Stress in dogs during grooming in a pet shop

Ferreira, Mariany; Rodriguez, Mary Ana Petersen; Oliveira, Laura Lúcia dos Santos; Maranhão, Camila Maida de Albuquerque; Oliveira, Neide Judith Faria de; Carvalho, Cinara da Cunha Siqueira; Afonso, Marcos Vinícius Ramos; Madureira, Mariana Rabelo

doi:10.37496/rbz5120200154

Mariany Ferreira

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Janaúba, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8223-2865

Mary Ana Petersen Rodriguez

Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, Frutal, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0508-2511

Laura Lúcia dos Santos Oliveira

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Janaúba, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0141-0242

Camila Maida de Albuquerque Maranhão

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Janaúba, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0689-3092

Neide Judith Faria de Oliveira

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Montes Claros, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0854-892X

Cinara da Cunha Siqueira Carvalho ^** Corresponding author: cinara.carvalho@unimontes.br

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Janaúba, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3876-209X

Marcos Vinícius Ramos Afonso

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Lavras, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4694-5010

Mariana Rabelo Madureira

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias, Janaúba, MG, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-7549

* Corresponding author: cinara.carvalho@unimontes.br

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: M. Ferreira. Formal analysis: M. Ferreira, M.A.P. Rodriguez and L.L.S. Oliveira. Investigation: M. Ferreira, L.L.S. Oliveira and M.R. Madureira. Methodology: M. Ferreira, L.L.S. Oliveira, C.M.A. Maranhão and M.V.R. Afonso. Project administration: M.A.P. Rodriguez. Resources: M. Ferreira, M.A.P. Rodriguez, L.L.S. Oliveira, C.M.A. Maranhão, N.J.F. Oliveira and M.R. Madureira. Supervision: M.A.P. Rodriguez. Validation: C.C.S. Carvalho. Visualization: M.A.P. Rodriguez. Writing-original draft: M.A.P. Rodriguez, L.L.S. Oliveira, N.J.F. Oliveira, C.C.S. Carvalho and M.V.R. Afonso. Writing-review & editing: C.C.S. Carvalho.

Category	Behavior	Description	Reference
Postural response	Reluctant	Trying to escape the external stimulus
	Posture low	Head lower than shoulders, tail low, ears lowered	Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
	Ears low	Flattened ears	Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
	Tail low	The dog holds its tail low or between its legs	Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
Calming signals	Raising the paw	Lift a front paw	Beerda et al. (1997Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and de Vries, H. W. 1997. Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01... , 1998Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M.; de Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1998. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58:365-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00145-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00... , 1999Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hoof, J. A. R. A. M.; De Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1999. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses. Physiology & Behavior 66:233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00289-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00... ); Schilder and van der Borg (2004)Schilder, M. B. H. and van der Borg, J. A. M. 2004. Training dogs with the help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85:319-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.... ; Rooney et al. (2007)Rooney, N. J.; Gaines, S. A. and Bradshaw, J. W. S. 2007. Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs ( Canis familiaris ) to kennelling: investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation. Physiology & Behavior 92:847-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.06.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.0... ; Rugaas (2006)Rugaas, T. 2006. On talking terms with dogs: Calming signals. 2nd ed. Dogwise publishing, Wenatchee. ; Rooney et al. (2009)Rooney, N.; Gaines, S. and Hiby, E. 2009. A practitioner’s guide to working dog welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4:127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.0...
	Licking the nose	Tongue extends upwards to cover nose, before retracting into mouth	Beerda et al. (1997Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and de Vries, H. W. 1997. Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01... , 1998Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M.; de Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1998. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58:365-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00145-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00... ); Schilder and van der Borg (2004)Schilder, M. B. H. and van der Borg, J. A. M. 2004. Training dogs with the help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85:319-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.... ; Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.... ; Rooney et al. (2007)Rooney, N. J.; Gaines, S. A. and Bradshaw, J. W. S. 2007. Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs ( Canis familiaris ) to kennelling: investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation. Physiology & Behavior 92:847-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.06.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.0... ; Rugaas (2006)Rugaas, T. 2006. On talking terms with dogs: Calming signals. 2nd ed. Dogwise publishing, Wenatchee. ; Rooney et al. (2009)Rooney, N.; Gaines, S. and Hiby, E. 2009. A practitioner’s guide to working dog welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4:127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.0...
	Yawning	Mouth open wide for a period of a few seconds, then closes	Beerda et al. (1998)Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M.; de Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1998. Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 58:365-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00145-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00... ; Hennessy et al. (1998)Hennessy, M. B.; Williams, M. T.; Miller, D. D.; Douglas, C. W. and Voith, V. L. 1998. Influence of male and female petters on plasma cortisol and behaviour: can human interaction reduce the stress of dogs in a public animal shelter? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61:63-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00179-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00... ; Schilder and van der Borg (2004)Schilder, M. B. H. and van der Borg, J. A. M. 2004. Training dogs with the help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85:319-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.... ; Dreschel and Granger (2005)Dreschel, N. A. and Granger, D. A. 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95:153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.... ; Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.... ; Rugaas (2006)Rugaas, T. 2006. On talking terms with dogs: Calming signals. 2nd ed. Dogwise publishing, Wenatchee. ; Rooney et al. (2007)Rooney, N. J.; Gaines, S. A. and Bradshaw, J. W. S. 2007. Behavioural and glucocorticoid responses of dogs ( Canis familiaris ) to kennelling: investigating mitigation of stress by prior habituation. Physiology & Behavior 92:847-854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.06.011 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.0...
	Looking away/turning of the head	Distracts from the stressful stimulus	Rugaas (2006)Rugaas, T. 2006. On talking terms with dogs: Calming signals. 2nd ed. Dogwise publishing, Wenatchee.
	Vocalizing	Barking or whining	Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
Physiological behaviors	Salivation	Excessive saliva production	Beerda et al. (1997)Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and de Vries, H. W. 1997. Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01... ; Casey (2002)Casey, R. 2002. Fear and stress in companion animals. p.144-153. In: BSAVA manual of canine and feline behavioural medicine. Horwitz, D. F.; Mills, D. S. and Heath, S., eds. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, UK. ; Dreschel and Granger (2005)Dreschel, N. A. and Granger, D. A. 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95:153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005....
	Panting	Rapid open-mouth breathing	Beerda et al. (1997Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. and de Vries, H. W. 1997. Manifestations of chronic and acute stress in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 52:307-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01131-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01... , 1999Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hoof, J. A. R. A. M.; De Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1999. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses. Physiology & Behavior 66:233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00289-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00... ); Hennessy et al. (1998)Hennessy, M. B.; Williams, M. T.; Miller, D. D.; Douglas, C. W. and Voith, V. L. 1998. Influence of male and female petters on plasma cortisol and behaviour: can human interaction reduce the stress of dogs in a public animal shelter? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 61:63-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00179-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00... ; Casey (2002)Casey, R. 2002. Fear and stress in companion animals. p.144-153. In: BSAVA manual of canine and feline behavioural medicine. Horwitz, D. F.; Mills, D. S. and Heath, S., eds. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, UK. ; Schilder and van der Borg (2004)Schilder, M. B. H. and van der Borg, J. A. M. 2004. Training dogs with the help of the shock collar: short and long term behavioural effects. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 85:319-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.10.004 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2003.... ; Dreschel and Granger (2005)Dreschel, N. A. and Granger, D. A. 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95:153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.... ; Rooney et al. (2009)Rooney, N.; Gaines, S. and Hiby, E. 2009. A practitioner’s guide to working dog welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4:127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.0...
	Shaking	Agitation of the body by involuntary movements in response to fear or cold	Beerda et al. (1999)Beerda, B.; Schilder, M. B. H.; van Hoof, J. A. R. A. M.; De Vries, H. W. and Mol, J. A. 1999. Chronic stress in dogs subjected to social and spatial restriction. I. Behavioral responses. Physiology & Behavior 66:233-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00289-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00... ; Dreschel and Granger (2005)Dreschel, N. A. and Granger, D. A. 2005. Physiological and behavioral reactivity to stress in thunderstorm-phobic dogs and their caregivers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 95:153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.... ; Tod et al. (2005)Tod, E.; Brander, D. and Waran, N. 2005. Efficacy of dog appeasing pheromone in reducing stress and fear related behaviour in shelter dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93:295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.01.007 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2005.... ; Rooney et al. (2009)Rooney, N.; Gaines, S. and Hiby, E. 2009. A practitioner’s guide to working dog welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior 4:127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.037 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2008.10.0...
Behaviors caused by handling	Escape attempts/getting out of the cage	Try to escape while bathing or drying/scratching and pushing against the cage door
	Falling	Drop completely from the bathtub or drying table
	Slipping	Slip in the bathtub or drying table
	Changes of position in the cage	Support of body weight alternates between limbs

	Category	Before trans	After arrival	After waiting	After bathing	After drying	After trans
Heart rate (beats min⁻¹)	M≤15	96.4A	105.2A	105.9A	132.5BC	143.8Cb	109.1AB
	F≤15	87.5A	110.6ABC	107.3AB	128.8BC	133.8Cab	117.0BC
	M>15	82.0	98.0	105.5	112.0	114.0a	113.0
CV = 20.8%	F>15	89.1A	106.2AB	101.4AB	123.7B	128.0Cab	85.3AB
Respiratory rate (breaths min⁻¹)	M≤15	32.0	42.5a	47.0	44.7	49.0	41.0
	F≤15	40.7	55.3b	49.2	42.6	50.5	38.2
	M>15	45.0	53.0ab	57.0	41.0	42.0	39.0
CV = 49.3%	F>15	43.7	45.0ab	53.2	42.8	52.2	38.6
Rectal temperature (°C)	M≤15	38.11	38.38	38.66	38.63	38.75	38.58
	F≤15	38.14A	38.54AB	38.58AB	38.82B	38.42AB	38.15A
	M>15	38.21	38.47A	38.35	38.87A	38.47	38.27
CV = 1.5%	F>15	38.19	38.58A	38.28	38.85A	38.72	38.21

	Category	Timepoints of evaluation						X²

		BT	AP	W	B	D	AF
Reluctance	M≤15	0	0	6.25	25	43.75	12.5	*
	F≤15	0	0	0	17.64	64.7	0	*
	X²	NS	NS	*	NS	*	*
	M>15	0	0	0	0	0	0	NS
	F>15	0	0	0	14.28	42.85	0	*
	X²	NS	NS	NS	*	*	NS
Posture low	M≤15	0	31.25	6.25	50	75	12.5	*
	F≤15	23.52	41.17	5.88	47.05	76.47	14.28	*
	X²	*	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	M>15	0	12.5	0	12.5	37.5	0	*
	F>15	7.14	57.14	14.28	35.71	71.42	16.66	*
	X²	*	*	*	*	*	*
Low ear	M≤15	0	31.25	6.25	62.5	87.5	12.5	*
	F≤15	17.64	47.05	5.88	64.70	88.23	28.57	*
	X²	*	NS	NS	NS	NS	*
	M>15	0	12.5	0	12.5	37.5	0	*
	F>15	0	57.14	14.28	50	78.57	16.66	*
	X²	*	*	*	*	*	*
Low tail	M≤15	0	31.25	12.5	43.75	87.5	12.5	*
	F≤15	17.64	35.29	5.88	64.70	70.58	28.57	*
	X²	*	NS	NS	*	NS	*
	M>15	0	12.5	12.5	12.5	50	0	*
	F>15	0	42.85	0	42.85	85.71	16.66	*
	X²	NS	*	*	*	*	*

	Category	Timepoints of evaluation						X²

		BT	AP	W	B	D	AF
Vocalization	M≤15	0	0	12.5	12.5	12.5	0	*
	F≤15	0	0	17.64	0	11.76	0	*
	X²	NS	NS	NS	*	NS	NS
	M>15	0	0	0	0	0	0	NS
	F>15	0	7.14	0	0	0	0	*
	X²	NS	*	NS	NS	NS	NS
Lifting the paw	M≤15	0	6.25	0	31.25	43.75	0	*
	F≤15	5.8	0	0	41.17	52.94	0	*
	X²	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
	M>15	0	0	0	0	0	0	NS
	F>15	0	0	0	7.14	28.57	0	*
	X²	NS	NS	NS	*	*	NS
Licking the nose	M≤15			75	56.25	75		NS
	F≤15			52.94	94.1	82.3		*
	X²			*	*	*
	M>15			87.5	100	75		NS
	F>15			85.71	92.85	92.85		NS
	X²			*	*	*
Yawning	M≤15			31.25	0	0		*
	F≤15			11.76	0	5.88		*
	X²			*	NS	*
	M>15			12.5	0	0		*
	F>15			35.71	0	14.28		*
	X²			*	NS	*
Looking away and/or turning the head	M≤15			0	25	18.75		*
	F≤15			0	5.88	5.88		NS
	X²			*	NS	*
	M>15			0	0	12.5		*
	F>15			0	0	0		NS
	X²			NS	NS	*

	Category	Timepoints of evaluation			X²

		W	B	D
Escape attempts	M≤15	12.5	25	87.5	*
	F≤15	11.76	88.23	94.11	*
	X²	*	*	*
	M>15	0	37.5	75	*
	F>15	14.28	57.14	92.85	*
	X²	*	*	*
Slipping	M≤15		31.25	18.75	NS
	F≤15		58.82	35.29	*
	X²		*	*
	M>15		37.5	12.5	*
	F>15		57.14	21.42	*
	X²		*	*
Falling	M≤15		6.25	12.5	NS
	F≤15		0	5.88	*
	X²		*	*
	M>15		25	0	*
	F>15		7.14	14.28	NS
	X²		*	*
Changing support in the cage	M≤15	75
	F≤15	58.82
	X²	*
	M>15	75
	F>15	0
	X²	*

	Category	Timepoints of evaluation						X²

		BT	AP	W	B	D	AF
Salivary	M≤15	0	6.25	6.25	6.25	18.75	12.5	*
	F≤15	0	0	0	0	17.64	0	*
	X²	NS	*	*	*	NS	*
	M>15	0	0	0	25	12.5	0	*
	F>15	0	0	0	0	14.28	0	*
	X²	NS	NS	NS	*	NS	NS
Panting	M≤15	6.25	56.25	56.25	6.25	25.00	0	*
	F≤15	0	11.76	23.52	0	11.76	0	*
	X²	NS	*	*	NS	NS	NS
	M>15	0	12.5	37.5	25	0	0	*
	F>15	21.42	21.42	57.14	21.42	35.71	50	*
	X²	*	NS	*	NS	*	*
Shaking	M≤15	0	12.5	0	18.75	12.5	0	*
	F≤15	23.52	0	0	5.88	23.52	0	*
	X²	*	*	NS	*	NS	NS
	M>15	0	0	0	12.5	0	0	*
	F>15	0	0	0	21.42	0	0	*
	X²	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS
Urinating/ Defecating	M≤15	0	6.25	0	0	0	0	*
	F≤15	0	0	0	0	5.88	0	*
	X²	NS	*	NS	NS	*	NS
	M>15	0	0	0	0	0	0	NS
	F>15	0	0	0	0	7.14	0	*
	X²	NS	NS	NS	NS	*	NS

	Males			Females			Reference range

	Before trans	After trans	P	Before trans	After trans	P
Leukocytes (mm³)	6550±2077	7684±2482	0.080	7084±3524	7048±1895	1.000	6000-17000
Neutrophils (mm³)	4181±1304	4925±938	0.345	4557±2153	4648±1166	0.893	3000-12000
Lymphocytes (mm³)	1869±1735	1934±1706	0.893	1851±1817	1746±894	0.500	1000-4900
Monocytes (mm³)	76±97	137±278	1.000	89±94	158±119	0.345	150-1350
Eosinophils (mm³)	359±429	475±700	0.686	364±345	265±265	0.053	100-1250
Cortisol (mcg dL⁻¹)	1.76±1.46	2.06±2.49	0.789	1.81±0.86	1.75±0.71	1.000	0.5-5.5
Glucose (mg dL⁻¹)	89.01±9.80	85.43±9.22	0.893	96.19±13.19	98.47±5.46	0.686	73-134*

[1] * Corresponding author: cinara.carvalho@unimontes.br

Brasil

Brasil

Stress in dogs during grooming in a pet shop

ABSTRACT