Enzyme complex at different levels in diets with enriched ingredients for commercial laying hens

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate levels of inclusion of an enzyme complex (EC) in corn- and soybean meal-based diets for laying hens on the digestibility of nutrients and energy. A metabolism trial was conducted using 75 Dekalb Brown laying hens at 26 weeks of age, which were distributed into five treatments with five replicates in a completely randomized design. The ingredients used in the diets received an additional (enriched) 3% methionine, lysine, cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, and metabolizable energy and 33.3% phosphorus. Treatments consisted of diets including 0, 150, 200, 250, or 300 mg.kg^‒1 EC. We determined apparent metabolizable energy (AME); nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn); apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (DM_AM), crude protein (CP_AM), gross energy (GE_AM), and phosphorus (P_AM); digestible crude protein (CP_D); and intake, retention, and excretion of phosphorus. No effects of EC levels were detected on the metabolizable energy values or digestibility coefficients, except for CP_AM, which showed a quadratic response (maximum coefficient at 89.0 mg.kg^‒1EC). A quadratic effect was also observed for CP_D (minimum at 115 mg.kg^‒1 EC), P excretion (maximum at 173.2 mg.kg^‒1 EC), and P retention (maximum at 122.4 mg.kg^‒1 EC) when EC was used. The use of the EC in corn- and soybean meal-based diets for laying hens improves their ileal digestibility of protein and apparent digestibility of phosphorus. However, EC addition to the diets does not affect AME, AMEn, or their metabolizability coefficients.

Keywords:
digestibility; enzymes; hens; nutrients

Introduction

The use of enzymes reduces the negative impact of indigestible residues on the viscosity of the digesta (Buchanan et al., 2007). Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) have a high water-holding capacity, forming polymers or gels that hamper enzymatic action, as they form a gelatinous substance in the intestinal tract (Lima et al., 2007).

Moreover, birds are not able to synthesize some enzymes or produce them in insufficient amounts, requiring supplementation for the digestion of the many chemical components found in plant-based foods or some anti-nutritional processes, e.g., phytate (Costa et al., 2007).

Enzyme additives do not have a direct nutritional function, but they act by helping the digestive process and improving the digestibility of dietary nutrients (Guimarães et al., 2009). Because each enzyme has a specific reaction to certain substrates, the use of compound additives from a single enzyme may be sufficient for a nutrient to be utilized to its maximum extent, which suggests that enzyme mixtures are more effective for the utilization of the many dietary nutrients (Murakami et al., 2007).

The use of enzymatic complexes favors the degradation of NSP, improving the utilization of the dietary energy by increasing the release of the energy contained in the ingredients. In this way, it is possible to reduce the amount of ingredients used in feed formulations, since the enzymes will aid in the release of the nutrients that were then unavailable to the animal. Additionally, enzymes play the role of hampering the formation of binary complexes between the protein and phytate, leading to a greater utilization of phosphorus and amino acids, which occurs as a result of the disruption of the cell walls of dietary ingredients (Tavernari et al., 2008).

According to Liu et al. (2007), plant ingredients have anti-nutritional factors and/or substances that are not digested by digestive enzymes of birds, and the use of specific enzymes in diets allows for a reduction or even elimination of substances that can potentially pollute the environment such as phosphorus and nitrogen, in addition to lowering the feed cost.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion of different levels of an enzyme complex in corn- and soybean meal-based diets for laying hens on nutrient and energy digestibility.

Material and Methods

The research was conducted in Recife, PE, Brazil (8°02'10"S and 34°95'39" W, 18 m asl), after approval by the local Ethics Committee of Animal Use (case no. 23082.006383/2015-57). The experiment lasted 10 days (five days for adaptation and five days for excreta collection).

Seventy-five Dekalb Brown laying hens at 26 weeks of age were housed in metabolic cages (dimensions: 1.00 m length × 0.50 m width × 0.50 m height), in a completely randomized design with five treatments and five replicates of three birds per cage.

The lighting program adopted during the experimental period was 16 h of light daily. During the experimental period, the recorded maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures were 30, 24.5, and 27.5 °C, respectively, and the average relative air humidity was 66%. Water and feed were available ad libitum throughout the experiment.

Treatments were constituted as follows: T1 - corn- and soybean meal-based control diet enriched with an additional amount of 3% of its chemical composition, with no inclusion of enzyme complex; T2 - control diet supplemented with 150 mg.kg^‒1 of an enzyme complex; T3 - control diet supplemented with 200 mg.kg^‒1 of an enzyme complex; T4 - control diet supplemented with 250 mg.kg^‒1 of an enzyme complex; and T5 - control diet supplemented with 300 mg.kg^‒1 of an enzyme complex. The lowest inclusion level tested in this study agreed with the recommendation of the manufacturer.

The enzyme complex contained pectinase (1,259.26 U.g^‒1), cellulase (27.35 U.mL^‒1), phytase (2.06 U.g^‒1), β-glucanase (516.66 U.kg^‒1), xylanase (77.47 U.g^‒1), protease (295.56 U.mL^‒1), and amylase (15.53 U.mL^‒1). One unit of enzymatic activity (U) is defined as the amount of enzyme necessary to produce 1 mmol glucose mL.min^‒1. The control diet (Table 1) was formulated according to the nutritional requirements of the birds, following the food-composition tables proposed by Rostagno et al. (2011). The enzyme complex was added to the diets replacing the inert (washed sand pre-dried in a forced-air oven for 24 h).

Table 1
Composition and nutritional values of experimental diets

Ingredient (g kg−1)		Calculated composition (g kg−1)
Corn	638.1	AMEn (kcal.kg‒1)	2,900
Soybean meal	229.2	Crude protein2	152.4
Soybean oil	15.1	Calcium	38.53
Limestone	94.7	Available phosphorus	2.75
Dicalcium phosphate	8.39	Total phosphorus2	2.55
Salt (NaCl)	4.60	Lysine	7.54
Vitamin + mineral premix1	1.00	Methionine	4.59
L-lysine HCl, 78.8	0.28	Methionine + cystine	6.86
DL-methionine, 99	2.33	Threonine	5.73
L-threonine, 98.5	0.25	Tryptophan	1.73
L-tryptophan, 98.5	0.03	Fat	42.10
Celite	5.00	Crude fiber	23.21
Inert	1.30	Sodium	2.00
Enzyme complex	0.00	Potassium	6.04
Total	1000	Chlorine	3.24

• AMEn - nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy.
• ¹
  Amount/kg of product: vitamin A, 8,000,000 IU; vitamin D3, 2,000,000 IU; vitamin E, 15,000 mg; vitamin K3, 1,960 mg; vitamin B2, 4,000 mg; vitamin B6, 1,000 mg; vitamin B12, 10,000 mcg; niacin, 19,800 mg; pantothenic acid, 5,350 mg; folic acid, 200 mg; manganese, 32,500 mg; zinc, 5,000 mg; iron, 20,000 mg; copper, 4,000 mg; iodine, 1,500 mg; selenium, 250 mg; cobalt, 200 mg; antioxidant, 100,000 mg.
• ²
  Values determined at the laboratory.

The nutrients in corn and soybean meal were enriched as follows (Table 2): 3% in the contents of metabolizable energy, crude protein, and the first five limiting amino acids (methionine, lysine, cystine, threonine, and tryptophan); and 33.3% in available-phosphorus contents.

Table 2
Composition of enriched or unenriched ingredients used in the formulation of the experimental diets

Nutrient (g kg−1)	Grain corn	3% enrichment	Soybean meal	3% enrichment
ME (kcal.kg−1)	3,381.0	3,482.4	2,254.0	2,321.6
Crude protein	78.8	81.16	450.0	463.5
Ca	0.30	0.31	2.40	2.47
Available P1	0.60	0.80	2.20	2.93
Methionine	1.50	1.55	5.50	5.67
Methionine + cystine	2.90	2.99	11.30	11.64
Lysine	1.90	1.96	25.70	26.47
Threonine	2.70	2.78	15.70	16.17
Tryptophan	0.50	0.52	5.80	5.97
Arginine	3.40	3.50	31.70	32.65
Phenylalanine + tyrosine	5.80	5.97	37.30	38.42
Leucine	9.00	9.27	31.90	32.86
Valine	3.30	3.40	19.70	20.29
Phenylalanine	3.40	3.50	21.80	22.45
Isoleucine	2.40	2.47	19.20	19.78
Histidine	2.10	2.16	11.20	11.54
Fat	36.50	37.60	16.90	17.41
Linolenic acid	19.10	19.67	8.90	9.17
Na	0.20	0.21	0.20	0.21
Cl	0.60	0.62	0.50	0.52
K	2.90	2.99	18.30	18.85
Crude fiber	17.30	17.82	53.00	54.59

• ME - metabolizable energy.
• ¹
  Digestible phosphorus enriched with 33.3%.

Iron oxide powder was added at the level of 2% to the experimental diets as a marker at the beginning and end of excreta collection period; the excreta non-marked on the first collection day and those marked on the last day were discarded. Metabolic cages containing trays coated with plastic were used for total excreta collection. Total excreta collection was carried out to determine the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy, and phosphorus, as well as the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and the nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn). For the samples of ileal content, we determined the ileal digestibility of dry matter and crude protein.

At the end of the experimental period, all birds were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, followed by an abdominal section and exposure of the ileum to harvest the ileal content. Samples of ileal content and excreta were identified, placed in plastic bottles, frozen at ‒20 °C, and later pre-dried in a forced-air oven at 55 °C. Samples of feed, excreta, and ileal content were ground and sent to the laboratory to determine the dry matter and nitrogen contents according to methodologies described by Silva and Queiroz (2002). Energy analyses were carried out using an IKA C2000 calorimeter. Phosphorus analyses were performed using a UV-380G spectrophotometer. Lastly, the acid-insoluble ash concentrations in the excreta, ileal-content, and experimental-diet samples were determined by a methodology adapted from Van Keulen and Young (1977).

To determine the metabolizability values and its coefficients, feed intake was calculated after measuring the amount of feed supplied and the leftovers. The amount of excreta generated by the birds was also quantified during the collection period.

Based on the results of the laboratory analyses, we calculated the AME and AMEn using equations proposed by Matterson et al. (1965), as well as the apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter (DM_AM), gross energy (GE_AM), crude protein (CP_AM), and phosphorus (P_AM)

The data were checked for the presence of outliers and errors, and variance-homogeneity assumptions were tested. After these assumptions were found to be met, the data were subjected to an analysis of variance followed by regression analysis at the 5% probability level using the SISVAR computer package version 4.6. (Ferreira, 2003).

Results

Mean values for metabolizable energy and digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were not significantly affected by the enzyme-complex levels (Table 3). No significant effects were observed for the digestibility coefficient of crude protein, apparent metabolizable energy, or apparent metabolizable energy corrected for the nitrogen balance, either.

Table 3
Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM_AD), crude protein (CP_AD), and gross energy (GE_AD); apparent metabolizable energy (AME); and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of diets containing different levels of an enzyme complex for layers

	Enzyme complex level (mg.kg−1)					RE	P	SD	CV%
	0	150	200	250	300
DMAD (%)	76.10	75.08	75.69	75.80	76.19	ns	0.996	4.73	6.16
CPAD (%)	86.29	86.97	86.42	85.71	87.15	ns	0.981	3.68	4.69
GEAD (%)	78.75	78.68	78.79	78.98	79.31	ns	0.978	2.40	2.17
AME (kcal)	2,862	3,028	3,047	3,133	3,067	ns	0.804	121	12.03
AMEn (kcal)	2,765	2,982	2,940	3,033	2,962	ns	0.791	100	11.94

• RE - regression equation; P - probability; SD - standard deviation; CV - coefficient of variation; ns - not significant.

An improvement in protein utilization could be observed based on the results obtained for digestible protein, as the ileal-digestibility and the digestible-protein values better represent the nutritional utilization of the diets by the animals, considering that no microbial fermentation had yet occurred in the cecum of birds (Table 4).

Table 4
Ileal digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM_IDC) and crude protein (CP_IDC), digestible dry matter (DM_D), and digestible crude protein (CP_D) of diets containing different levels of an enzyme complex for layers

	Enzyme complex level (mg.kg−1)					EQ	P	SD	CV%
	0	150	200	250	300
DMIDC (%)	82.83	84.18	86.08	84.33	84.22	ns	0.153	2.15	1.56
DMD (g.kg−1)	746.72	758.65	768.63	756.49	754.49	ns	0.388	18.55	1.56
CPIDC (%)	86.09	87.17	89.83	87.07	88.12	ns	0.060	2.02	1.30
CPD (g.kg−1)	152.5	152.24	158.95	150.08	152.32	Q1	0.041	3.90	1.27

• EQ - equation; P - probability; SD - standard deviation; CV - coefficient of variation; ns - not significant; Q - quadratic equation; R² - coefficient of determination.
• ¹
  CPD=152.394484−0.03315X+0.000144X2(R2=0.58).

There was no significant effect of enzyme-complex inclusion on the ileal digestibility of dry matter and protein or on digestible dry matter. This indicates that the total absorption of nutrients was similar across all diets. Digestible crude protein, however, responded quadratically, with improved digestibility at enzyme complex levels greater than 115 mg.kg^‒1.

Results found in this study for phosphorus intake were not significant. However, the excretion, retention, and digestibility coefficient of phosphorus had a quadratic response (Table 5). Maximum phosphorus excretion occurred with supplementation of 173.2 mg.kg^‒1 of enzyme complex; maximum retention at 122.5 mg.kg^‒1; and the highest apparent digestibility coefficient of the element was found at the level of 89.0 mg.kg^‒1 of enzyme complex supplementation.

Table 5
Intake (P_int), excretion (P_exc), retention (P_ret), and apparent digestibility coefficient (P_AD) of phosphorus in diets containing different levels of an enzyme complex for layers

	Enzyme complex level (mg.kg−1)					EQ	P	SD	CV%
	0	150	200	250	300
Pint (g)	0.34	0.45	0.35	0.42	0.44	ns	0.0260	0.06	13.66
Pexc (g)	0.22	0.26	0.25	0.31	0.34	Q1	0.0008	0.05	14.10
Pret (g)	0.11	0.18	0.10	0.11	0.10	Q2	0.0240	0.06	26.15
PAD (%)	34.74	41.43	30.13	25.97	23.09	Q3	0.0009	7.82	17.84

• EQ - equation; P - probability; SD - standard deviation; CV - coefficient of variation; ns - not significant; Q - quadratic equation; R² - coefficient of determination.
• ¹
  Pexc=0.22434+0.00005196X–0.000000150X2(R2=0.57).
• ²
  Pret=0.12230+0.00051684X–0.00000211X2(R2=0.36).
• ³
  PAD=35.38915+0.06966X–0.00039189X2(R2=0.56).

Discussion

In view of the obtained results, we may state that the level of enzyme complex added to the diets does not influence the digestibility coefficients or energy values of laying-hen diets. The increasing enzyme levels might have made more nutrients available; however, the organism of the birds was unable to fully metabolize them, or the amount of substrate available for enzymatic action might have been lower than the amount of enzymes present, since enzymes are substrate-dependent.

Viana et al. (2009) also did not find a significant effect on the apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter in diets supplemented with 100 mg.kg^‒1 of the Rovábio^® Max multi-enzyme complex for layers (P>0.05). Likewise, there was no significant effect of the diets on the metabolizability coefficient of gross energy, AME, or AMEn. Freitas et al. (2000) enriched diets for commercial layers with energy exclusively, adding 100 mg.kg^‒1 enzyme complex to them, and did not find significant differences in their performance or feed costs.

Silva et al. (2012) studied the association of 100 mg.kg^‒1 carbohydrase and 30 mg.kg^‒1 phytase in feed for commercial brown-egg layers using a diet without enzymes and test diets enriched with energy and nutrients according to the nutrient matrix and of enzymes did not find a significant effect of treatments on the performance of birds. The authors attributed this effect to the good metabolic utilization of the diets containing enzyme supplementation.

In an experiment in which layer diets were supplemented with phytase, considering the nutrient matrix of the enzyme, Silversides and Hruby (2009) observed decreases of the order of 34 and 47 kcal.kg^‒1 of apparent metabolizable energy, 0.18 and 0.21% of crude protein, and 0.12 and 0.15% of available P with the use of 300 and 600 FTU.kg^‒1 phytase, respectively. The authors concluded that phytase provides additional benefits to the availability of other nutrients besides phosphorus, mainly protein and energy.

The present results corroborate those obtained by Viana et al. (2011), who concluded that there are no differences in the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter and metabolizable energy of Bovans Goldline layers fed corn- and soybean-based diets with two levels of metabolizable energy (2,900 and 2,755 kcal.kg^‒1) with or without xylanase inclusion (Econase XT25^®).

Strada et al. (2005) also used an enzyme complex at the rate of 155 ppm in a diet enriched with 5 and 7% amino acids and 7 and 9% metabolizable energy and did not find significant differences in the growth of broilers fed diets containing corn, soybean meal, and sorghum or pearl millet. Pourreza et al. (2007) worked with different levels of an enzyme complex (0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg.kg^‒1) supplementing a corn- and soybean meal-based diet also for broilers and did not observe differences among the treatments for the metabolization coefficients of crude protein and dry matter.

In this regard, Strada et al. (2005) stated that the effect of an enzyme on the digestibility of proteins is more related to the reduced loss of endogenous amino acids than to a better digestion of the dietary protein itself, i.e., the enzyme supplementation of proteases is related to the decrease in their endogenous synthesis. Therefore, the animal spares energy for the synthesis of enzymes, and this energy can be rerouted for production.

Dourado et al. (2009) evaluated the effect of corn- and soybean meal-based diets with or without enzyme complex supplementation (phytase, xylanase, amylase, and protease) or enzymes in isolated form on the ileal digestibility of dry matter and observed that enzyme addition (isolated or as a complex) was efficient in improving the dry matter digestibility of broiler diets.

Freitas et al. (2011) found no effect of protease supplementation in corn- and soybean meal-based diets for broilers on their digestibility of crude protein or gross energy. Those authors worked with a reduction of 4.4% in the levels of crude protein and metabolizable energy.

The higher phosphorus excretion may be a consequence of larger amounts of this mineral provided in the diets with increasing levels of the enzyme complex, resulting from the greater participation of phytase. Similar findings were reported by Viana et al. (2009), who used the multi-enzyme complex Rovábio^® Max at the rate of 100 mg.kg^‒1 in enriched and unenriched diets for layers.

Based on the data presented by Olukosi et al. (2007), glycosidases degrade the NSP layers of the cell membrane, which facilitates the access of phytase to the phytate stored in the cell wall membrane. Those authors found improved nutrient digestibility with an enzymatic combination of phytase and a complex containing amylase, xylanase, and protease, in broiler diets.

Meneghetti et al. (2011) worked with phytase supplementation at levels starting at 450 mg.kg^–1 diet with a nutritional reduction in the dietary energy and concluded that it can be used in broilers from 1 to 35 days of age without any harm to their nutrient digestibility and energy utilization.

Liebert et al. (2005) experimented phytase supplementation (300 mg.kg^‒1) in corn- and soybean meal- or wheat bran- and soybean meal-based diets for commercial layers and found no effect on their intake, retention, and excretion of phosphorus. Scheideler et al. (2005), in turn, evaluated inclusion or absence of the enzyme complex Avizime 1500^® (composed of xylanase, α-amylase, and protease) in corn- and soybean meal-based diets with two levels of metabolizable energy (2,890 and 2,805 kcal.kg^‒1) for commercial layers (Babcock B-300 and Hy-line w-36) from 25 to 40 weeks of age and observed that enzyme supplementation significantly increased the retention of protein and calcium (P<0.05) but had a negative effect (P<0.05) on the retention of phosphorus.

According to Wang et al. (2006), the use of enzymes improves the utilization of feedstuffs, thereby allowing for a reduction in the inclusion of certain nutrients, e.g., amino acids and minerals. This fact could be demonstrated in the present study, in which no alteration occurred in phosphorus intake, although an increase in the enzyme-complex levels raised the retention and excretion of that mineral.

Conclusions

The use of an enzyme complex containing pectinase, cellulase, phytase, β-glucanase, xylanase, protease, and amylase in corn- and soybean meal-based diets for layers improves their ileal digestibility of protein and apparent digestibility of phosphorus. However, the addition of that complex to the diets does not have any effect on apparent metabolizable energy, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy, or its metabolizability coefficients.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, and Bioenzima^® company, for the research funds.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  25 Feb 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  14 May 2018
• Accepted
  08 Aug 2018