Apparent digestibility of protein and essential aminoacids from commonly used feed ingredients in Brazil for juvenile shrimp <i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>

Vieira, Carolina Cavalcanti Fernandes; Pinto, Ricardo Camurça Correia; Diógenes, Alexandre Firmino; Nunes, Alberto Jorge Pinto

doi:10.37496/rbz5120210177

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Aquaculture • R. Bras. Zootec. 51 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz5120210177 copy

Apparent digestibility of protein and essential aminoacids from commonly used feed ingredients in Brazil for juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study determined the apparent digestibility for crude protein (ACPD) and essential aminoacids (AEAAD) of ingredients for Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing soy protein concentrate (SPC), corn gluten meal (CGM), poultry byproduct meal (PBM), meat and bone meal (MBM), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), spray-dried blood meal (DBM), tilapia byproduct meal (TBM), Brazilian marine fish meal (BFM), salmon byproduct meal (SLM), and krill meal (KRM). Digestibility was estimated using chromic oxide as a marker in a reference (REF) mixture. Shrimp of 6-8 g body weight were reared over three separate experimental stages lasting 29-30 days each. Shrimp survival exceeded 96% and was unaffected by test ingredient. The ACPD ranged from 66.7% for a diet containing DBM to 84.2% for the REF diet. Higher ACPD were observed for aquatic compared with plant and terrestrial animal byproducts. Aside from SPC (79.3%), ACPD for CGM was low at 47.5%. Among terrestrial animal byproducts, ACPD was higher for MBM compared with PBM, DBM, and HFM (71.2, 62.8, 48.6, and 45.9%, respectively). With the exception of BFM (59.7%), ACPD for all other aquatic proteins was high (KRM, 84.3%; TBM, 83.3%; SLM, 78.9%). Aquatic proteins have higher crude protein (CP) and essential aminoacid (EAA) digestibility for shrimp. Ingredients SLM, SPC, TBM, and KRM are preferable in feeds for the whiteleg shrimp since they carry a high CP and EAA content (>600 g kg⁻¹) combined with ADC near or in excess of 80%.

Keywords:
available aminoacids; digestibility; digestible protein; whiteleg shrimp

Ingredient¹ 1 SPC - soy protein concentrate (CJ Selecta S.A., Goiânia, Brazil); CGM - corn gluten meal (Protenose®, Ingredion Brazil, São Paulo, Brazil); PBM - poultry byproduct meal (courtesy of Guaraves Guarabira Aves Ltda., Guarabira, Brazil); MBM - meat and bone meal (Nordal Nordeste Derivados de Animais Ltda., Maracanaú, Brazil); HFM - hydrolyzed feather meal (Nordal Nordeste Derivados de Animais Ltda., Maracanaú, Brazil); DBM - spray-dried blood meal (courtesy of Neovia Nutrição e Saúde Ltda., Paulínia, Brazil); TBM - tilapia byproduct meal (courtesy of Neovia Nutrição e Saúde Ltda., Paulínia, Brazil); BFM - Brazilian marine fish meal (courtesy of Neovia Nutrição e Saúde Ltda., Paulínia, Brazil); SLM - salmon byproduct meal (Pesqueira Pacific Star, Puerto Montt, Chile); KRM - full-fat krill meal (QRILL™ Aqua, Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS, Lysaker, Norway).	Aminoacid composition (g of AA kg⁻¹ of protein, as-is basis)
	SPC	CGM	PBM	MBM	HFM	DBM	TBM	BFM	SLM	KRM
DM	943.3	933.4	936.2	921.2	916.7	891.5	928.9	922.0	914.1	915.5
CP	618.9	573.8	628.7	397.4	749.9	863.6	579.6	617.7	657.9	649.5
Fat	28.0	NA	136.3	100.7	69.4	4.0	68.8	78.0	100.3	NA
Ash	65.0	NA	144.1	418.2	56.4	53.6	231.2	322.3	153.8	NA
Fiber	42.0	NA	3.1	6.3	6.9	0.9	1.1	5.0	0.9	NA
Arg	44.0	19.3	41.2	29.2	50.3	38.2	37.5	40.1	37.9	39.7
His	16.0	12.7	10.0	5.0	7.8	53.7	14.5	9.1	15.7	15.2
Ile	27.8	22.9	25.3	8.6	36.1	12.6	16.4	25.4	24.0	31.6
Leu	47.0	92.2	44.6	17.9	62.3	109.9	31.1	45.5	42.9	49.7
Lys	36.2	10.1	26.5	17.0	18.9	73.8	32.4	25.0	43.4	46.3
Met	8.2	15.1	9.3	4.5	5.6	8.8	12.9	8.6	16.6	17.9
Met+Cys² 2 TSAA - total sulfur aminoacid.	16.3	25.7	27.3	6.5	43.5	16.6	16.9	27.0	21.6	22.5
Phe	30.9	35.0	25.5	10.9	37.3	58.6	18.4	27.1	23.6	37.1
Thr	24.0	19.4	25.2	10.0	34.7	35.9	21.2	26.2	25.5	27.5
Try	7.9	3.3	5.0	-	5.5	12.8	3.6	-	5.8	8.3
Val	29.1	26.8	33.2	12.8	55.0	73.9	21.3	36.7	29.5	32.3
ƩEAA³ 3 ƩEAA - sum of essential aminoacids: Arg - arginine; His - histidine; Ile - isoleucine; Leu - leucine; Lys - lysine; Met - methionine; Phe - phenylalanine; Thr - threonine; Try - tryptophan; Val - valine.	271.1	256.8	245.8	115.9	313.5	478.2	209.3	243.7	264.9	305.6

Ingredient	Dietary inclusion (g kg⁻¹, as-is)
Soybean meal¹ 1 Indústria e Comércio de Rações Dourado Ltda. (Eusébio, Brazil): 476 g kg−1 crude protein (CP), 32 g kg−1 lipids, 61 g kg−1 ash, 42 g kg−1 fiber, 103 g kg−1 moisture, 3,859 kcal kg−1 gross energy (GE), 14 g kg−1 methionine (Met), 35 g kg−1 lysine (Lys).	349.6
Wheat flour² 2 Moinhos Cruzeiro do Sul S/A (Olinda, Brazil): 134 g kg−1 CP, 22 g kg−1 lipids, 12 g kg−1 ash, 8 g kg−1 fiber, 110 g kg−1 moisture, 4,043 kcal kg−1 GE, 2 g kg−1 Met, 3 g kg−1 Lys.	250.0
Salmon meal³ 3 Pesqueira Pacific Star (Puerto Montt, Chile): 628 g kg−1 CP, 107 g kg−1 lipids, 160 g kg−1 ash, 1 g kg−1 fiber, 99 g kg−1 moisture, 4,559 kcal kg−1 GE, 17 g kg−1 Met, 46 g kg−1 Lys.	150.0
Soy protein concentrate⁴ 4 CJ Selecta S.A., Goiânia, Brazil: 626 g kg−1 CP, 8 g kg−1 lipids, 42 g kg−1 ash, 43 g kg−1 ash, 82 g kg−1 moisture, 4,017 kcal kg−1 GE, 13 g kg−1 Met, 59 g kg−1 Lys.	80.0
Poultry byproduct meal⁵ 5 Kabsa S.A. (Porto Alegre, Brazil): 667 g kg−1 CP, 171 g kg−1 lipids, 97 g kg−1 ash, 24 g kg−1 moisture, 5,127 kcal kg−1 GE, 13 g kg−1 Met, 32 g kg−1 Lys.	60.0
Soy lecithin	25.0
Wheat gluten meal	20.0
Krill meal⁶ 6 QRILL™ Aqua (Aker BioMarine Antarctic AS, Lysaker, Norway): 590 g kg−1 CP, 180 g kg−1 lipids, 130 g kg−1 ash; 60 g kg−1 fiber, 71 g kg−1 moisture, 4,610 kcal kg−1 GE, 19 g kg−1 Met, 38 g kg−1 Lys.	20.0
Salmon oil	20.0
Vitamin and mineral premix⁷ 7 Rovimix Camarões. DSM Produtos Nutricionais Brasil Ltda. (São Paulo, SP). See Sá et al. (2013) for composition.	15.0
Chromic oxide III⁸ 8 Vetec Química Fina Ltda. (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil): Minimum of 990 g kg−1 of Cr2O3.	10.0
Cholesterol⁹ 9 Cholesterol XG, Dishman Netherlands B.V. (Veenendaal, Netherlands): 910 g kg−1 of active cholesterol.	0.4

Test diet¹ 1 REF - reference diet (see Table 2); others are diets with 70% REF and 30% with the following ingredients: SPC - soy protein concentrate; CGM - corn gluten meal; PBM - poultry byproduct meal; MBM - meat and bone meal; HFM - hydrolyzed feather meal; DBM - spray-dried blood meal; TBM - tilapia byproduct meal; BFM - Brazilian marine fish meal; SLM - salmon byproduct meal; KRM - full-fat krill meal.	Aminoacid composition (g of AA kg⁻¹ of diet, dry matter basis)
	REF	SPC	CGM	PBM	MBM	HFM	DBM	TBM	BFM	SLM	KRM
CP	437.5	509.8	492.3	513.4	430.5	553.4	593.2	512.9	505.0	526.9	494.1
Arg	29.1	35.8	26.0	34.8	29.6	37.4	32.6	34.1	33.4	33.2	31.8
His	9.8	12.2	10.6	10.0	8.3	9.1	24.0	10.4	9.6	11.0	11.4
Ile	18.3	22.2	19.8	20.9	15.3	24.7	16.0	18.8	21.0	20.3	22.7
Leu	31.5	37.9	52.4	36.9	27.4	42.2	58.0	33.0	36.6	35.3	36.7
Lys	25.0	30.8	20.0	27.2	23.0	24.3	42.2	29.0	25.8	31.9	31.4
Met	7.7	8.1	9.5	8.5	6.7	7.5	8.4	9.6	8.1	11.0	11.0
Met+Cys	13.7	15.0	16.7	17.7	11.4	23.9	14.5	14.8	18.3	16.7	16.7
Phe	20.5	25.0	25.7	23.0	17.5	26.4	34.0	20.7	23.4	22.1	25.6
Thr	16.6	19.6	17.6	20.0	14.6	23.1	23.4	18.7	20.0	19.8	19.9
Try	5.0	6.3	4.5	5.2	3.8	5.3	7.8	4.7	5.0	5.5	5.9
Val	20.3	23.8	22.4	25.3	18.1	31.9	38.3	21.7	25.9	23.3	24.2
ƩEAA² 2 ƩEAA - sum of essential aminoacids: Arg - arginine; His - histidine; Ile - isoleucine; Leu - leucine; Lys - lysine; Met - methionine; Phe - phenylalanine; Thr - threonine; Try - tryptophan; Val - valine.	183.8	221.7	208.5	211.8	164.3	231.9	284.7	200.7	208.8	213.4	220.6
Ala	21.0	23.2	30.7	26.5	24.6	26.0	36.6	29.7	25.8	27.6	24.4
Cys	6.0	6.9	7.2	9.2	4.7	16.5	6.1	5.2	10.2	5.6	5.7
Gly	24.7	25.5	22.0	35.3	39.5	36.0	29.6	43.4	34.8	35.2	25.8
Ser	20.9	25.0	24.1	27.9	18.9	40.9	27.9	21.8	30.1	23.0	21.9
Pro	25.5	28.7	35.6	34.4	31.2	41.6	29.3	34.4	34.7	29.4	25.5
Asp	42.9	53.6	40.3	45.7	37.7	46.9	60.9	45.5	44.3	48.0	49.8
Glu	75.1	89.5	91.9	77.4	65.5	79.1	77.8	75.9	74.2	77.8	76.2
ƩNEAA³ 3 ƩNEAA - sum of non-essential aminoacids: Ala - alanine; Cys - cysteine; Gly - glycine; Ser - serine; Pro - proline; Asp - aspartic acid; Glu - glutamic acid.	216.1	252.4	251.8	256.4	222.1	287.0	268.2	255.9	254.1	246.6	229.3

Aminoacid	Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC, %)
	REF	SPC		CGM		PBM		MBM		HFM		DBM		TBM		BFM		SLM		KRM
	Diet	Diet	Ing	Diet	Ing	Diet	Ing	Diet	Ing	Diet	Ing	Diet	Ing	Diet	Ing	Diet	Ing	Diet	Ing	Diet	Ing
Arg	87.8	88.5	89.4	83.4	69.6	78.6	65.3	81.2	68.6	68.2	44.9	73.8	51.9	89.0	91.0	81.0	70.4	85.9	82.8	87.7	84.3
His	84.8	83.1	80.8	75.0	59.5	81.4	74.5	84.7	84.4	78.3	61.5	56.4	45.8	84.4	83.7	69.3	33.2	80.2	74.3	84.6	84.2
Ile	82.4	79.6	75.9	67.4	42.7	72.3	57.3	82.7	84.2	64.0	44.8	77.4	62.7	82.1	81.4	68.3	46.5	78.1	71.3	84.7	87.6
Leu	82.7	80.0	76.3	56.3	37.7	72.8	58.5	82.3	80.9	63.2	43.0	60.0	46.7	83.0	83.6	72.2	56.6	79.6	75.1	83.7	85.1
Lys	87.5	86.9	85.9	86.8	83.3	84.4	78.3	84.8	77.1	80.1	59.9	64.8	48.9	88.5	90.1	74.8	47.4	84.9	81.7	88.7	90.1
Met	86.1	84.8	82.4	72.3	57.9	83.7	79.5	85.3	82.6	80.7	65.4	75.6	56.6	85.9	85.5	66.0	27.1	83.3	80.5	89.9	93.3
Met+Cys	79.3	77.6	74.6	69.3	58.3	66.4	53.1	80.1	83.3	55.3	39.7	70.9	56.6	79.5	79.8	71.8	63.5	76.7	73.2	81.5	84.3
Phe	81.2	79.3	76.6	63.4	41.9	72.7	58.5	81.6	83.0	64.1	44.7	61.9	47.9	80.8	79.8	66.4	42.3	77.4	70.5	83.3	85.7
Thr	80.3	78.5	76.0	69.3	50.0	71.2	58.9	80.5	80.9	61.4	42.9	64.1	48.6	80.6	80.9	69.9	55.6	77.6	74.0	81.8	83.6
Try	81.0	78.3	74.8	78.4	70.7	73.3	57.4	84.4	-	67.0	41.0	60.5	44.0	79.1	73.6	61.7	-	74.9	64.2	81.9	83.2
Val	80.3	78.0	74.8	68.2	49.4	68.0	52.7	80.2	80.1	59.0	42.9	59.7	48.1	80.9	82.1	72.0	62.1	76.9	72.1	82.0	84.4
Mean ±	83.0	81.7	79.3	72.1	56.3	75.8	64.1	82.8	80.2	68.6	49.1	65.4	50.1	83.4	83.2	70.2	49.0	79.9	74.6	84.8	86.5
SD	3.0	3.8	5.1	9.2	14.7	5.7	9.8	1.9	4.9	8.1	9.3	7.5	5.6	3.4	5.0	5.3	13.8	3.7	5.7	3.0	3.2

Stage/Diet		Final survival (%)	Final body weight (%)	Final biomass (g)	Weekly growth (g)	TFD (g shrimp⁻¹)	FCR
1
	REF	100.0±<0.1	10.38±1.01a	103.8±1.7a	0.80±0.03a	14.6±0.1a	1.41±0.03a
	SPC	99.0±3.16	10.24±1.01a	101.4±4.8ab	0.75±0.06a	15.0±<0.1a	1.47±0.04a
	CGM	100.0±<0.1	9.55±0.76b	95.5±2.6c	0.62±0.06b	13.6±0.2b	1.43±0.03a
	PBM	99.0±3.16	9.79±0.88b	96.9±3.2bc	0.66±0.06b	13.0±0.5c	1.33±0.06b
	TBM	99.0±3.16	10.42±0.90a	103.1±5.5a	0.81±0.09a	13.7±0.3b	1.32±0.05b
2
	REF	100.0±<0.1a	10.30±1.32a	97.9±9.7a	0.66±0.07ab	14.7±0.2a	1.51±0.16a
	MBM	98.0±4.2a	9.80±1.07b	96.0±5.9a	0.58±0.13a	13.8±0.3a	1.41±0.09ab
	BFM	98.0±4.2a	10.05±1.10b	98.5±7.1a	0.64±0.10ab	13.4±0.3a	1.33±0.05b
	SLM	97.0±4.8a	10.60±1.22a	102.8±4.7a	0.76±0.07b	14.1±0.3a	1.33±0.05b
3
	REF	100.0±<0.1	10.6±1.11ab	105.6±6.7a	0.81±0.16ab	14.5±<0.1a	1.38±0.09a
	HFM	96.0±7.0	10.2±1.12bc	98.1±7.6a	0.70±0.10b	15.0±<0.1bc	1.47±0.07b
	DBM	98.0±4.2	10.0±0.93c	97.7±4.2a	0.64±0.05b	14.2±<0.1d	1.42±0.03ab
	KRM	98.0±4.2	12.4±1.27d	121.6±9.6b	1.22±0.13c	15.0±<0.1c	1.35±0.11c

Nutrient	Pearson’s r
Nutrient	Diet composition	ADC diet	ADC ingredient
CP	ns¹ 1 Correlation is not statistically significant according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.263^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.308^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Arg	0.065^* * Correlation is significant at α = 0.05 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.186^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.206^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
His	ns	0.162^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.221^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Ile	0.213^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.264^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.304^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Leu	−0.138^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.263^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.291^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Lys	0.163^* * Correlation is significant at α = 0.05 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.148^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.193^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Met	0.340^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.348^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.342^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Met+Cys	ns	0.217^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.256^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Phe	ns	0.270^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.299^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Thr	0.070^* * Correlation is significant at α = 0.05 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.234^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.275^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Try	0.128^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.141^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.283^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Val	ns	0.236^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.289^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
ƩEAA	ns	0.250^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.287^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.

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[1] * Corresponding author: alberto.nunes@ufc.br

Nutrient	Pearson’s r
Nutrient	Diet composition	ADC diet	ADC ingredient
CP	ns¹ 1 Correlation is not statistically significant according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.263^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.308^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Arg	0.065^* * Correlation is significant at α = 0.05 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.186^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.206^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
His	ns	0.162^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.221^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Ile	0.213^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.264^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.304^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Leu	−0.138^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.263^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.291^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Lys	0.163^* * Correlation is significant at α = 0.05 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.148^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.193^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Met	0.340^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.348^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.342^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Met+Cys	ns	0.217^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.256^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Phe	ns	0.270^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.299^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Thr	0.070^* * Correlation is significant at α = 0.05 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.234^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.275^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Try	0.128^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.141^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.283^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
Val	ns	0.236^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.289^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.
ƩEAA	ns	0.250^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.	0.287^ Correlation is significant at α = 0.01 according to Pearson’s coefficient.