaceous vegetation was divided into grass and herbaceous dicotyledon and evaluated at the beginning (5/28/2007), in the middle (7/9/2007) and at the end (8/6/2007) of the experiment. In the beginning of the experiment, the availability of grass dry matter was 1,102.89 kg/ha, and at the end of the experiment, the availability of the referred matter was greater (1,494.81); on the other hand, the opposite occurred for the dicotyledons, with a dry matter content of 1,759.46 kg/ha in the beginning of the experiment, and only 236.76 kg/ha at the end of the experiment. Supplementation made it possible to estimate the increase in dry matter intake of 257.15 g/day and of 20.79 g/kg0.75/day, as well as the daily weight gain of 103 g for each percentage point increase that resulted from supplementation. The availability and nutritional quality of forage had a strong influence on the effect of supplementation on dry matter intake, with a negative response for supplementation levels of up to 0.74% of the live weight Consequently, the finishing of F1 crossbred goats in a grazing area in the Caatinga can be improved with the supplementation of concentrate at levels 1.0 to 1.5% of the live weight.


Introduction
The breeding of goats in native pasture lands is a common practice in the Brazilian Northeast.However, this pasture will not provide all the nutrients needed for the good health of the animals, particularly animals of breeds such as pure and crossbred Boers, which are expected to meet more specific and greater production requirements.According to Kanani (2006), for the effective use of native pasture, supplementation is needed in order to meet the nutritional demands of goats.
Concentrate supplementation can be an alternative method of feeding goats, although several aspects related to supplementation may bring undesirable results, such as the replacement effect characterized by the reduced forage consumption (Prohman et al., 2004).
On the other hand, the meat production segment that was focused on quantity is now more concerned with quality (Bonagurio et al., 2003), with the consumer more willing to have a greater quality of life.Thus, factors related to production and fat content of meat may be a determinant of the product's success in the market.
In this context, animals reared only in pasture areas have poor performance and reach slaughter weight at an older age, when their carcass is less marketable.In an attempt to solve this problem, many producers have moved to confinement systems.Nonetheless, the high cost of feed, particularly of corn and soybean meal-based diets may cause this practice to become unfeasible (Neiva et al., 2005).Another aspect that deserves consideration is that animals in lifetime confinement tend to have greater amounts of carcass fat, which may cause their meat to be rejected by the current market.
The system of production of goats for slaughter in native pasture with supplementation is an alternative method (Carvalho Júnior et al., 2009), especially for the small producer (Silva et al., 2010), because this system is aimed to combine quality with animal comfort.Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the effect of supplementation on the performance of F1 (Boer × females of no defined breed) goats finished in native pasture.

Material and Methods
The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos Campus, Paraíba, Brazil.The field stage was performed at the Núcleo de Pesquisa para o Desenvolvimento do Semiárido and the chemical analyses were performed at Laboratório de Nutrição Animal of UFCG.The 1.5 ha experimental area is located at the coordinates latitude S -7º 4' 44.4", longitude W -37º 16' 28.5" and altitude of 262 meters.
The climate of the region, according to Köppen's classification is of type BShw' -semi-arid, with a short rainy season in summer-fall and rainfalls concentrated in the months of March and April, although the rainy season can also occur from January to May.The rainfall in the experimental period varied between 11 and 118.3 mm.The average temperature varied from 26.6 to 29.4 °C, whereas the highest humidity index observed was 60% in the initial stage of the experimental period.
The soils covering small areas are irregularly shaped, and those classified as non-calcic brown and planosolic soils, with the occasional occurrence of dystrophic litosol, prevail.
Twenty-four 120-day-old non-castrated F1 (Boer × females of no defined breed) male goats, with a 15.52-kg live weight were identified with antiparasitic earrings and collars and randomly distributed in 4 supplementation levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5%), totaling six replicates per treatment.Animals were kept in one single 1.5-ha plot enclosed by a wire netting and with availability of water and multi-mineral supplement during 98 days, with 14 days of adaptation and 84 days of experiment.
Animals were fed on a continuous grazing system from 7:30 a.m. to 4 p.m., and after this period they were taken to their stalls for supplementation in individual cages equipped with troughs and drinking vessels.Every 14 days after the beginning of the experiment, feces were examined for parasite load, and whenever the results indicated a load equal or higher than 500 eggs per gram (EPG) in the feces, an antiparasitic drug was administered.Animals were weighed every 14 days always at 7:30 a.m., 16 hours after fasting.
The experimental diet was composed of ground corn (53.21%), wheat meal (24.43%), cotton pie (13.61%), soybean meal (3.76%), soybean oil (1.75%), limestone (1.5%) and mineral core for goats (1.74%).Diet was balanced according to AFRC (1998) recommendations so that the highest supplementation level provided a daily weight gain of 200 g.The mineral core administered to the animals had the following percentage composition per kg of mineral: 130 g of Ca; 75g of P; 5g of Mg; 1,500 mg of Fe; 100 mg of Co; 275 mg of CU; 1,000 mg of Mn; 2,000 mg of Zn; 61 mg of I; 11 mg of Se; 14 g of S; 151 g of Na; 245 g of Cl; Max.0.75 g.
To evaluate the availability of dry matter, the herbaceous vegetation was divided into grass and herbaceous dicotyledons, and assessed in three periods: beginning (5/28/2007), middle (7/9/2007) and end (8/6/2007) of the experimental period.During each evaluation period, 20 samples were obtained for the estimates of the availability of dry matter (DM) of the components of the herbaceous stratum.Samples were made from North/ South/East /west transects from the central point of the plot, and using a 1.00-× 0.25-m iron frame as sampling unit, according to a methodology recommended by Araújo Filho et al. (1991).
During each evaluation period, samples of grass and herbaceous dicotyledons were made, and these components were dried in a greenhouse, with the use of forced circulation for 72 hours, cooled at room temperature and ground for performing the analysis of dry matter (DM), crude protein, mineral material (MM), crude energy, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), according to the methodology described by Silva & Queiroz (2002).The estimate of consumption was calculated from the combination of production of feces using the external indicator (LIPE) and the estimate of the indigestible fraction of the diet using the method for neutral detergent fiber (NDFi).The expressions recommended by Forbes (1995) were used for the estimate calculation.The concentration of LIPE in the feces was determined by infra-red spectroscopy.For NDFi determination, samples were introduced in the rumen of the goats through the ruminal fistula (Berchielli et al., 2000a).
The design was completely randomized, with four treatments and six replicates.In order to perform the analysis of performance in the different periods of time, a completely randomized design was used, with repeated observations, four treatments (supplementation level) and six observation periods.Data were submitted to variance and regression analyses at the 5% probability level.Statistical data processing was done using the SAS (1999) statistical program.

Results and Discussion
Increase in grass content occurred as follows: in the beginning of the experiment (5/28/2007) there were 1,102.89kg/ha of dry matter (DM), which increased to 1,417.95 kg/ha in the middle (7/9/2007), and reached 1,494.81kg/ha at the final stage of the experiment.As for the dicotyledons, its content increased from (1,759.4) at the beginning of the experiment to the intermediate stage (1,929.9)followed by increased reduction (236.7) at the end of the experimental period (Table 1).
The total availability of DM clearly indicates that dicotyledons increased from the beginning (5/28/2007) to the middle (7/9/2007) of the experiment and decreased at the final stage (8/6/2007) of the experiment.This increase in DM content that occurred from the beginning to the middle of the experimental period may be associated to rainfall, which was 71 mm in the month of May, 0.0 (zero) mm in June and only 10 mm in July.According to Araújo Filho et al. (2002), this fact may induce or cause physiological maturation in plants to occur earlier than expected, and, consequently, increase DM concentration.
The percentage of grasses increased throughout the experiment, with values of 38.53, 42.35 and 88.60% respectively in the beginning, middle and end of the experiment, whereas the opposite occurred with the dicotyledons, that is, their percentage was 61.47% in the beginning of the experiment, decreased to 57.65% in the middle of the experiment, and was merely 11.40% in the end.These results may indicate that goats grazed more on herbaceous dicotyledons than grasses.This was observed by Pereira Filho et al. (2007) in their study of the effect of alternating grazing with sheep and goats on the availability of phytomass of herbaceous stratum of low density caatinga vegetation, and the authors concluded that goat grazing increased the availability and participation of grass DM and reduced the herbaceous dicotyledonous content, and the opposite occurred with the paddocks occupied by the sheep.
One aspect that deserves consideration concerns the total availability of DM, which, even at the end of the experiment reached 1,731.57kg/ha, reflecting the rainfall rates, the intense sunlight and the high temperatures during the rainy season, and these together maximized the growth of forage plants, increasing their availability and quality (Leão et al., 2005).Thus, Graham et al. (1993), in their research with sheep, affirm that when the availability of DM is more than three times greater than the amount needed by the animals and the digestibility of this dry matter is greater than 55%, grazing can be effective and the animals can achieve high levels of performance.
The values obtained in the beginning of the experiment indicate the good quality of the forage with crude protein contents higher than the minimum 7% required for proper microbiologic development of the rumen, since the values were 9.8 and 12.42% for grasses and dicotyledons, respectively (Table 2).Two aspects must be considered regarding the values of the chemical composition: the first one is the relationship between the DM and crude protein composition following the rainfalls, which is demonstrated in the reduction of these contents from the beginning (May) to the middle (June) and end (July) of the experiment; the second aspect concerns the fact that the rainfalls (10 mm) at the end of the experiment might have positively influenced the dicotyledons, which sprouted again, and allowed lower contents of DM and a 13.43% content of crude protein.
The digestibility values obtained with the use of NDFi, either grasses or dicotyledons, were greater than expected, varying from 60.62 to 67.27 for some grasses and from 57.64 to 70.78 in the dicotyledons (Figure 1).These values reflect in part the occurrence of rain throughout the experimental period, and the rain fall of 71 mm in May kept the forage green and productive; the lack of rainfall in June had little effect on the grasses, probably due to the resistance and phenology of the native grasses in the region, which was not observed in the dicotyledons; the rain fall of 10 mm in July must have favored the re-sprout of the dicotyledons, particularly the germination of those seeds which have already been thrown over the soil.This aspect, associated with the high selectivity of goats might have allowed a digestibility level around 70%.
The DM intake (Tables 3 and 4) was influenced (P<0.05) by the levels of supplementation, with an increase of 257.15 g of DM/day, of 0.65% of crude protein, and 20.79 g/kg 0.75 /day g of DM for each percentage point increase that resulted from supplementation.This response contemplates in part the objective of providing supplementation at pasture, which is to increase the digestibility of the grazed plants, which in turn may result in better animal performance.Yet, Forbes (1995) calls attention to the need for assessment of the replacement effect, i.e., the replacement of consumption of large roughages with the intake of concentrate that might influence the economic response of supplementation.
Although the growing linear effect of supplementation is well characterized, it is important to stress that the greatest impact of DM intake expressed in g/day occurs between 1.0 and 1.5% of live weight (LW) supplement treatments, but when the DM intake is expressed in % LW and in g/kg 0.75 /day, the greatest changes are observed between 0.5 and 1.0% treatments, and can be associated with different efficiencies of use of roughage and concentrate, particularly in the replacement of roughage with concentrate, which affected the performance of the animals.
The food conversion was not influenced by supplementation (Table 3); only the animals fed with supplement corresponding to 1.0% of LW gained one kg of LW while eating less than 5 kg of DM.An intake of 5.24, 5.41 and 6.21 kg of DM was necessary for the animals in the 0.0, 0.5 and 1.5% LW supplement treatments in order to gain 1 kg of LW.Marques & Belo (2001) stress that in addition to supplementation, the availability, palatability, structure, digestibility and botanical composition of forage, climate factors, availability of water, animal health and social behavior may influence animal intake.However, according to Waldo (1986)    it also promotes a reduction in relation to the consumption of forage.This fact was confirmed with the goats treated with supplements of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of the LW, whose total intake of DM was increased from 539.43 g/day to 632.59, 727.57and 953.36 g/day, with a consumption of forage of 539.43, 508.84, 510.07 and 530.86 g/day, for the same treatments, respectively (Table 4), characterizing a quadratic behavior, with the lowest consumption estimated when the supplementation level is 0.80% of LW, which corresponds to a DM intake of 506.13 g per day (Figure 2), indicating the replacement effect (Figure 3).Similar behaviors are reported in other ruminant species, as it can be seen in the study of Crabtree & Williams (1971) with sheep in low quality pastures (3.9% of crude protein) and supplemented with higher levels of concentrate.The authors noticed a quadratic effect, that is, increase in the consumption of forage up to 0.95% of LW; and Berchielli et al. (2000b), in their experiment with dairy cows in coastcross grass (Cynodon dactylon L.Pers.) pasture obtained a quadratic effect of up to 0.62 and 0.95% of the LW for Gir and Girolando cows, respectively.
The DM intake per animals in pasture is directly related to the availability and quality of forage.In their assessment of the availability of DM as a limiting factor in consumption and production of goats and sheep (Kabeya et al., 2002), Animut et al. (2005) worked with four paddocks and rotational occupation containing 4, 6 and 8 animals per plot, and found an availability of forage of 453 kg/ha on the fourteenth week and 428 kg/ha on the sixteenth week of the experimental period, and concluded that an availability of DM higher than 1,000 kg may not be the most important factor in the reduction of animal intake.
The intake of animals that were given different supplementation levels can be considered adequate, particularly if we consider findings from other studies with goats in pasture.In their evaluation of the effect of supplementation with urea on the intake of goats with an average weight of 18.76 kg in Mexican native pastures, Galina et al. (2004) observed dry matter intake varying between 2.8 and 3.2% of LW, with a total consumption of forage varying from 475.63 to 513.61 g/day, whereas the DMI values obtained in the present study varied from 539.43 to 953.36 g/day, from 2.51 to 3.45% of LW and from 50.43 to 76.66 g/kg 0.75 /day.These results can be considered significant, compared with those found by Ramirez et al. (1995), who assessed nutrient intake by sheep in pastures with buffel grass (Chechrus Ciliaris), with animals reaching an average intake of 53.7 g/kg 0.75 /day.Quadratic effect of supplementation was found, and according to the estimate of the equation the maximum point for the replacement coefficient occurred when supplementation reached the level of 0.74% of LW (Figure 3).

Supplementation
Intake (g/day) Intake (% of live weight) Intake (g/kg  Replacement (%) Reis et al. (2001) affirm that one of the purposes of supplementation in pasture is to correct deficiencies of nutrients in forage, and that the value of the replacement coefficient may have a negative value, in a stimulus to the consumption of forage provoked by the supplement.The efficient use of foraging plants by animals depends on various factors, of which it is worth mentioning the quality and quantity of available forage and animal potential (Santos & Costa, 2006).In this context, the average values of CP (crude protein), NDF (neutral detergent fiber) (Table 2) and digestibility (Figure 1) varied from 6.62, 79.15 and 65.06 for grasses and 11.38, 64.69 and 64.62 for dicotyledons.Despite the high contents of neutral detergent fibers, no digestibility problem was noticed, which according to Animut et al. (2005) does not occur when forage digestibility is greater than 50%.DM availability is above 1,000 kg of DM/ha for paddocks occupied with 4, 6 and 8 animals, particularly in native pastures with high diversity of foraging species (Araújo Filho et al., 1996) where animal selectivity is a determinant factor in the botanical and chemical diet composition (Gihad, 1976).
In a study with goats in natural caatinga, Pfister (1983) found LW contents higher than 11% in the diet of sheep, even in the dry season.Contents of 14.6% and 17.7% were found in the season of most intense rainfalls.Araújo Filho et al. (1996) found crude protein levels of 9.3% in the dry season, 12.6% in the transition period between rainy/dry seasons and 17.1 in the transition from the dry to the rainy season, indicating the foraging potential of the caatinga vegetation.
Final weight, total gain and daily weight gain were positively and linearly influenced (P<0.05) by the supplementation levels (Table 5), with an increase of 3.12, 2.88 and 0.034 kg, respectively for each percentage point increase that resulted from supplementation, thus reflecting DM intake by animals which is required to meet animal demands of maintenance and production (Gomide, 1993).
The good performance of animals without supplementation may be credited to the high availability and quality of forage, with the grasses having initial values of 1,102.89kg/ha of DM, 9.8% of LW and 65.98% of DM digestibility.Concerning the dicotyledons, which are more appreciated by goats, compared with grasses, values of 1,759.46kg/ha of DM with 12.42% of LW and digestibility of 66.78%, respectively, were found.
It is possible to relate animal performance to the total DM and volume intake results, as well as the additive/ replacement effect, because the supplementation had quadratic effect, which allows us to estimate a reduction in DM volume intake of up to 0.8% of supplementation, and a higher replacement level when supplementation corresponds to 0.74% of live weight.
In their assessment of the different levels of supplementation in the rebreed of crossbred steer in Brachiaria brizantha pastures in the Amazon region, Goes et al. (2005) found that the animals were given 0.5% and 1.0% LW supplementation, had a similar live weight at the end of the studied periods, and obtained the highest weight gains in the period of climate transition (wintersummer).Brum et al. (2008) in a research conducted to assess animal performance and forage characteristics in food systems for rebreed of sheep in pasture found 0.131 kg/day for average daily weight gain (ADWG).While supplementing sheep of Santa Inês breed with 1.5% and 1% of LW, Dantas et al. (2008) encountered ADWG values of 192 and 148 g, respectively, and 90 g for non supplemented animals; this result is attributed to the availability and digestibility of forage.
Taking into consideration the changes in the availability and quality of the native pasture throughout the year, particularly from May to August, it may be important to stress how the animals responded to these variations in the experimental period.Concerning the periods (days) assessed, the period corresponding to 28 days was the one of greatest gain in weight, totaling 208 g, whereas the lowest average gain of weight was 127 g, after 84 days of experiment (Table 6).Although the equations obtained have low determination coefficients, a linear behavior was found for supplementation level and a quadratic behavior for period.
The values of daily weight gain observed and those predicted by the supplementation equation at the  experimental periods for levels 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of supplementation were: 142 and 138.95; 153 and 158.10; 178 and 177.25; 198 and 196.4,which provided efficiency to the equation, particularly to the levels of supplementation of 1 to 1.5% of the LW.Concerning the prediction of weight gain at each period, it became more disperse for the observed periods.However, the quadratic equation allows us to better predict the gain weight of animals at days 27.47 of supplementation.
The reduction in the DWG of animals in all treatments has a strong relationship with the quality and availability of grasses and dicotyledons, since at the final stage of the experiment grasses accounted for 88.6% (1494.8kg/ha) and had a 80.21% NDF (neutral detergent fibers) content and only 5.71% of LW in DM, compared with herbaceous dicotyledons, which, despite their 13.43%LW, accounted for only 12.4% (236.7 kg/ha) of all the available DM.These data somewhat corroborate the assertion of Van Soest (1994), that low level of protein is a limiting factor in the growth of ruminal microorganisms, causing slow degradation of ingested forage, which, associated to high contents of NDF (Mertens, 1997), induce the negative correlation between DM intake and the content of NDF (Silva et al., 2003), longer retention of food in the rumen and lower nutrient intake by the animals, resulting in low animal performance even for goats (Silanikove, 2000), which are less affected compared with other ruminant species when fed on nutrient deficient diets.

Figure 1 -
Figure 1 -Digestibility of dry matter of grass and herbaceous dicotyledons in the beginning, middle and end of the experimental period.

Figure 2 -Figure 3 -
Figure 2 -Forage intake per goats finished in native pasture with different supplementation levels.

Table 1 -
Availability of dry matter and floristic composition of grass and herbaceous dicotyledons in the beginning, middle and end of the experiment

Table 2 -
the use of concentrates in forage-based diets many times increases the total intake of DM, although Chemical composition supplement used, grasses and dicotyledons in the beginning, middle and end of the experimental period Y ^ = dependent variable; x = independent variable; r 2 = coefficient of determination.

Table 3 -
Dry matter Intake and food conversion of goats finished on native pasture with different supplementation levels

Table 4 -
Intake of roughage and concentrate by goats finished in nature pasture with different supplementation levels

Table 5 -
Performance of crossbred goats finished in native pasture with different supplementation levels