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ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted during 60 days with forty pacu males fed diets supplemented with increasing concentrations of ractopamine (0.00, 11.25, 22.50, 33.75, and 45.00 mg kg−1). Eight fish were evaluated for each experimental diet. Performance and survival rate of the fish were measured. At the end of the experiment, blood was collected to determine the levels of cortisol, triacylglycerol, and protein. Moreover, the liver was collected to determine the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzymes. The fillets were collected to determine chemical composition, and histologic cuts were analyzed to verify muscle growth and deposition of adipose tissue between muscle fibers. Increasing concentrations of dietary ractopamine did not change feed intake, fillet yield, fillet content of protein and ash, and frequency of relative distribution of muscle fibers. By increasing the dietary ractopamine concentration, the serum cortisol level was elevated. Ractopamine supplementation (45.00 mg kg−1) increased serum levels of triacylglycerol and protein and reduced the activity of hepatic lipogenic enzymes and the survival rate of the fish, probably in response to the high concentration of circulating cortisol. In addition, the higher level of ractopamine supplementation evaluated in this research impaired the weight gain and feed conversion. However, 11.25 mg kg−1 ractopamine reduced the ether extract level determined in the fillet and the fat deposition between muscle fibers, improving the nutritional quality of meat.

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ABSTRACT We assessed the survival of paralarvae kept in a floating wooden box attached to an oyster extensive cultivation system with no extra food supply. A total of 7700 newly hatched paralarvae were maintained in a 10.5-L floating box (7 cm height × 30 cm width × 50 cm length) covered with a 180-μm mesh net for 14 days with no extra food supply. Skin damages and tentacle deformities were observed in 43% of the paralarvae at 14 days after hatching (DAH). The survival rate was 64.7% at 7 DAH and 42.8% at 14 DAH. The floating box is a promising structure for culturing O. vulgaris paralarvae in an extensive system.

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ABSTRACT A life-cycle assessment was conducted during semi-intensive and super-intensive commercial cultivation of marine shrimp from December 2011 to June 2012, considering all phases from the preparation of the nursery to harvesting of the shrimp, to determine the carbon footprints of each process. Inputs and outputs associated to the production of 1 kg of shrimp were evaluated using the CML-1A baseline method, V3.01 EU25, with Software SimaPro® 8.0.2, to identify the factors of impact that are most relevant to the category global warming, measured in kg of CO2 eq. The grow-out phase contributed the most to the final results in super-intensive culture, which had a higher carbon footprint, 47.9967 kg of CO2 eq., which was 1.0042 kg of CO2 eq. in the semi-intensive culture. The most important impacting factor is the use of electrical energy, which is required to maintain dissolved oxygen and the biofloc particles in suspension in the super-intensive culture and for movement of large volumes of water in the semi-intensive system.

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ABSTRACT A 90-day feeding trial was conducted to estimate the dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari ( Astyanax altiparanae ), based on growth performance, whole-body composition, muscle development, and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. Six isoproteic (345.0 g kg−1) and isoenergetic (19.51 MJ kg−1) diets were formulated, and crystalline L-lysine was added to obtain diets with lysine concentrations of 12.13, 13.31, 15.36, 18.79, 19.92, and 23.02 g kg−1 dry diet. Female adult lambari (n = 480; weight of 4.96±0.02 g) were distributed into 24 (70 L) aquaria and fed the experimental diets six times daily. Fish fed 12.13 to 19.92 g kg−1 lysine showed increased weight gain and percent weight gain, and fish from those treatments also showed improvement in final carcass quality by a decrease in whole-body lipid content. Fish fed 12.13 g kg−1 lysine showed lower ALT and AST activities in blood serum when compared with fish fed the highest lysine levels. No differences were observed in muscle growth in fish fed graded lysine levels. According to the broken-line model analysis of weight gain and dietary lysine levels, the dietary lysine requirement of adult lambari is estimated at 18.72 g kg−1 (5.41% of dietary protein).

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different stocking densities and the presence/absence of two artificial substrates on water quality and production rates of marine shrimp in a biofloc shrimp nursery culture. Two experiments were performed: different stocking densities with mosquito netting substrate and the presence/absence of polyester-type substrate. The first experiment lasted 38 days, and shrimp at an initial weight of 0.013±0.010 g were stocked in 24 tanks. The second experiment lasted 35 days, and shrimp at an initial weight of 0.037±0.002 g were stocked in six tanks. Weekly biometric measurements were performed to adjust the amount of feed. Suspended solids were higher at a density of 6000 PL m−3 and mosquito netting substrate. Final weight and specific growth rate were higher in treatments with mosquito netting substrate. However, survival was significantly lower with this substrate. Yield was significantly higher at a density of 6000 PL m−3. Polyester-type substrate had no significant effect on production rates or variables of water quality. However, this substrate could reduce the production of sludge. The results indicate that it is possible to culture shrimp in nursery stage up to 6000 PL m−3 in a biofloc system.

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ABSTRACT This study investigated the efficacy of essential oils of Lippia alba (EOLA) citral chemotype and Lippia origanoides (EOLO) and their effects on ventilatory frequency (VF) of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Fish were exposed to 50-300 μL L−1 of EOLA and 25-300 μL L−1 of EOLO to determine induction times to sedation, anesthesia, and recovery. Moreover, VF was determined in fish exposed to 5 or 10 μL L−1 of EOLA and of EOLO for 8 h. The increasing concentration of essential oils proportionally decreased sedation and anesthesia induction times. The highest EOLA concentration increased VF of fish from the control group at 1 h of exposure, but VF decreased at both EOLO concentrations after 2 h. The EOLA citral chemotype and EOLO were effective sedatives and anesthetics for silver catfish. However, EOLO was the most suitable sedative for additional studies regarding fish transport as it reduced VF and did not induce VF increase in silver catfish. The EOLA citral chemotype and EOLO are effective sedatives and anesthetics for silver catfish. Moreover, the EOLO is recommended for transport of silver catfish, because it maintains the ventilatory frequency constant, avoiding a possible metabolic stress.

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ABSTRACT In this experiment, the beneficial effects of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) on immunology and intestinal microbiology of Nile tilapia juveniles was demonstrated. Prior to this, three levels of MOS in Nile tilapia diets (1, 8, and 15 g.kg−1) were tested, and hematological parameters, serum lysozyme, and intestinal microbiology were analyzed. The fish blood was sampled at day zero (basal sample) and after 45 days of trial, and the intestinal microbiota was evaluated at the end of the experiment. After 45 days of trial, fish fed 8 and 15 g.kg−1 of MOS presented an increase in both aerobic and lactic acid bacteria numbers in their guts. The MOS feeding also increased the counts of total leukocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes of fish, but a decrease in neutrophils was also observed. Additionally, the serum lysozyme was higher in all fish fed MOS. The dietary MOS is able to modulate the intestinal microbiota, increasing the number of beneficial bacteria, and immunostimulates the Nile tilapia juvenile, giving rise to white blood cells and serum lysozyme.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate menthol and eugenol as anesthetics for early juveniles of curimba, Prochilodus lineatus. Juveniles of 4.0±0.5 g and a total length of 8.8±0.1 cm were exposed to the anesthetics menthol (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 mg L−1) and eugenol (20, 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 mg L−1) up to deep anesthesia. The anesthetic effects were evaluated measuring the induction time to deep anesthesia (characterized by loss of equilibrium, absence of swimming, reduction of opercular movements, and responses only to intense tactile stimuli), recovery time, time to appetite return, and mortality rate after 96 h of procedure. The concentrations between 60 to 80 mg of menthol L−1 provided the lowest time of induction. Increased concentrations led to a decrease in recuperation time. The concentrations between 50 to 70 mg of eugenol L−1 provided the lowest induction times; however, recovery time was not affected by eugenol concentrations. The return to appetite was observed 24 h after anesthesia, while the survival after 96 h was >90%. Concentrations of 60 and 50 mg L−1 of menthol and eugenol, respectively, are recommended for effective anesthesia with limited side effects.

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ABSTRACT This study evaluated growth responses of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei by testing different combinations of Jatropha curcas kernel meal (JCK) and tilapia waste silage (FS) as dietary protein sources under laboratory and pond conditions. A reference diet (RD) based on fish meal was elaborated to contain 35% crude protein and 434 kcal/g; then, five isoproteic and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated from RD with different FS/JCK proportions as follows: 75%FS/0%JCK; 56.25%FS/13.25%JCK; 26.5%FS/30.89%JCK; 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK; and 0%FS/53%JCK. For the laboratory trial, shrimp (2.90 g) were stocked at 10 m2 in an indoor recirculating system during 90 days. There were differences among the growth parameters of diets. Mean weight gain fluctuated from 6.71±0.61 g observed for the shrimp fed the 75%FS/ 0%JCK diet, to 9.70±0.61 g for the group fed the RD. The RD and 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK diet obtained the highest mean final weight (above 12 g), weight gain (above 9 g), and specific growth rate values (above 1.6%/day). Average final survival was 90.97%. The RD and 18.75%FS/39.75%JCK diets were used for the pond trial. Shrimp (0.49 g) were stocked at 10 m2 within 1-m3 cages into the pond for 35 days. Weight gain (3.47 g) and survival (93.33%) of shrimps were similar between the diets. Quadratic equations with the laboratory data indicated that the maximum responses for growth parameters correspond to FS and JKC inclusion levels in the range of 27.83 to 29.00%, and 32.25 to 33.64%, respectively. A combination of 18.75% FS/39.75%JCK meals as protein source is a potential alternative to effectively substitute FM in practical diets for L. vannamei at the studied ages under both laboratory and pond conditions.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to explore the impact of thermal stress on hormonal level and antioxidant activity in goats during various phases of the estrous cycle in the Egyptian summer. Forty cycling does were allocated to two groups (20 animals each) divided by season (mild/hot). Daily meteorological, rectal temperature, and respiratory rate data were recorded in the two seasons. The estrous cycle of the goats was synchronized by two intramuscular injections of 5 mg of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) at 11-day intervals. Blood samples were collected every two days and the levels of total antioxidant, malondialdehyde, and β-carotene were estimated. Total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, progesterone, and thyroxine (T4) hormones were additionally measured in the serum of the collected samples. Under hot circumstances, both rectal temperature and respiratory rate increased considerably, with significant variation during the different stages of the estrous cycle. On the other hand, serum level of total protein, albumin, cholesterol, and triglycerides reduced significantly in animals in the hot environment, particularly during the luteal period of the estrous cycle (IV). During the Egyptian hot summer, the serum level of progesterone and T4 hormones declined in phases II and IV of the estrous cycle for progesterone and T4, respectively. Moreover, the serum content of all oxidative stress markers tested (total antioxidant, β-carotene, and malondialdehyde) decreased considerably, especially in estrous cycle phase II in the hot environment. The Egyptian environmental conditions have detrimental effects on some antioxidant agents and some biochemical parameters throughout the estrous cycle of goats.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of grape seed (GS) supplementation to basal diet on performance, carcass characteristics, some biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status of tissues of Japanese quail in growth phase with different plumage colors exposed to heat stress (HS). A total of 144 eight-day-old Japanese quail including 72 (36 females, 36 males) grey and 72 (36 females, 36 males) golden were used in this study. The quail were kept under HS (16 h at 34 °C, 8h at 22 °C) and thermo-neutral (24 h at 22°C) conditions between 15 and 43 days of age. All quail were fed a basal diet (control) and basal diet supplemented with GS at both 10 g/kg and 20 g/kg ratios. Each feeding treatment was repeated three times including four quail (two females and two males) per replicate. Heat stress considerably decreased the live weight gain on days 29-36, 36-43, and 15-43. Golden quail had higher live weight from the beginning of the trial. The increase of live weight on days 15-43 was higher in the golden group than in the grey group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of liver and kidney tissues increased in heat-stress group compared with thermo-neutral group (P<0.001). In HS, significant increases were determined only in catalase (CAT) in the liver and in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), CAT, and glutathione (GSH) in the kidney (P<0.05). Addition of dietary GS decreased MDA and antioxidant levels, which increased in liver and kidney of quail during HS. Plasma total cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were higher in quail under HS. Plasma total cholesterol, glucose, triglyceride, AST, and ALT levels of quail under HS decreased due to addition of 10 g/kg GS.

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ABSTRACT We assessed the views, knowledge, and attitudes of livestock inspectors working in federally inspected slaughterhouses in southern Brazil, the major pig and poultry processors in the country, regarding farm animal behavior and welfare, and factors that may influence animal welfare improvements at abattoirs. An online questionnaire with closed and open questions was sent to all the federally inspected slaughterhouses in the three states of the region. All respondents (n = 83) strongly agreed that animals are capable of feeling pain, but fewer agreed that animals have mental states and individual temperament, or that animals can feel boredom or frustration. In the assessment of respondents, professionals in Brazil receive insufficient training in animal welfare; most believe that stockpeople do not understand the relationship between animal welfare and meat quality. Furthermore, most respondents believe that stockpeople are not satisfied with their working conditions at slaughterhouses and are not motivated to adopt practices to improve animal welfare. Respondents reported positive attitudes towards animal welfare but insufficient understanding and training on animal welfare during professional education. The three main actions that, according to the respondents, are required to successfully implement humane slaughter in Brazil are better selection and greater valorization of the stockpeople by the industry; refinements of the legislation to indicate minimum and maximum standards for specific species, practices, and outcomes; and introduction of animal welfare as a topic during the professional training of professionals that will oversee and support the implementation of humane practices in slaughterhouses.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to study the behavior of swine females in the grower phase using different observation intervals (continuous, 5, and 10 min). A total of 42 swine were used, 14 of them for each treatment, which were identified with a marker stick. These animals were observed using the focal sampling method for 5 h. The treatments were the observation intervals: continuous, every 5 min, and every 10 min. Among the behaviors analyzed during the experiment, the different observation intervals did not affect the estimated time spent in the activities. Time observation intervals of 10 min or less adequately describe the duration of the main behavioral parameters of female pigs in this setting.

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ABSTRACT This study was designed to assess the effects of feeding space availability on social behavior and performance of housed crossbreed sheep through the use of three different types of feeders. Thirty-six crossbreed ewes (Santa Inês × Dorper; 2-3 years old) with initial body weight of 34.99±4.28 kg were randomly assigned to a 3 × 3 (feeder type × available space at the feeder) factorial arrangement among nine pens. Pens had one of three feeder types (concrete bunk, plastic, or wood barrel) and one of three amounts of available space in the feeder (0.33, 0.25, or 0.20 m animal−1). Total dry matter intake/pen, dry matter intake per animal, total weight gain/pen, daily weight gain/animal, and food waste were evaluated. Percentage of time spent at feeding and frequency of aggressive behaviors/12 h were recorded. We observed a higher total daily weight gain in ewes with a feeding space of 0.33 and 0.25 m animal−1. The wastes were essentially insignificant for wood feeders in all feeding space treatments. The average number of aggressive behaviors was lower (P<0.05) for animals kept in pens with feeding space of 0.33 m animal−1 than for those maintained in pens with feeding space of 0.20 and 0.25 m animal−1. Ewes with feeding space of 0.33 m animal−1 fed simultaneously 54% of the time, while among pens with feeding spaces of 0.25 or 0.20 m animal−1, this period was reduced to 41 and 30%, respectively. An available feeding space of 0.33 m animal−1 is recommended for adult housed ewes, once it favors simultaneous access, lower competitive interactions at the feeder, and less variation in terms of individual weight gain among ewes.

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ABSTRACT Thermal stress is the result of a misbalance between heat produced or gained from the environment and the amount of heat lost to the environment. The level of thermal stress can range from minor or no effect to death of vulnerable animals. Under summertime conditions, thermal stress results in hyperthermia or heat stress. Heat stress in feedlot cattle is a common summertime occurrence in cattle-producing parts of the world (USA, Australia, Brazil, etc.). Effects on animals experiencing heat stress include decreases in feed intake, animal growth, and production efficiency. During these extreme events, animal losses can exceed 5% of all cattle on feed in a single feedlot. Luckily, these extreme events are generally very localized and last only a day or two. However, these losses can be devastating to individual producers within the affected area. The level of heat stress an individual animal will experience is a result of a combination of three distinct components: environmental conditions, individual animal susceptibility, and management of the herd. Environmental components include temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Several indices have been developed to summarize the different components into a single value. Individual animal susceptibility is influenced by many different factors including coat color, sex, temperament, previous health history, acclimation, and condition score. Finally, management greatly influences the effects of thermal stress. Management factors can be broken into four distinct categories: feed, water, environmental influences, and handling. Understanding these risk factors and how each one influences animal stress will aid in the development of management strategies and how to implement them. Management strategies that can be employed at the right time and to the correct groups of animals will increase benefits to the animals and limit costs for the producers.

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ABSTRACT This paper aims to discuss the impact of the introduction of pastures and grazing animals in agricultural systems. For the purposes of this manuscript, we focus on within-farm integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS), typical of Southern Brazil. These ICLS are designed to create and enhance the synergisms and emergent properties have arisen from agricultural areas where livestock activities are integrated with crops. We show that the introduction of the crop component will affect less the preceding condition than the introduction of the livestock component. While the introduction of crops in pastoral systems represents increasing diversity of the plant component, the introduction of animals would represent the entry of new flows and interactions within the system. Thus, given the new complexity levels achieved from the introduction of grazing, the probability of arising emergent properties is theoretically much higher. However, grazing management is vital in determining the success or failure of such initiative. The grazing intensity practiced during the pasture phase would affect the canopy structure and the forage availability to animals. In adequate and moderate grazing intensities, it is possible to affirm that livestock combined with crops (ICLS) has a potential positive impact. As important as the improvements that grazing animals can generate to the soil-plant components, the economic resilience remarkably increases when pasture rotations are introduced compared with purely agriculture systems, particularly in climate-risk situations. Thus, the integration of the pastoral component can enhance the sustainable intensification of food production, but it modifies simple, pure agricultural systems into more complex and knowledge-demanding production systems.

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ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the accumulation and export of nutrients in cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica) cv. Gigante, fertilized with combinations of nitrogen (10, 70, 100, 130, and 190 kg ha−1 year−1 N) and phosphorus (10, 70, 100, 130, and 190 kg ha−1 year−1 P2O5) under annual and biennial harvests, in Quixadá and Tejuçuoca, using a split-plot randomized block design with four replications. In Quixadá, under annual and biennial harvests, the following orders of accumulation of macronutrients (in kg ha−1 year−1) were found, respectively: K (98.8) > Ca (87.2) > N (46.7) > Mg (26.8) > S (18.4) > P (2.04) and Ca (33.5) > K (31.1) > S (18.6) > N (12.9) > Mg (10.5) > P (0.81). In Tejuçuoca, under annual and biennial harvests, the orders of accumulation of macronutrients were, respectively: K (146.5) > Ca (204.6) > N (128.1) > Mg (75.8) > S (50.3) > P (3.7) and K (397.2) > N (191.3) > S (241.2) > Ca (167.8) > Mg (131.0) > P (14.1). The maintenance/production fertilization in cactus pear should be planned according to productive potential, fertilization and harvest managements, and cultivation region, based on nutritional requirement and considering the nutrient recovery efficiency.

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ABSTRACT We aimed to evaluate the effects of glyphosate as a chemical desiccant on the nutritional quality, fermentation pattern, and aerobic stability of wilted black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) silage. Black oat sowing occurred in the first fortnight of May 2013. Desiccant application took place when oat reached milky/dough grain stage (96 days after planting). Glyphosate dosages evaluated were 0, 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 mL ha−1. Three days after desiccation, all treatments were ensiled, and the silos were kept stored for 150 days. A completely randomized design was used, and all statistical procedures were performed by means of Bayesian Inference. Treating herbage prior to ensiling from 500 mL ha−1 glyphosate increased dry matter and organic matter contents compared with control. On the other hand, fiber content decreased linearly for desiccated silages, as shown by the negative slopes for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose. The highest concentrations of hemicellulose and neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen occurred for the dosages of 729.96 mL ha−1 and 759.52 mL ha−1 glyphosate, respectively. Wilted silage had less concentration of acetic acid and isovaleric acid and presented a higher amount of 2,3-butanediol. Due to the lack of beneficial short-chain fatty acids, treated silages had a higher organic matter loss (0.1 g mL−1) and reached a maximum pH (0.009 h mL−1) more quickly than control silage, after aerobic exposure. In this way, for wilted black oat silage production, harvested at milky/dough grain stage, the application of 500 mL ha−1 glyphosate is recommended.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to isolate and identify endophytic fungi from the forage grass P. maximum and evaluate their ability to inhibit the growth of plant pathogenic fungi. One sample from P. purpureum grass was also included. Surface disinfected stem fragments were used for endophytic fungal isolation. One hundred and twenty-six endophytic fungi were isolated, of which 118 were from P. maximum and eight from P. purpureum. Morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 18S (NS) sequence comparisons identified most isolated endophytic fungi as belonging to the phylum Ascomycota, with Sarocladium being the dominant genus. The isolates were subjected to in vitro antagonism tests against pathogenic fungi, and 31 endophytic fungi inhibited the growth of Bipolaris maydis, Penicillium expansum, and Sclerotinia minor. The results expand our knowledge of the diversity of endophytes associated with tropical grasses and suggest that they may represent new sources of antifungal metabolites for biocontrol and biotechnological purposes.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this two-year study was to evaluate live weight gain per animal and per area and their relationships with the characteristics of BRS Ipyporã (Brachiaria ruziziensis × Brachiaria brizantha) and Marandu (Brachiaria brizantha) pastures. A completely randomized block design was used with two treatments and four replicates. The grazing method was rotational stocking, with variable stocking rate. Stocking rate was adjusted twice a week during the grazing period (six or seven days) and post-grazing canopy height target of 15 cm. Animals were weighed every 28 days. Pastures were evaluated pre-grazing to estimate forage accumulation rate, forage mass (FM), leaf (LP) and stem (SP) percentages, and nutritive value. In the post-grazing, FM, LP, and SP were evaluated. Marandu palisadegrass pastures had greater FAR, pre-grazing FM, and hence, a greater SR when compared with BRS Ipyporã. However, compared with Marandu, BRS Ipyporã showed greater LP, leaf:stem ratio, crude protein, and in vitro organic matter digestibility, resulting in greater individual live weight gain. The lesser stocking rate in Ipyporã pastures was compensated, providing a greater individual live weight gain of steers, resulting in a similar live weight gain per area for the two cultivars. Thus, BRS Ipyporã is a good alternative for the diversification of pastures in the Cerrado region.

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ABSTRACT Body development and reproductive performance of a hundred forty-two 14 to 15-month-old heifers, classified at weaning according to frame size as small, medium, and large, were evaluated. The parameters evaluated were: body weight, hip height, body condition score, weight gain, ovarian activity, and pregnancy rate. At weaning, body weight and hip height were significantly different among frame scores, (small – 133.0 kg, 92.2 cm; medium – 158.5 kg, 96.6 cm; and large – 185.2 kg; 100.2 cm). After weaning, heifers grazed together on natural pastures during the autumn and on ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum La.) during the winter and spring. Frame score differences remained until the beginning of the breeding season (BS), starting on average at 14 months of age. Weight gain between weaning and the beginning of BS was not different among frame scores (0.740 kg/day, on average). Body weights at the beginning of the BS were significantly different, of 255.7 kg (53.3% of the mature weight) for small heifers, 285.0 kg (59.4%) for medium heifers, and 307.6 kg (64.1%) for large heifers. Ovarian activity at the beginning of the BS was not different among the three groups. The average weight gain values during the BS of 0.492, 0.472, and 0.421 kg/day for small, medium, and large heifers, respectively, were significantly different. Pregnancy rates were not different among groups (small, 71.4%; medium, 76.4%; and large, 76.5%). Frame score did not influence the reproductive performance of heifers, but the small and medium heifers conceived 29 and 20 days earlier, respectively, than the large heifers.

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ABSTRACT To demonstrate the role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in yaks (Bos grunniens), we characterized the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) mRNA and protein. The level of GnRHR mRNA in the hypothalamus was higher than that in the pineal gland, pituitary gland, and ovary during estrus. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that GnRHR was expressed in the pinealocyte, synaptic ribbon, and synaptic spherules of the pineal gland and that melatonin interacts with GnRHR via nerve fibers. In the hypothalamus, GnRHR was expressed in the magnocellular neurons and parvocellular neurons. In the pituitary gland, GnRHR was expressed in acidophilic cells and basophilic cells. In the ovary, GnRHR was present in the ovarian follicle and Leydig cells. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor is located in the pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonad during estrus of yaks and is mainly expressed in the hypothalamus and ovaries during the estrus period.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to access and characterize single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located within the HSF1 and HSPA6 candidate genes for adaptability in Angus breed raised in subtropical climate. Samples of DNA from 20 animals representing extreme phenotypes for adaptability traits were obtained. Sequence variations in the candidate genes were described by sequencing target regions. We identified 12 SNP located in the HSF1 gene. Moreover, four of the six SNP found in the HSPA6 gene cause amino acid substitutions in protein-coding regions. We also identified a representative SNP (called tag SNP) in a region of the HSF1 gene with high linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 0.87) that may represent 11 SNP located in this gene. Minor allele frequency observed for the SNP ranged from 0.10 to 0.50 and 0.02 to 0.21 for the HSF1 and the HSPA6 genes, respectively. Overall, almost all SNP analyzed showed significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium and half of the loci had heterozygosity greater than 0.50. The data suggest that there is sequence variability in these genes that could be exploited by breeding programs. There is genetic variation in HSF1 and HSPA6 genes in this populations of Angus breed, which is fundamental to obtain response to selection.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate polymorphisms both in exons 1 and 3 of prolactin (PRL) gene for milk productivity of Anatolian water buffalo breed in Sivas province in Turkey. Blood samples were collected from 129 male and female water buffaloes and DNA was isolated by using phenol/chloroform method. Samples of DNA were amplified and resulting PCR products were digested with RsaI (for exons 1 and 3) and HaeIII (for exon 1). Allelic polymorphisms were determined by separation of fragments obtained from digested PCR products in 3% agarose gel electrophoresis. AA genotype (HaeIII) and BB genotype (RsaI) of exon 1 and only AA genotype (RsaI) of exon 3 were obtained. No polymorphisms were determined in Anatolian water buffalo breed and all loci were found as monomorphic. It can be stated that Anatolian water buffalo has a higher milk and milk fat yields since BB genotype was obtained.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to examine the genetic variability of the Mexican Simmental. Inbreeding was calculated by year for animals born from 1985 to 2014. Proportion of ancestors known, average equivalent complete generations, generation interval, and effective size, as well as the effective numbers of founders, ancestors, and founder genomes were calculated for animals born in six periods (1985-1989, 1990-1994, 1995-1999, 2000-2004, 2005-2009, and 2010-2014). The year 1985 was selected as the initial year to form the subpopulations since the registration of the first Simmental cattle born in Mexico began in this year. Gene contributions of ancestors with the highest genetic influence were also calculated, using data of animals born in the latter period. Coefficients of inbreeding were low, ranging from 0.0068 to 0.0165. The average number of equivalent complete generations increased from 3.71, for the 1985-1989 subpopulation, to 5.83, for the 2010-2014 subpopulation. The population showed an effective population size of 186.6 animals in the last period. The numbers of founders, ancestors, and founder genomes increased from 1985 to 2004, but decreased from 2005 to 2014. The ratio of effective number of ancestors to effective number of founders and the ratio of effective number of founder genomes to effective number of ancestors were 0.31 and 0.66 and 0.27 and 0.63 for animals born in the 2005-2009 and 2010-2014 periods, respectively, revealing loss of diversity due to bottlenecks and genetic drift in the last decade. One ancestor explained 3.4% of the total genetic variability of the progeny born from 2010 to 2014, whereas the first fifteen ancestors explained 20% of such variability. The pedigree analysis showed Mexican Simmental cattle are not currently endangered.

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ABSTRACT We aimed to evaluate the impact of using embryo transfer (ET) information on weaning weight estimated breeding values (EBV) and its accuracy. Data from Hereford and Braford cattle, raised under extensive conditions in Southern Brazil, were used. A model that included ET information in addition to maternal (genetic and permanent environmental) effects as a function of foster dams was compared to a model without ET information. Accuracy of both bulls and calves increased due to inclusion of ET records in 0.04 and 0.12 points, respectively. In general, the inclusion of ET records provided a greater amount of phenotypic variance and most accurate EBV for sires and progeny. The results obtained in this study encourage the use of ET phenotypic records in large-scale genetic evaluation programs, especially for bulls that have most of their progeny coming from ET. Most of the Brazilian genetic evaluation programs do not use phenotypic records of ET animals. Therefore, breeding values are predicted based only on parentage average, which implies in underestimated accuracies. Considering that ET has been widely used in Brazil and that such information improves genetic predictions, we suggest modifying the traditional adopted models by considering ET information in the Brazilian genetic evaluations.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the BoLA-DRB3 gene polymorphism to define the phenotypic value of somatic cell count of 808 Polish Holstein cows. The cows were fathered by 190 sires. The PCR-RFLP alleles were identified with the BstYI, HaeIII, and RsaI restriction enzymes. For statistical analysis, 17 alleles whose frequencies in the herds were equal to or higher than 2% were selected. Somatic cell count was analyzed based either on the lactation averages or on test-day yields. Significant relationship between the occurrence of the BoLA-DRB3 gene alleles and somatic cell count were stated. In case of estimating the effects for all lactations together, the effect of substitution was observed for 11 alleles. The overall effects of four alleles (*12, *23, *24, and *ndb) were statistically significant and their effects were repeated in at least two lactations in the analysis of each lactation separately. The most numerous relationships were found for allele *24, which influences were statistically significant in lactations I to III in the analysis of all lactations together.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for body weight of beef cattle in performance tests. Different random regression models with quadratic B-splines and heterogeneous residual variance were fitted to estimate covariance functions for body weights of Nellore and crossbred Charolais × Nellore bulls. The criteria −2 residual log-likelihood (−2RLL), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), and consistent AIC (CAIC) were used to choose the most appropriate model. For Nellore bulls, residual variance was modeled with six classes of age, and direct additive genetic and permanent environment effects were modeled with quadratic B-splines with two and one intervals, respectively. For crossbred bulls, quadratic B-splines with one interval fitted direct additive genetic and permanent environment effects and nine classes of age were needed to fit residual variance. Pooling classes of age with up to 40% in difference of residual variances does not compromise the fit of the model. Heritability for body weight in performance tests are moderate (>0.25, for crossbred bulls) to high (>0.5, for Nellore bulls) and genetic correlation between weights over the test are also high (>0.65). Then, selection of young bulls in performance test is an efficient tool to increase body weight in beef cattle.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the heritability of milk yield (MY), fat percent (F%), fat yield (FY), protein percent (P%), protein yield (PY), somatic cell score (SCS), and total bacterial count score (TBCS) as well as to estimate the genetic correlations among these traits, using a dataset from 5,918 lactations of Jersey cows in Brazil. The covariance components were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood using the PEST and VCE6 programs. The average values obtained for MY, F%, FY, P%, PY, SCS, and TBCS were 5017.5 kg, 4.3%, 192.3 kg, 3.3%, 173.0 kg, 5.9, and 2.9, respectively, while the heritability values were 0.16, 0.55, 0.18, 0.61, 0.25, 0.21, and 0.08, respectively. The genetic correlations ranged from low to high magnitude, with positive values from 0.06 (TBCS-PY) to 0.72 (FY-PY), and negative values from −0.04 (F%-TBCS) to −0.44 (P%-TBCS). The Jersey breed from Brazil shows genetic variability for all traits analyzed in the present study, and our results suggest that higher genetic gain will be achieved when F% and P% are used as selection criteria. In addition, it is important to use SCS as a selection criterion since the selection for MY and PY may lead to higher SCS or TBCS values, which are undesirable. This was the first study to estimate genetic parameters for milk quality (PY, P%, FY, F%) and udder health (SCS, TBCS) traits in Jersey cows from Brazil. This information is useful for breeding schemes and contributes to better characterize these parameters in tropical region, since few studies were developed with the Jersey cattle in this environment.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the heritability coefficients for ten functional type traits and milk production in the Jersey breed in Brazil, besides the genetic and phenotypic correlations between them. The present study utilised data from 1,567 records of linear type traits, including stature (ST), body depth (BD), loin strength (LS), rump width (RW), rump angle (RA), fore udder attachment (FUA), front teat placement (FTP), rear udder height (RUH), central ligament (CL), and final score (FS). Milk yield (MY) adjusted to 305 lactation days was also calculated. Covariance components were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood approach using the PEST and VCE6 programs on the animal model. Heritability coefficients thus assessed were as follows: 0.22±0.01 (ST), 0.35±0.07 (BD), 0.17±0.01 (RW), 0.55±0.05 (RA), 0.09±0.01 (LS), 0.20±0.02 (FUA), 0.40±0.06 (FTP), 0.40±0.06 (RUH), 0.15±0.02 (CL), 0.21±0.02 (FS), and 0.16±0.02 (MY). Therefore, the higher genetic gain will be obtained for BD, RA, FTP, and RUH, while the other traits would need a medium or long-term period to show improvement. The genetic correlations fell in the range from 0.01 (FTP × FS) to 0.87 (RW × CL), and the only genetic correlation noted between FS and RA was negative (−0.10±0.06). Thus, in the Jersey breed in Brazil, the type traits are genetically associated, and the selection of any one of them may elicit an indirect response in another.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the prevalence and influence of urinary tract infection on the reproductive performance of sows. The animals underwent urine tests using reagent strips and diagnosed as positive or negative. They were then divided into two groups of 30 positive and 30 negative sows for urinary tract infection. Each sow was considered an experimental unit and was followed from labor to weaning. The animals were assessed for their reproductive performance (labor duration, number of live births, mummified piglets, and stillbirths, and postpartum diseases). After weaning, the weaning-estrus interval and rate of return to estrus were assessed. A thermographic camera was used to identify hyperthermia of the mammary system and its relation with the onset of urinary tract infections. The prevalence of urinary tract infection in prepartum sows was 41.1%. Urinary tract infection does not impact labor duration, number of live births, mummified piglets, and stillbirths, number of sows culled, weaning-estrus interval, or return to estrus after insemination. However, it was considered a predisposing factor for the occurrence of postpartum vaginal discharge. There is no correlation between the occurrence of urinary tract infection and mammary system temperature in sows.

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ABSTRACT The objectives of the study were to evaluate allelic frequencies and test the association between STAT1, OLR1, CSN1S1, CSN1S2 , and DGAT1 gene polymorphisms and milk production traits including lactation milk yield, 305 days milk yield, days before peak milk production, and peak milk yield. In addition, samples of milk were analysed for fat, protein, lactose, and total solid contents. A total of 168 purebred Holstein-Fresian cows were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Statistical analysis was carried out using least square methods of the general linear model procedure. Significant differences were found between genotypes of the CSN1S2 locus in relation to milk protein content. In addition, DGAT1 was significantly associated with peak milk production. These results suggested that CSN1S2 and DGAT1 markers may be evaluated to achieve various commercial goals in dairy cattle production.

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ABSTRACT In this study, we aimed to provide a wet laboratory validation for a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), which had been identified as candidate functional variants in silico. Genotyping for candidate SNP was performed in Brahman and Tropical Composite cattle. After quality control, 29 SNP were first investigated individually for their association with female reproductive traits and then used as a panel for genomic predictions. The reproductive traits studied were age at first corpus luteum (AGECL; days), post-partum anoestrus interval (PPAI; days), and a binary trait that described if the cow had ovulated before weaning the first calf or not (PW, 0-1). Single nucleotide polymorphisms in six genes (FOXA2, TRAF4, IRF2, IRF1, BPTF, and CPEB1) were found to be significantly associated with reproduction traits . The genomic prediction method used was BayesR, to accommodate the 29 new SNP and compare their performance with predictions based on 50K genotypes (Illumina SNP chip). When new SNP and PLAG1 mutation rs109231213 were included in the genomic predictions for female reproductive traits their accuracies improved. The best predictions were obtained by combining the new SNP and the 50K SNP using BayesR analysis, with a 4% improvement in accuracy. The proportion of the genetic variance explained by the new SNP together was 0.07 for AGECL, 0.03 for PPAI, and 0.02 for PW. It would be favourable to include these new SNP in future versions of bovine SNP chips to target selection for female reproductive traits. These new SNP are likely to improve genomic predictions for female reproductive traits in tropical beef cattle breeds, with varying degrees of Bos indicus content.

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ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated the effects of eCG and GnRH on the induction of puberty in prepubertal gilts and evaluated the pregnancy rate and litter size in these females. Thirty 140-day-old gilts with an average weight of 80 kg were randomly divided into two treatments: hormonal treatment (n = 15): 1000 IU of eCG and 50 μg of GnRH; and control group (n = 15): induction of estrus by male presence. Gilts were inseminated at the second estrus and pregnancy was confirmed by the non-return to estrus. At farrowing, litter size, average piglet weight, and number of stillborn and mummified piglets were recorded for analysis. The variable pregnancy rate was subjected to the Chi-square test (χ2), while variables age at first estrus, weight at insemination, and duration of first and second estrus, litter size, average weight, and average number of dead and mummified piglets were analyzed by the t test. Hormonal treatment induced puberty in 100% of the gilts in four days. There was a difference in age at first estrus and in weight at insemination. Animals in the control group had the first estrus later and weighed more than those under hormonal treatment (167 vs. 143 days, 117 vs. 102 kg, respectively). However, there was no difference between the two groups in the duration of first and second estrus (54 vs. 49 h, 45 vs. 36 h, respectively), in pregnancy rate (100 vs. 86%, respectively), litter size, average piglet weight, and number of dead and mummified piglets between the hormonal treatment and control animals (9.0 vs. 9.8 piglets, 1.3 vs. 1.3 kg, and 3.0 vs. 2.3 dead and mummified, respectively). The hormonal treatment is effective in inducing precocious puberty without impairing pregnancy rate and litter size as well as average weight of piglets.

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ABSTRACT The intestinal gene expression of RelA/p65 (NF-κB), insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1), glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), and Na+/dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) were evaluated in response to benzoic acid, yeast culture, L-glutamine, and oregano essential oil, using an ex vivo model. Six piglets weighing approximately 20 kg each were sacrificed, and their jejunum was collected and segmented into five 2-cm explants. Each explant was immersed in cell culture medium according to one of the following treatments: control (without additive), 0.5% benzoic acid, 1% yeast culture, 1% L-glutamine, and 0.015% oregano oil. Gene expression was evaluated using RT-PCR. Yeast culture up-regulated the gene expression of RelA/p65, IGF-1, GLUT2, and SGLT1 in comparison with control. In addition, jejunal exposure to L-glutamine and oregano oil increased mRNA levels of GLUT2 compared with the control treatment. Exposure to oregano oil increased intestinal SGLT1 gene expression, while benzoic acid reduced SGLT1 expression compared with the control. Feed additives can differently modulate the gene expression of immune response, gut development, and glucose absorption in jejunal explants. These findings can contribute for a better understanding of the trophic action of these feed additives into the diets to optimize animal performance.

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ABSTRACT This study examined the effects of purmorphamine and cyclopamine, classical agonists and inhibitors of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, in the adipogenic differentiation of porcine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSC) to investigate the roles underlying adipogenic differentiation in AMSC. Porcine-derived AMSC were established, and the Hh signaling pathway was activated or inhibited by treatment with purmorphamine or cyclopamine. The adipogenic differentiation of the porcine AMSC was then analyzed by Oil Red O staining. The expression levels of Hh signaling pathway factors and adipogenic transcription factors were determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. We verified that the expression levels of positive regulators of the Hh pathway (Smo, Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3) decreased during adipogenesis, whereas those of negative regulators (Ptc1 and Ptc2) increased. Purmorphamine can inhibit the adipogenic differentiation of porcine AMSC in vitro culture. In addition, both the expression of the CCAAT/enhancerbindingprotein-α and that of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ decreased in the presence of purmorphamine. By contrast, cyclopamine had no significant effect on the adipogenic differentiation of porcine AMSC. The Hh signaling pathway inhibits the adipogenic differentiation potential of porcine AMSC.

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ABSTRACT A nitrogen balance test was performed to evaluate the individual responses of growing pigs to threonine intake. Eight commercial barrows were used (body weight ranging from 15 to 20 kg). A dose-response study was performed, in which the threonine supply increased in seven equidistant steps (the seven dietary threonine levels ranged from 50 to 120% of the requirements) every three days for each pig. The levels of all other amino acids were 20% higher than the tested amino acid. Nitrogen retention as a function of threonine intake was calculated per individual and per group (NLIN and NLMixed, respectively) using a linear plateau model. The highest break point value was 42.42 g of threonine intake (the most demanding individual), whereas the lowest value was 34.16 g (the least demanding individual), corresponding to a difference of 19%. In terms of N retention, the highest plateau value was 66.71 g and the lowest was 49.48 g, with a difference of 25%. There was no significant correlation between slope and plateau values or between slope and break point values. When using the model in which all parameters were random effects, the variations in threonine intake and nitrogen retention were 1.68±1.30 and 0.01±0.10 g, respectively, and no variance in the slope of the curve was detected. The average daily threonine intake values for the maximum response obtained in the group, as calculated by the NLIN and NLMixed procedures, were 13.96 and 14.02 g/day, respectively. The threonine intake for the maximum N retention between individuals ranged from 34.16 to 42.42 g, corresponding to a difference of 19%. The current recommended intake to optimize N retention is 14.02 g/day. The group responses obtained by the NLMixed procedures are very similar to those estimated by the NLIN procedure (all individuals).

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ABSTRACT The objective of this investigation was to examine the influence of dietary linseed oil sediment on the growth performance and fatty acid composition in the muscle tissue of pigs. Sixty-eight crossbred Swedish Yorkshire × Norwegian Landrace pigs were allocated to two trials with two different levels of linseed oil sediment. Twenty-four pigs in Trial 1 were allotted into control 1 and experimental 1, of 12 animals each, and forty-four pigs in Trial 2 were allotted into control 2 and experimental 2, of 22 animals each. In both treatments, control and experimental groups were formed by animals analogous by origin, gender, weight, and condition score. Control pigs were fed identical diets ad libitum in both trials. The treated pigs were fed the same diet as control pigs, but vegetable oil was replaced by linseed oil sediment at a rate of 25 g kg−1 (experimental group 1) in Trial 1 and 50 g kg−1 (experimental group 2) in Trial 2. The results indicated that in both trials, vegetable oil replacement for linseed oil sediment had no significant influence on the growth rate of pigs, though a tendency was observed for a more rapid daily gain. Addition of linseed oil sediment to the diets increased the content of n-3 α-linolenic (C18:3n-3), eicosatrienoic (C20:3n-3), and eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n-3) acids and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and decreased the C18:2n-6/C18:3n-3 and n-6:n-3 ratios and the thrombogenic index of meat. Moreover, the addition of 50 g kg−1 linseed oil sediment resulted in higher content of docosapentaenoic (C22:5n-3) fatty acid, total PUFA, and PUFA:SFA ratio. Supplementation of pig diets with linseed oil sediment increases the content of α-linolenic, eicosatrienoic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosapentaenoic fatty acids and total content of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and have a positive effect by improving the polyunsaturated fatty acids:saturated fatty acids and n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratios in meat.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to assess the physical performance of Pantaneiro horses with and without equine infectious anemia (EIA) under functional conditions of cattle management. The horses were subjected to a performance test and split into two groups according to a completely randomized design: animals were chosen from populations testing positive and negative for EIA. Performance was measured as a function of a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model considering four outputs and one unitary input. The output measures were the distance achieved in the performance test, hematocrit as a weighted average over the test duration, respiratory rate as weighted average over the test duration, and the level of lactic acid at the test termination. Weights for the hematocrit and the respiratory rate output variables were determined by means of factor analysis. The performance score was a weighted average of the output variables with the weights defined by the averages of the optimum individual multipliers in the DEA analysis. Contextual variables of interest were age, horse weight, room temperature, and corporal temperature. Only groups and room temperature were statistically significant effects, as indicated by a bootstrap analysis. The performance of group positive for EIA is significantly lower than that of the group negative for EIA and room temperature has a negative effect.

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ABSTRACT The present experiment was carried out to evaluate the economic viability of supplementing boar diets with organic selenium aiming to increase the number of seminal doses of sexually mature boars. Twelve boars were divided into three groups: control group received 0.3 mg kg−1 Se from sodium selenite (n = 4), inorganic group received 0.5 mg kg−1 Se from sodium selenite (n = 4), and organic group received 0.5 mg kg−1 Se from Sel-PlexTM (Alltech, Inc., n = 4). The experiment was conducted within 10 weeks and analysis was performed fortnightly. No interaction was observed between treatments and weeks for any of the variables analyzed. Boars fed diet supplemented with 0.5 mg kg−1 of organic selenium exhibited a 23% increase in the seminal doses, which resulted in a 37% reduction in the cost of diet per dose produced by boars in this group compared with boars in the inorganic group. It should be pointed out that the total revenue produced by the organic group was 26% higher than the inorganic group. The feeding of organic Se increases the number of seminal doses and reduces the average cost of the diet, demonstrating to be cost-effective.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to estimate the growth parameters of body weight and body nutrient deposition in males and females of one meat- (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) and two laying-type quail strains (Coturnix coturnix japonica), designated either yellow or red, using the Gompertz model. A total of 1350 quail from 1 to 42 days of age were used and they were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five replications for each strain. The parameters of body weight and body composition of the quail were analyzed weekly and evaluated using the Gompertz equation; growth rates and body nutrient deposition were evaluated through derivative equations. The three strains evaluated showed differences in their potential, growth rates, and body chemical composition. The composition up to 42 days of age was not sufficient to adjust the fat deposition data using Gompertz. Due to the period evaluated, the Gompertz model allowed to verify that females have higher body growth rates when compared with males of the same strains, with accelerated growth up to 14 and 21 days of age for males and females, respectively. Regarding the laying strain, the red has greater growth, with similar potential in depositing protein and water in the carcass, but they are more precocious in the deposition of these nutrients.

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ABSTRACT This work aimed to investigate the antioxidant capacity of the guava agroindustrial waste as a functional additive in broiler feed to improve the performance and meat quality of boilers. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, consisting of four treatments and six replicates with 12 birds. Treatments included different levels of guava byproduct in the feed: 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%. We evaluated the performance of broilers at 7 and 21 days old. At 21 days old, two birds from each experimental unit were euthanized for intestine histologic evaluation (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and breast and deboned thigh samples were collected for analyzes of pH, colorimetry (L*, a*, and b*), and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). The use of guava byproduct in the diet at 7 days old did not affect feed intake and feed conversion of the birds. However, the body weight and weight gain increased linearly with the inclusion of the byproduct. At 21 days old, the guava byproduct did not depress the performance of birds. There was no effect of treatments on villus height, crypt depth, and villus:crypt ratio of the duodenum and jejunum of the birds. The inclusion of guava byproduct resulted in lower crypt depth and linear increase in villus:crypt ratio of the ileum. There was no significant difference in pH and colorimetry of the breast and thigh. With increasing inclusion of byproduct, TBARS value was reduced to 0.72%, indicating greater lipid stability in thigh meat in this inclusion amount. Guava byproduct can be used as an alternative antioxidant additive in broiler feed because it does not depress the productive performance and improves thigh meat quality of boilers.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of two levels of vitamin D3 with or without 1,25- dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) on live performance and bone quality of broiler chickens. For that, we used a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with eight replicates of 30 Cobb®500 male broiler chicks each (n = 960). The two levels of vitamin D3 and the addition or not of 0.5 μg 1,25(OH)2D3/kg were considered as main factors. The vitamin D3 levels were: 2500/2000 IU/kg and 1250/1000 IU/kg for the starter (1 to 21 days) and grower (22 to 40 days) phases, respectively, with the first representing the levels used in industry (100%) and the second, a reduction in 50% of those levels. The 1,25(OH)2D3 source was Solanum glaucophyllum. On days 21 and 40, one broiler per replicate was killed and long bones were removed for analyses of mineral percentage, bone mineral density, biomechanical properties, and morphology. No significant differences were found related to vitamin D3 levels and the addition or not of 1,25(OH)2D3 for live performance, mineral percentage, strength, stiffness, and morphology. Toughness was lower when 1,25(OH)2D3 was used at 21 days, but this effect was not observed at 40 days of age. Bone mineral density was greater when 100% of vitamin D3 was used at 40 days of age. The reduction of up to 50% of vitamin D3 levels is sufficient to ensure performance and bone development of broilers at 21 and 40 days of age. The inclusion of 0.5 μg 1,25(OH)2D3/kg in addition to diets with sufficient levels of vitamin D3 shows no effect on the improvement of those parameters at the same ages.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of HbA1C as a test in monitoring the long-term glycemic control during the perinatal period in minks with the tendency to obesity. On the scanbrown mink farm, screening research on one-year-old females showing predilections to obesity was conducted. In the first year of the experiment, 120 females were assessed using body condition score (BCS) system. The two groups that differed significantly in body weight were selected based on the BCS system and then two treatment groups of 30 females were formed: BCS II (lean) and BCS IV (thick). The groups were subjected to tests during the two years of the experiment. The biological material was urine and blood taken from vena safena five times a year. In whole blood, the level of glycosylated hemoglobin A1C was determined by ion exchange chromatography with chromatographic-spectrophotometric test (BioSystems S.A. company). Plasma glucose level was determined using Cormay reagents and BS 130 apparatus. The level of glucose in urine was also determined using diagnostic Medi-Test Combi 10 VET strips. The results were statistically analyzed using the SAS Enterprise Guide 5.1. The descriptive statistics and the analysis of one-way variance (ANOVA) were used. Statistically significant differences were analyzed by Tukey test at the significance level α = 0.05. Glycosuria was found in females in all studied stages of the production cycle. In both BCS II and BCS IV, hyperglycemia was observed in late lactation and decreased after weaning. Average concentrations of HbA1C reached values from 3.64 to 5.17%. HbA1C is a useful test for monitoring glycemic control that is why the presented research should be continued due to the lack of reference values in case of HbA1C in minks, which can contribute to making the diagnosis and help in confirmation or exclusion of diabetes.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine live weight and body measurements of male and female native ducks raised in different raising systems. One hundred and twenty native ducks (60 males, 60 females) were used in the study. The ducks were raised in deep litter floor and cage systems. Live weight and body values were measured every two weeks, until they were 56 days old. Three-parameter logistic regression and Gompertz model were used to determine growth model of male and female ducks. Interactions of time-raising system and time-sex were statistically significant in terms of live weight. At the end of eight weeks, live weights of ducks raised in deep litter floor were higher than ducks raised in cage system. In addition, live weights of male ducks were higher than female ducks. Consequently, deep litter floor is more appropriate for live weight in native ducks. Accuracy rate of Three-parameter Logistic and Gompertz models for estimation of growth in ducks was between 0.91-0.95 and similar results were obtained from both models. The Gompertz model is appropriate for the data structure of this study because it contains fewer iterations than the Three-Parameter Logistic model.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sumac and turmeric on performance, egg quality traits, and blood parameters of laying hens. Forty Lohman Brown hens at 30 weeks of age were distributed into four groups, consisting of five replicates with two hens in each. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Laying hens were fed different basal diets in treatment groups and control groups. The groups consisted of hens fed a basal diet with 0.5% sumac, a basal diet with 0.5% turmeric, and a basal diet with 0.25% sumac + 0.25% turmeric. Hens were given ad libitum access to feed and water during the experiment. The results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in terms of final body weight, egg production, egg weight, and feed intake after the groups were fed according to the diets as 0.5% sumac, 0.5% turmeric, and 0.25% sumac + 0.25% turmeric. Addition of turmeric increased egg production and egg weight, but reduced the feed conversion ratio compared with the control group. On the other hand, dietary supplementation with sumac decreased egg weight. Shape index, yolk index, albumen index, Haugh unit, and yolk color parameters were also not affected by dietary supplementation of turmeric and sumac. When layers were fed the 0.25% sumac + 0.25% turmeric-supplemented diet, yolk index was higher in number, but Haugh unit and albumen index were lower. Dietary addition of sumac and turmeric does not have any negative influence on performance and egg quality traits of laying hens. Dietary treatments do not significantly affect blood serum cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. With the supplementation of turmeric, AST and ALT levels are higher in number among all the groups. Dietary sumac and turmeric can be added at 0.5% level to laying hen rations without changing animal performance.

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ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of different levels (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) of yeast culture supplementation on body weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg weight, egg quality traits, egg yolk fatty acid composition, and microbiological flora in feces. A total of 240 laying hens at 18-19 weeks of age were divided into four groups and fed a basal diet containing 2750 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 16% crude protein for 16 weeks. The basal diet was supplemented with 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% commercial yeast culture product obtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The different levels of yeast culture supplementation to the diets did not statistically affect body weight change among the treatments. However, feed intake was lowest in the group fed 0.2% of yeast culture. The highest egg weights were obtained from the groups fed 0.1 and 0.2% yeast culture, when compared with control group. Regarding fatty acid composition, linolenic acid (C18:2 n6) was lowest in the group fed 0.2% yeast culture. However, yeast culture supplementation to the diet did not alter the microbial flora. Yeast culture (S. cerevisiae) supplementation to the diet of laying hens is beneficial for increasing feed intake and egg weight of laying hens without affecting the microbial flora in their digestive system.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D3 metabolites 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1α(OH)D3), 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)2D3), and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) on growth performance, bone quality, and intestinal calcium homeostasis-related gene expression in broiler chickens. One-day-old broilers were fed a basal diet and basal diet containing different vitamin D3 metabolites. The body weight, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio in control and experimental broilers were measured to assess the growth performance, mineral levels, and bone breaking strength. The duodenum was used to assess calcium homeostasis-related gene expressions by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. No statistically significant difference was found in growth performance, mineral deposition, or bone breaking strength in broiler chickens after three weeks feeding with vitamin D3. However, supplementation of vitamin D3 metabolites tended to improve feed conversion rate, bone mineral deposition, and breaking strength in broiler chickens. The results demonstrated that vitamin D3 metabolites significantly upregulated calcium homeostasis-related genes, including calbindin, β-glucuronidase, TRPV6, and Na/Pi IIb cotransporter, mRNA levels after 12 h of feeding. The vitamin D3 metabolite 1,25(OH)2D3 was the most effective at regulating calcium homeostasis-associated gene expression after 6 h of feeding. Dietary vitamin D3 metabolites may alleviate the development of TD in broiler chickens and these effects probably occur through regulation of intestinal calcium homeostasis-related gene expression.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of qualitative dietary restriction diet on carcass characteristics, meat quality, fatty acid profile, and performance of finishing pigs fed diets containing cashew bagasse bran. Forty pigs (20 females and 20 males) with initial weight of 60.00±5.24 kg of body weight (BW) were used. The diets were formulated with corn, soybean meal, cashew bagasse bran, vegetable oil, and mineral and vitamin mixture for finishing pigs. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with five treatments and four replicates, with two animals per experimental unit, one of each sex. Parameters related to performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and fatty acids profiles were used. The treatments used in the experiment did not affect feed intake and daily weight gain; however, in relation to feed conversion, a linear effect was observed with the increase of cashew bagasse bran levels in the diet. The same effects were also observed in carcass yield, backfat thickness, and fat area. The meat:fat ratio increased linearly with the increase of fiber in the diet. The level of 22.5% of cashew bagasse bran in finishing pig diets is recommended.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) valine and SID leucine levels on performance, backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth, and biochemical blood parameters of starting gilts. A total of 72 gilts, with initial weight of 15.16±1.15 kg, were distributed in a randomized block design in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, comprised of two SID leucine levels (1.20 and 1.77%) and four SID valine levels (0.58, 0.73, 0.88, and 1.03%), with nine replicates and one animal per experimental unit. No interactions were observed for growth performance parameters. Final weight and average daily gain presented linear and quadratic effects. Setting data to the quadratic model associated with the Linear Response Plateau model, the optimal level of SID valine for average daily gain was achieved at 0.703%. A quadratic effect was also observed for average daily feed intake (ADFI), estimating the highest ADFI at 0.822% of SID valine. No branched chain amino acid (BCAA) effects were observed for backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth, and lean meat percentage. The interaction between levels of BCAA showed that the highest SID leucine levels (1.77%) provided a high plasma urea concentration only at low SID valine levels (0.58 and 0.73%). The SID valine requirement of starting gilts for a maximum average daily gain is achieved at 0.703%, corresponding to 9.72 g day−1, and is not affected by SID leucine levels currently used in conventional diets.

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ABSTRACT Five experiments were conducted to estimate the digestible threonine requirements of slow-growing broilers: experiment 1, starter phase (days 10 to 28); experiment 2, grower I phase (days 29 to 49); experiment 3, grower II phase (days 50 to 69); experiment 4, finisher phase (days 70 to 84); and experiment 5, which was specifically conducted to determine the production of intestinal mucin over two periods (days 50 to 69 and 70 to 84). Different birds were used in all experiments. A completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates was used. Treatments consisted of increasing the values of digestible threonine in the diet through basal feed supplementation with L-threonine (98.5%), which was added instead of cornstarch. The following values of digestible threonine were investigated: 0.622, 0.697, 0.772, 0.847, and 0.922% in experiment 1; 0.586, 0.662, 0.738, 0.814, and 0.890% in experiment 2; 0.570, 0.640, 0.71, 0.780, and 0.850% in experiments 3 and 5; and 0.520, 0.595, 0.670, 0.745, and 0.820% in experiments 4 and 5. The digestible threonine values presented quadratic effects on feed conversion ratio in experiments 1, 2, and 3. Digestible threonine values of 0.628 and 0.609% resulted in higher villus height and greater duodenal crypt depth, respectively. Digestible threonine values of 0.762, 0.767, and 0.733% may be recommended for the starter, grower I, and grower II phases, respectively, based on the best feed conversion ratio. In addition, a digestible threonine level of 0.694% may be recommended for the finisher phase based on the highest production of intestinal mucin.

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ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of gosling quality on their growth parameters, intestinal villus morphology, blood biochemistry, and nonspecific pathological lesions from 0 to 4 weeks old. Seventy-two goslings were randomly distributed into 12 pens, with each pen containing three males and three females in a completely randomized design of two control variables, including healthy and weak goslings. Healthy goslings all shared the same characteristics, such as good features with no abnormalities and full absorption of yolk sac. Albeit lighter body weight (<85 g/bird) and incomplete absorption of the yolk sac were found in the weak geese, no obvious disease was exhibited in them. Post mortem examination revealed that the incidence of nonspecific pathological lesions of the 4 week-old healthy and weak gosling groups were 25.0 and 50.0%, respectively. Nonspecific pathological changes of 4 week-old goslings in the liver, ileum, lung, and heart were 16.7, 12.5, 8.3, and 4.2%, respectively. The healthy goslings also had higher total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein than weak goslings. Separately raising weak goslings from 0 to 4 weeks old could increase the survival rate and reduce economic losses of feeding.

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ABSTRACT We investigated the effect of in ovo injection of lysine, methionine, or their mixture into fertile broiler eggs on hatchability, chick weight, growth performance, inner organ development, caecum total aerobic bacteria, E. coli, coliforms, Enterobactericaea, and ileal histomorphology of broilers. Three hundred fertile eggs obtained from 60-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeders were used. Before this study, a preliminary study was conducted to determine the optimal amino acid dose. Optimum amino acid dose was determined as 2 mg/0.2 mL. Before replacing hatching machine, eggs were weighed individually and numbered. On day 16 of incubation, these eggs were allocated to treatment groups: negative control (no injection), positive control (distilled water injection 0.2 mL), lysine (2 mg/0.2 mL), methionine (2 mg/0.2 mL), and lysine + methionine (1 + 1 mg/0.2 mL). The hatching window lasted 32 h. During hatching, chicks hatched in the first hour and the last 6 h were discarded from the study to ensure equal hatching time. After hatching, 120 one-day-old healthy chicks were divided into five treatment groups with three replicates, each including eight birds, for 21 days. These chicks were given a starter diet (3080 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 22% crude protein) during the trial. The results showed that in ovo injection of lysine, methionine, and lysine + methionine did not affect relative chick weight, livability, growth performance, caecum microbiota, and ileal villi length and thickness. Lysine injection increased hatchability compared with the negative control and methionine-injected groups. Gastrointestinal weight increased in lysine-injected group compared with the negative control group. The in ovo injection of 2 mg/0.2 mL lysine have a positive effect on the hatchability of fertile eggs.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of environmental factors on egg production curve traits in broiler breeders. The weekly egg production records of birds collected from four different flocks were used to estimate the egg production curve parameters using the Compartmental function (y = A(1 − exp−b(t − d))exp−ct). The coefficient of determination (R2) obtained by the model was 0.98. Least squares analysis of variance indicated that the environmental factors such as hatchability and flock had significant effects on egg production curve traits. The highest correlation was observed between the weekly potential maximum yield and yield at the beginning of laying, whereas the lowest correlation was found between the weekly potential maximum production and production after peak yield. Associated factors with the increasing slope of egg production curves had a negative correlation with the decrease after peak. The correlation analysis showed that peak production had a negative and significant relationship with production towards peak and time to reach peak production, while there was a positive and significant correlation with the slope decrease after peak yield. The Compartmental function can be used as an alternative model to predict egg production traits in broiler breeders.

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ABSTRACT The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaf powder (PLP) on broiler performance. One hundred male broiler chicks (aged one day) were divided into five groups consisting of four pens as replicates, which were treated with basal diet (normal control); basal diet supplemented with 1, 2, and 3% PLP; or 50 mg/kg of zinc bacitracin (ZnB) as a positive control for 35 days. Body weights were significantly increased by 1.06, 5.67, 13.15, and 11.92%, respectively, and feed conversion ratios were decreased by 2.36, 8.49, 12.06, and 11.43%, respectively, in 1, 2, 3% PLP- and ZnB-supplemented groups, compared with the normal control group. Notably, the 2 and 3% PLP supplementations had beneficial effects on broiler performance, similar to that of the positive group. Haematological parameters, such as red blood count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit, were improved in the 3% PLP-supplemented group, but no significant differences in white blood count and its differential count were observed. The serum biochemical parameters, such as creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, were found to be decreased in the 2 and 3% PLP-supplemented groups, compared with the normal control group. Finally, 2 and 3% PLP supplementations dramatically decreased the caecal coliform and Escherichia coli populations, but increased the lactobacillus population. Taken together, our results suggest that PLP improves the performance of broilers and balances the gut microbial population. Therefore, PLP can be used as a supplement in the diet of broilers.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of fennel seed (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) supplementation of ration on performance, egg quality, and serum cholesterol of laying quails during an eight-week period. For this purpose, 96 quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of 16 weeks of age were evenly separated into one control group and three treatment groups. Each group was divided into four replicates, each containing six quail. The fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare) were added to the diets of the first, second, and third treatment groups at levels of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9%, respectively. No significant effect of dietary fennel seed supplementation was recorded on body weight, feed intake, egg production, and egg weight. Feed efficiency (kg feed per kg egg) of the 0.6% treatment group was negatively affected by fennel seed supplementation; however, kilogram of feed:dozen egg ratio was not affected when compared with the control group. The effects of dietary treatments on shape index, albumen height, albumen index, Haugh unit, yolk index, yolk colour, blood cholesterol level, and total phenol content of egg yolk had no significance. Dietary fennel seed do not affect the egg quality and blood cholesterol level of laying quail. The amount of 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% dietary fennel seed supplementation do not have any adverse effect on performance and egg quality of laying quail.

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ABSTRACT The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of Mexican oregano essential oil (MOO) extracts from Lippia berlandieri Schauer (LBS) and Poliomintha longiflora Gray (PLG) on performance, blood profiles, carcass variables, and meat composition of broilers at slaugther. A total of 360 one-day-old Ross broilers were randomly distributed into four dietary treatments with six replicate pens per treatment and 15 birds per pen. The dietary treatments were: a basal diet (control), control + 0.40 g of LBS/kg of feed, control + 0.40 g of PLG/kg, and control + 0.40 g of LBS/kg + 0.40 g of PLG/kg. Results showed that linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of days were significant in the performance variables of broilers. The treatments with LBS and PLG maintained the broiler body weight without increasing feed intake and water intake when compared with the control group. Broilers given LBS+PLG and PLG had increased blood leukocytes, lymphocytes, low-density lipoprotein, and hot carcass yields. In meat composition, treatments with PLG and LBS+PLG presented similar breast protein content compared with the control treatment. Supplementation with these two MOO exhibits positive effects on broiler performance, blood profiles, carcass traits, and meat composition. These two MOO may be promising feed supplements as growth promoters and enhancers of meat quality in broiler production.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fats (tallow [TO] or linseed oil [LO]) or conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), singly or in combination, on laying performance, yolk lipids, and fatty acid composition of egg yolks. Three hundred 50-week-old laying hens were given one of five diets containing 2% TO; 1% TO + 1% CLA (TO/CLA); 2% LO; 1% LO + 1% CLA (LO/CLA); and 2% CLA (CLA). Laying performance, egg lipids, and serum parameters were not altered by dietary treatments. Alpha-linolenic acid or long-chain ω-3 fatty acids including eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were elevated in eggs of laying hens fed diets containing LO (i.e., LO or LO/CLA groups) compared with those of hens fed TO-added diets. Dietary CLA, alone or when mixed with different fat sources (i.e., TO or LO), increased the amounts of CLA in egg yolks, being the highest in the CLA-treated group. The supplementation of an equal portion of CLA and LO into the diet of laying hens (i.e., LO/CLA group) increase both CLA and ω-3 fatty acid contents in the chicken eggs.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop an equation to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) using a physical-based classification of corn. A total of 5,055 samples were taken from bulk cargo trucks, over a five-year period. The parameters studied were the variables related to the physical characteristics of grains. The density of maize was evaluated, and AME and AMEn were calculated. The average value for AME was 3,375 kcal/kg, and two groups were formed of high quality and low quality for all samples. Stepwise regression analysis was then carried out using grain quality to estimate AME and AMEn, and the validation of the equations was carried out with 6,490 independent samples. The average value for density was 767.7 kg/m3. The multiple regressions used to estimate AME and AMEn as a function of humidity, density, and physical composition of corn kernels showed that moisture was included for AME, but not for AMEn. The equations presented high coefficients of determination (R2) for AME (0.994) and AMEn (0.987). The discriminant analyses correctly classified 98% of the high-quality samples and 96.69% of low-quality samples, so the error was smaller than the expected. The calculated equations were shown to be good at discriminating between samples of high and low quality of corn according to its physical composition, and the most important variables for separation between groups were damaged grain fraction, impurities, burnt, and soft. The correlation between calculated (independent samples) and estimated metabolizable energy and AMEn were, respectively, 0.9942 and 0.9859. The corn energy values can be estimated based on physical evaluation of the grain.

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ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate the performance and egg quality of lightweight laying hens supplemented with a high biological value mineral, carbo-amino-phospho-chelates (CAPC), compared with inorganic minerals (sulfates), at different recommended values. A total of 320 Dekalb White hens, between 53 and 77 weeks of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design into two treatments, 10 replicates of 16 birds each. The treatments consisted of a reference diet formulated according to breed manual recommendations, in which one group was supplemented with a trace mineral source, CAPC (Cu, 8.6; Fe, 43.7; Mn, 56.4; Se, 0.34; and Zn, 43.7 mg/kg) and the other with a sulfate source, using the levels recommended in the breed manual (Cu, 8; Fe, 60; Mn, 70; Se, 0.25; and Zn, 60 mg/kg). There was no effect of trace mineral supplementation on egg production variables, feed conversion ratio by mass or by dozen eggs, and eggs per housed bird. However, there was an increase in feed intake and weight and mass of eggs when birds fed diet supplemented with CAPC. Regarding egg quality, CAPC supplementation increased the albumen weight and percentage, shell weight, thickness, and strength, and Haugh unit. The eggs from birds fed CAPC supplementation showed higher levels of iron and zinc when compared with eggs from birds fed the sulfate source diet. Better quality rates were observed in variables related to shelf life for the group that received CAPC. Trace mineral sources and recommendations in the diets of high genetic potential laying hens need to be reassessed and allow us to conclude that totally replacing the sulfate for different recommendations of CAPC in laying hen diets helps to improve quality characteristics as well as the nutritional value of eggs.

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ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the effect of variation in the amount of total dietary fiber (TDF) in sow diets, provided from 74 to 114 days of gestation, on the digestibility of nutrients and energy during gestation, as well as productivity and metabolism during gestation and lactation. Thirty-three sows were used in a randomized experimental design. The amounts of TDF in three treatment diets were 156, 223, and 282 g kg−1. The daily intake of nutrients and energy was similar for all diets the entire period of gestation, differing only in the volume of ration consumed, which was 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4 kg day−1 (days 74 to 90) and 2.5, 2.6, and 2.8 kg day−1 (days 91 to 111) for the 156, 223, and 282 g kg−1 TDF diets, respectively. During gestation, the increase in TDF resulted in a significant linear decrease in the digestible energy and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and organic matter. During gestation, blood concentrations of protein and globulins exhibited a quadratic response to the amount of TDF in the diet, whereas cholesterol exhibited a significant linear increase. The productivity and reproductive performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or the birth weight of the piglets were not affected by the amount of TDF, but the average daily weight gain of the litter during nursing increased linearly with increasing levels of dietary fiber. Increasing the amount of TDF reduces the digestibility of nutrients and energy, without affecting the performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or that of the piglets at birth and increasing TDF during gestation improves the weight gain of piglets during lactation.

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ABSTRACT The present study examined the effect of supplementing the diets of laying hens with Pistacia terebinthus seed meal on egg quality during different storage intervals. A total of 192 laying hens (Babcock) were divided into six groups, and each group was further divided into four subgroups with eight hens each. Pistacia terebinthus seed meal was added to the diets of laying hens in the experimental groups at a rate of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 g kg−1 of feed. At the end of the study (56 days), a total of 288 eggs (48 eggs from each group) were collected randomly. Seventy-two eggs were analyzed on day zero of storage, while the other eggs were stored at a temperature of 4 °C. The remaining eggs were analyzed after 10, 20, and 30 days of storage. The result revealed that, at 30 days of storage, the supplementation of terebinthus had a significant effect on the Haugh unit on inclusion levels of 20 and 40 g kg−1. Likewise, the inclusion level of 30 g kg−1 manifested a significant impact on yolk color at 20 days of storage. Eggshell breaking strength and egg weight remained unaffected. Terebinthus seed could be used to extend the storage time of eggs without any adverse effect on egg quality.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional plans of digestible phosphorus for barrows weighing between 30 and 100 kg. Eighty animals were distributed in a randomized block design with five nutritional plans containing 2.19-1.86-1.71, 2.57-2.23-2.09, 2.94-2.61-2.46, 3.32-2.99-2.84, and 3.70-3.36-3.32 g of digestible phosphorus kg−1 of diet, respectively, for the phases of 30 to 50 kg, 50 to 70 kg, and 70 to 100 kg, with eight replications and two barrows per experimental unit. The nutritional plans of digestible phosphorus had no effect on the final body weight, feed intake, daily weight gain, or feed conversion of barrows. The daily intake of digestible phosphorus increased with the dietary concentrations of digestible phosphorus. Of the carcass characteristics assessed, only muscle depth responded significantly to the highest concentration of digestible phosphorus, as assessed in barrows sequentially fed the 3.70-3.36-3.32 g kg−1 diet. The nutritional plans had no effect on backfat, rib eye area, or carcass lean tissue mass, percentage, and deposition. The nutritional plan containing 2.19-1.86-1.71 g kg−1 of digestible phosphorus meet the nutrient requirements for performance and carcass characteristics of barrows weighing from 30 to 100 kg.

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ABSTRACT To assess the ability of the collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu ) to digest dietary fiber, four adult male collared peccaries were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding non-traditional feed ingredients, taken from palm trees with different levels of dietary fiber, on intake and coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) and mean retention time. Four experimental diets were provided ad libitum: corn and soybean meal-based control diet; corn and palm kernel cake-based diet; corn and peach palm byproduct-based diet; and hay, palm kernel cake, and peach palm byproduct-based diet. The CTTAD of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were 0.80±0.09 and 0.61±0.21, respectively. Increasing levels of ADF in diets also linearly decreased the CTTAD of crude protein and gross energy, while increasing non-fiber carbohydrate linearly decreased the CTTAD of ADF. These results confirm the ability of peccaries to digest fiber. However, the intake of a high-moisture and lignified ingredient, as the peach palm byproduct, decreased feed intake of peccaries due to their relatively small forestomach volume, which in turn may decrease their performance when used for prolonged periods. Despite of that, collared peccary gain a significant benefit in digestibility of dietary fiber due to its complex stomach in which fermentation occurs.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to quantify linear and angular morphological measurements of male and female horses participating in the Freio de Ouro competition. This study represents the first scientific evaluation of the biometrics of the Criollo breed, providing essential information for the evaluation of the development of the breed and supporting objective selection. We examined linear and angular measurements of 634 Criollo horses participating in the Freio de Ouro competition in 2011 and 2012, including height, chest circumference, cannon bone circumference, body length, metatarsus length, croup length, chest width, head length, dorsal neck length, throat circumference, and angles of the croup, scapula, and hock. Statistical analysis showed that males had a greater average cannon bone circumference (19.76 cm) than females (18.95 cm) and a greater throat circumference (77.66 cm for males and 73.30 cm for females). None of the other traits evaluated differed between genders. The average height (141.73 cm for males and 141.41 cm for females) was close to the minimum requirement for the breed standard. Subjective observations suggesting that animals of this breed are decreasing in size were not confirmed in this study, as the height and other evaluated measures did not differ between competing horses less or more than seven years of age. Although these measurements in isolation do not indicate the qualities of individual animals, they serve as valuable auxiliary elements for selection work, showing breed tendencies and providing objective data to support technical decisions of judges regarding conformation.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of L-arginine supplementation in lactation diets on the productive and reproductive performance of pluriparous sows and their litters. Seventy-six sows of the same genetic line were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized design with 19 replicates. The experimental unit was the sow and its respective litter. Treatments comprised a control diet (no L-arginine supplementation) and other three diets obtained by top dressing the control diet with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% of L-arginine. L-arginine supplementation had no effect on any performance variables, body condition, milk production, or weaning-estrus interval. There was a quadratic effect on percentage of protein and fat in milk as well as on the daily production of these components. Protein and fat percentage declined during lactation. Adding L-arginine to the diet had a quadratic effect on piglet weight at 13 and 21 days, the optimal level of L-arginine supplementation being estimated as 0.64% and 0.71%, respectively. L-arginine supplementation had a quadratic effect on the weight gain of piglets during the first 13 days and on total period of lactation, the optimal level of L-arginine supplementation being estimated as 0.60% and 0.70%, respectively. Supplementing lactation diets with 0.70% of L-arginine, corresponding to 45 g day−1, improves the weight gain of piglets by improving the nutritional quality of sow milk.

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ABSTRACT This study evaluated the influence of coastcross hay substrate hydration and equine fecal inoculum dilution on the parameters of fermentation and microbiology in in vitro essays. A 2 × 2 factorial block design was used. The first factor was hydration of the coastcross hay substrate 12 h before incubation or at the time of incubation, and the second factor was the dilution of fecal inoculum with a nutrient solution in a weight: weight ratio of 1:1 or 1:3. Degradation of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h. Microorganisms were counted 24 h after inoculation. The ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), pH, and cumulative gas production were measured up to 72 h and adjusted by the non-linear Gompertz regression model. Hydration of substrate and time of incubation increased nutrient degradation of coastcross hay, as well as the final volume of gases and the concentration of Streptococcus spp. The 1:3 dilution increased the final pH and Streptococcus spp. concentration. The hydration of substrate did not have any effect on NH3-N, Lactobacillus spp., cellulolytic, and total anaerobic bacteria concentrations. In addition, no effect of hydration was observed on the fermentation rate and the maximum fermentation time on the model used. The fermentation profile of the grass substrate is not affected by dilution, and, therefore, horse feces can be used as a source of inoculum in in vitro fermentation trials. Hydration increases the gas volumes and the nutrient degradation of grass hay, renders the lag phase time insignificant and, therefore, can be irrelevant in terms of fermentation model settings.

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ABSTRACT This study used path analysis to establish the direct, indirect, and total effects of body linear and angular measurements on subjective morphological scores of the 247 Criollo horses that participated in their most important performance event, Freio de Ouro, in 2012. Freio de Ouro is the only event of the Criollo breed that considers morphology. Measurements of wither height, thoracic girth, cannon bone girth, body length, metatarsus length, croup length, shoulder width, head length, neck length, and upper neck girth, and the angles of rump, shoulder, and hock were taken. These morphometric measurements collectively explained 83% of the variation in morphological score. The measurements with the greatest total effects on score were neck length (correlation coefficient = 0.2300), upper neck girth (0.2100), angle of rump (–0.1600), thoracic girth (0.1400), shoulder width (0.1400), body length (0.1100), croup length (0.1100), shoulder angle (–0.1100), and metatarsus length (0.1000). These results mean that these variables have the highest association with morphological evaluation by referees. This is the first scientific study of the correlation of morphological measurements with judge evaluation in Criollo horses.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of raw bee propolis and water or ethanol extract of propolis on growth performance, some blood parameters, and immunoglobulins in 15-20-week-old Ross-308 broiler breeders. The birds in the control were fed a diet without propolis, whereas the birds in the treatment groups were fed diets with raw propolis (RP), water (WEP), and ethanol (EEP) extract of propolis at the level of 1200, 400, and 400 ppm, respectively. Raw propolis and propolis extracts did not affect body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and some blood parameters, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total antioxidant status, triglyceride, and phosphorus. Birds fed EEP and those in control group had a lower IgA value compared with birds fed RP. Birds fed RP had higher IgM level than those of the other groups, and birds fed EEP had lower IgM level than those of control and RP-fed group. The IgY value of breeders fed EEP was higher than those of the other treatment birds, whereas that of WEP-fed birds was higher than those of control and RP treatment. The antibody levels of Anti-Newcastle disease virus and anti-infectious bursal disease virus were higher in EEP and RP-fed groups than those in the control and WEP-fed groups. The WEP decreased total oxidant status value compared with the control and RP treatments, whereas EEP and WEP increased plasma total protein and calcium contents compared with the control. The EEP increased plasma albumin content compared with RP. The addition of propolis extracts, especially WEP and EEP, to diet improves immunity and antioxidant activity, as well as enhances Ca absorption of broiler breeders.

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ABSTRACT This study examined the effect of chestnut ( Castanea sativa ) meal (CNM) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of pigs. Thirty-two crossbred pigs were randomly allocated equally into four groups and fed one of four diets containing 0, 30, 50, or 100 g kg−1 DM CNM for 49 days. The animals were housed individually into the cage, fed the diet ad libitum , and allowed to access water freely. Feed efficiency decreased quadratically, while carcass yield decreased linearly with increasing CNM supplementation. The highest pH and the lowest drip loss were found in 30 g kg−1 of CNM supplementation, respectively, while no effects on fatty acid profiles were observed in all treatments. The addition of CNM at 30 g kg−1 into the diets could improve feed efficiency and reduce drip loss in meat.

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ABSTRACT The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of three calcium:available phosphorus (Ca:aP) ratios and different supplementation with phytases from different origins on performance and ash, Ca, and P contents in the tibia of broilers. A total of 900 male broilers (22 to 35 days old) were fed ten dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. A 3 × 3 + 1 factorial scheme was used, corresponding to three Ca:aP ratios (4.5:1.0, 6.0:1.0, and 7.5:1.0) and three different supplementations with phytases from different origins (isolated or combined supplementation with bacterial and fungal phytase), plus a control diet. Regardless of the dietary Ca:aP ratio, the isolated use of bacterial phytase provided better feed conversion than the fungal phytase but did not differ from combined supplementation with bacterial and fungal phytase. However, regardless of the supplemented phytase, the 7.5:1.0 Ca:aP ratio decreased the feed conversion. Best results for bone P deposition were observed using diets containing the 4.5:1.0 Ca:aP and fungal phytase or the 4.5:1 and 6.0:1 Ca:aP ratios using the bacterial phytase. In general, when the parameters of feed conversion, bone ash, and P content in tibia are considered together, diets containing a 4.5:1.0 or 6.0:1.0 Ca:aP ratio and 1,500 FTU kg−1 bacterial phytase, or a 4.5:1.0 Ca:aP ratio using fungal phytase and only 1.0 g kg−1 available phosphorus provide better results.

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ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility coefficient (SIDC) of extruded soybean cake (ESC) at four different extrusion temperatures: 90, 100, 110, and 120 °C. In experiment 1, 300 male broilers were randomly distributed into four treatments (600 g kg−1 reference diet + 400 g kg−1 of SBC at different extrusion temperatures) + reference diet, with six replicates of 10 birds. A metabolic assay using the total excreta collection method was performed from 14 to 23 days to determine AME and AMEn. Quadractic effect of the extrusion temperature was observed, with the maximum AMEn value estimated as 3424.99 kcal kg−1 for 105.58 °C. In experiment 2, 300 male broilers were randomly distributed into four treatments (453 g kg−1 protein free diet + 547 g kg−1 SBC at different extrusion temperatures) + protein free diet, with six replicates of 10 birds. Experimental diets were offered from 16 to 21 days, and at 21days, birds were sacrificed by cervical dislocation for collection of the ileal digesta to determine the SIDC of ESC. The best SIDC values for lysine (0.824%), methionine (0.908%), and cysteine (0.741%) were estimated at 117.72, 114.40, and 107.37 °C, respectively. The other amino acids evaluated showed a linear response, with better SIDC values with increasing extrusion temperatures. The extrusion temperatures affect metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility of soybean cake for broilers, being important the standardization of extrusion temperature to maximize the nutritional value of soybean cake used in broiler diets.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine prediction equations to estimate the nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of animal meals used in broiler diets through meta-analysis. A bibliographic review was undertaken with studies conducted in Brazil from 2000 to 2016 to catalogue information on AMEn values and the following chemical elements in the composition of the feedstuffs: crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE), mineral matter (MM), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Groups were also catalogued and formed according to sex and age of birds. Chemical correlations were analyzed, and a multiple linear regression model with the stepwise procedure was used to examine the association between the variables, which were included in the equation as a function of their importance. High and significant correlation coefficients between the independent (GE, MM, CP, EE, Ca, and P) and dependent variable (AMEn) contribute to the understanding of variations in the energy values of these feedstuffs. According to the coefficients of determination, the best equations to estimate AMEn of poultry offal meal and meat and bone meal are AMEn=6139−45.5CP+0.356GE−123.5MM(R2=0.8302) and AMEn=2267+19.9CP+67.9EE−44.4MM(R2=0.9021) , respectively.

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ABSTRACT Different levels of glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine sulfate) and vitamin C were injected in ovo to determine whether additive use influences the incubation parameters and bone characteristics of posthatch chicks. Hatchability was not affected by addition of glycosaminoglycans and vitamin C in ovo. However, chicks that received 4 μg additive showed 2.86% reduction in total mortality when compared with chicks from non-injected eggs. Moreover, tibia area and femur bone mineral density increased in chicks from eggs injected with 2.16 and 6.00 μg of additive, respectively. In ovo feeding with glycosaminoglycans and vitamin C can benefit bone development in embryos and reduce total mortality during the incubation period.

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ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth performance and carcass characteristics of gilts from 25 to 100 kg body weight (BW) fed diets with increased net energy (NE) levels. Seventy-two gilts with initial BW of 23.24±2.47 kg were allotted to one of six dietary treatments (2300, 2380, 2460, 2540, 2620, and 2700 kcal NE kg−1) using a completely randomized block design, with two pigs per replicate, and six replicates per treatment. Corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated to be fed in three phases (25 to 50, 50 to 70, and 70 to 100 kg BW). Soybean oil was added to replace the inert ingredient kaolin to meet the NE level of each diet. Increasing dietary NE decreased the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and improved the feed:gain ratio (F:G) and standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine:gain ratio in all the phases evaluated. In the second phase, average daily gain increased with increasing dietary NE level, although SID lysine intake decreased. At the end of the first phase, increasing dietary NE increased backfat and decreased lean percentage. In the last phase, lean percentage linearly decreased as dietary NE increased. Increasing dietary NE for gilts from 25 to 100 kg BW decreases ADFI and improves F:G. However, as dietary NE increases, lean percentage decreases without affecting growth performance.

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ABSTRACT This experiment was conducted to evaluate growth performance and carcass characteristics of barrows from 25 to 100 kg fed diets with different dietary net energy (NE) levels. Seventy-two barrows with initial body weight (BW) of 25.19±2.13 kg were allotted using a completely randomized block design to one of six dietary NE treatments (2300, 2380, 2460, 2540, 2620, and 2700 kcal kg−1), which had two pigs per replicate and six replicates per treatment. Diets were formulated to be fed in three phases (25 to 60, 60 to 70, and 70 to 100 kg BW). The six different dietary NE densities were met by adding soybean oil in place of the inert ingredient (kaolin) to a corn-soybean meal-based diet. Increasing dietary NE decreased average daily feed intake and average daily standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine intake in all of the three phases evaluated and improved the feed:gain ratio and SID lysine:gain ratio in the first and third phases. In the first and second phases, average daily NE intake and NE:gain ratio were similar among treatments, but NE increased and NE:gain worsened during the last phase as dietary NE increased. Average daily gain was not affected by dietary NE in the first and second phases; however, it improved in the last phase. Backfat was thicker, and lean percentage was reduced by increasing the dietary NE in all three phases of this study. Thus, barrows consume less feed, but carcass fat increases if dietary NE is increased from 2300 to 2700 kcal kg−1.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the energy value of pasta waste through a metabolism trial and determine the best level of its inclusion in broiler diets. In the metabolism trial, sixty 14-day-old birds were assigned to two treatments (control diet and a diet in which 30% was replaced by the byproduct) with six replicates and five birds per experimental unit. In the performance trial, 525 one-day-old chicks were assigned to treatments consisting of five levels of pasta waste (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 g kg−1) in the diet, with seven replicates and 15 birds per experimental unit, in a completely randomized design. The phases of up to 7, 21, 35, and 42 days of age were evaluated. At the end, two broilers with average weight were selected per plot for carcass evaluation. An economic analysis was undertaken. The calculated apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of the waste was 3812 kcal kg−1, and its nitrogen-corrected AME was 3616 kcal kg−1. In the performance trial, no significant difference was detected from 1 to 7 days. However, in the other phases, a decreasing effect was observed on feed intake, weight gain, slaughter weight, hot- and cold-carcass weights, empty- and full-gizzard weights and yields, cuts (chest, drumstick, thigh, wings, and back), and feed conversion worsened. The revenue and gross margin calculated for the diets decreased with pasta waste. Therefore, pasta waste is not a viable alternative, except in the pre-starter phase of broilers.

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ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the optimal duration of creep feeding that improves the growth performance and fecal score of piglets and the performance and estrus interval of sows. Sixteen sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) and their litters were used in this 24-day trial. Dietary treatments were: Treatment 1, in which creep feed was not provided; treatment 2, in which creep feed was provided at the 7th day of life (day 7 to weaning); treatment 3, in which creep feed was provided at the 14th day of life (day 14 to weaning); and treatment 4, in which creep feed was provided at the 21st day of life (day 21 to weaning). There was no difference in body weight or loss, backfat thickness or loss, or estrus interval among treatments in the sows. Piglets in treatment 2 had higher body weight (BW) than pigs of treatments 1, 3, and 4. In addition, piglets in treatment 3 had higher BW than those of treatments 1 and 4. From birth to weaning, piglets of treatments 2 and 3 had higher average daily gain than those of treatments 1 and 4. There was no difference in fecal score of piglets among treatments. Piglets fed creep feed initiated from the first week have higher BW and average daily gain at weaning compared with those initiated from the second and third weeks, indicating that a longer duration of creep feeding improves the growth performance of piglets.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the adjustment quality of non-linear models and estimate the growth parameters and body chemical composition of a meat-type quail strain (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) and two laying quail strains (Coturnix coturnix japonica), designated yellow and red. The study used 1500 quail, not sexed, distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and five repetitions. The experimental period was from 1-42 days of age. The birds were raised in a conventional system and fed ad libitum with a diet formulated to meet their nutritional requirements. Quail were weighed weekly, and a representative sample was slaughtered to evaluate their body chemical composition. The adjustment quality of the models was evaluated by means of the residual mean square (RMS), regression residue squares sum (SSRR), and number of iterations required for convergence. In evaluating the adjustment quality for the body weight of the three strains, the Gompertz, Logistic, and Von Bertalanffy models gave good fit, with Gompertz providing the best adjustment among them. For body composition, the Gompertz and Logistic models were the best, with Gompertz showing a slight superiority. Gompertz is the best model for describing growth curves and body chemical composition of body weight, protein, water, and ash in meat-type quail. In addition, it is the best model for describing growth curves and body chemical composition of body weight of yellow laying quail and of body weight, protein, and ash in red laying quail. Logistic was the best model for describing growth curves and body chemical composition of water, protein, and ash in yellow laying quail, and of water in red laying quail.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphology and biometrics of female Amiata donkeys reared in four different areas of southern Tuscany, Italy, to determine the differentiation degree of animals. Four southern Tuscan areas were investigated: two mountainous zones (East and West Amiata) and two flatter areas (Coastal area and Siena surrounding). Morphology and biometrics of adult female Amiata donkeys were collected to determine the homogeneity of the population. Primitive coat markings typical of the breed (shoulder and leg stripes) were found in Amiata donkey. Jennets from Siena surrounding were more dolichomorphic, while West Amiata individuals were smaller. The Principal Component Analysis and the Discriminant Analysis separated the Siena surrounding jennets from the other populations. This result was confirmed through the heatmap representation. The biometrics found in this research confirm that Amiata donkey is a small-medium sized breed suitable for different purposes.

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ABSTRACT We assessed the effects of different amounts of water-treated black tea waste (BTW) in the diets of laying hens on performance, egg quality, yolk peroxidation, and blood parameters in this study. The experiment lasted for 12 weeks, during which a total of 108 Lohman layers, of 24 weeks old, were randomly allocated to one of six dietary treatments (18 hens each); each treatment consisted of six replicate cages, each containing three hens. Experimental animals were fed a commercial diet that contained 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% BTW in place of wheat bran. Providing BTW in diets for laying hens, instead of wheat bran, did not have a significant effect on egg production, egg weight, or body weight change. As the amount of BTW in the diet increased, feed intake, cracked egg rates, and feed conversion ratio linearly increased. Additionally, use of BTW in diets of laying hens did not influence some egg quality parameters, such as shape index or shell strength. Increasing proportions of BTW in the diet, however, had a quadratic effect on yolk color and shell weight, a linear effect on yolk index and shell thickness, and a cubic effect on albumen index and Haugh unit. In response to increasing BTW percentage, there were no differences in blood parameters except for albumen, triglyceride, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine aminotransferase levels. Malondialdehyde values in the egg yolks obtained from treatment groups fed diets containing BTW at different levels and stored for 14 and 28 days were lower than in those of the control group, but there were no differences at 56 days. Results of our study showed that supplementing diets of laying hens with different levels of water-treated BTW did not have adverse effects on either animal performance or egg quality parameters and resulted in strong antioxidative activity. Consequently, BTW may be used to replace up to 100% of wheat bran in the diets of laying hens, but the best outcomes are observed at 4% BTW level.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa L.) inclusion levels (0, 15, 30, and 45 g kg−1 in dry matter) replacing ground corn on the feeding behavior, as well as physiological and hematological variables of crossbred lactating Anglo Nubian goats. Eight Anglo Nubian goats were used, which were distributed in a double 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design (four periods and four levels of buriti oil) replacing corn in the total dry matter. For the evaluation of feeding behavior, single animals were observed every ten minutes for 24 h on three days. Respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), rectal temperature (RT), and sweating rate (SR) of the animals were evaluated in the morning (09:00 h) and in the afternoon (15:00 h). Blood samples were always taken in the morning, before feeding, by puncturing the jugular vein for the complete blood count and white blood cell count. The levels of buriti oil had no effect on feeding, rumination, idling time, water intake, defecation and urination, DM intake, feed efficiency, and rumination efficiency of DM and NDF, but had effects on NDF intake. Physiological variables (RT, SR, RR, and HR) in both periods of the day were not influenced by the inclusion of buriti oil. However, SR and RR were higher in the afternoon than in the morning. In erythrocyte, results showed that the hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume increased with the inclusion of buriti oil. Hemoglobin, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and total plasma protein were not affected by the inclusion of buriti in the goat diet. The inclusion of buriti oil is recommended in up to 45 g kg−1 (DM basis) as a replacement for ground corn in diet of lactating goats without affecting the feeding behavior and physiological and hematological variables.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and carcass and meat characteristics of lambs fed a solution of cheese whey plus water (100 g kg−1 dry matter) (CW) during feedlot and pre-slaughter lairage. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial (place – feedlot and slaughterhouse, food – water or CW). We evaluated the following treatments (feedlot/slaughterhouse): CW/CW, CW/water, water/CW, and control (water/water). The lambs were given a balanced diet for 70 days in the feedlot. Slaughter started 12 h after the animals arrived at the slaughterhouse. Dry matter intake, gain-to-feed ratio, average daily gain, and body weight of lambs fed CW were similar to those of control lambs. The water/CW group consumed less of this solution than the CW/CW group in the slaughterhouse. The CW supplied as a pre-slaughter supplement reduces the drip losses of lamb carcasses provided that the animals also consume it during the feedlot period. The other carcass characteristics (carcass weight, pH, subcutaneous fat thickness, and ribeye area) were similar among treatments. The meat characteristics (color, water holding capacity, cooking losses, and shear force) were similar among treatments. Whey cheese added to water can be used as an ingredient of the diet for lambs and as pre-slaughter supplement, since it does not change performance and improves carcass characteristics.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of substituting soybean meal for urea in diets based on deferred buffelgrass on the performance of feedlot sheep. Thirty mixed-breed sheep with an average initial body weight of 17±1.5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design in which the experimental treatments consisted of five diets with six replicates. Diets were composed of deferred buffelgrass plus concentrates and calculated to be isoproteic. Treatments were represented by the substitution of soybean meal for the urea levels (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%). Nutrient intake did not differ among animals fed diets with urea levels. Hot and cold carcass weights, hot and cold carcass dressing percentages, initial and final pH, and weight of commercial cuts did not differ among animal fed diets with urea levels. There was no difference for non-carcass components among animals, except for the empty carcass, gall bladder, and perirenal fat weights, which were influenced by dietary urea levels. Substituting the crude protein from soybean meal for the protein from urea provides a similar performance in sheep consuming deferred buffelgrass.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and carcass and meat characteristics of lambs fed a solution of crude glycerin plus water (100 g kg−1 of dry matter) (GLY) during feedlot and pre-slaughter lairage. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 2 factorial (GLY available or not in feedlot and GLY available or not in the slaughterhouse). We evaluated the following treatments (feedlot/slaughterhouse): GLY/GLY, GLY/water, water/GLY, and water/water (control). Lambs fed a balanced diet for 70 days in the feedlot. Slaughter started 12 h after the animals arrived at the slaughterhouse. Dry matter intake, feed conversion, average daily gain, and body weight of lambs fed GLY were similar to those of control lambs. Lambs receiving GLY ingested more water in the feedlot. At the slaughterhouse, water/GLY animals ingested more glycerin and water than GLY/water animals ingested water. Group GLY/GLY had lower drip loss in carcasses than the group GLY/water. The other carcass and meat characteristics (carcass weight, pH, subcutaneous fat thickness, ribeye area, color, water holding capacity, cooking losses, and shear force) were similar among treatments. Solution of crude glycerin plus water can be used as a dietary ingredient for lambs, since it improves hydration and does not change performance and carcass characteristics. This solution supplied as a pre-slaughter supplement does not improve carcass and meat characteristics.

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ABSTRACT The live weight gain of cattle on tropical pastures is reviewed and found to be low and dependent on the length of the growing season. Supplements may be added to address the primary limiting nutrient, which, in the dry season, is crude protein. The response relationships of live weight gain to level of supplement (protein or energy) that have been developed for animals on pasture in Brazil and Australia have been compared and found to be very similar. This gives confidence in recommending a supplementation strategy for cattle on tropical pastures. Response in the wet season was very low and likely to be uneconomic compared with dry season supplementation. Supplementation is costly and should only be used as a last resort, but the strategy needs to be viewed in the context of a growth path to a defined market or slaughter weight. In Australia, high inputs in the first dry season are risky as subsequent compensatory growth can reduce or eliminate the weight advantage of a supplement. There is less financial risk in using supplements towards the end of the growth path. Growth paths can follow many forms and there is no need to maximise live weight gain in each period. Targeted supplements in the second dry season, leucaena based systems, other special-purpose pastures or crops, and feedlots offer the most economical way for cattle to meet market targets. The expected annual live weight gain and weaning weight are other major factors which determine the growth path, target market which can be achieved, and the level of intervention (supplements, legumes, feedlots, etc) which are required and when. Some recent results on growth paths in Australia are presented.

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ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of crude glycerin (CG) supplied separately from the other dietary ingredients to goats during the feedlot and in the pre-slaughter lairage on the nutrient intake, performance, behavioral and physiological parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. Twenty-eight uncastrated male goats from a cross between the Boer breed and mixed-breed goats were used in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, consisting of the feedlot with or without CG inclusion in the diets (96.90 g kg-1 DM) and the pre-slaughter lairage, also with or without the ingredient. In the feedlot, goats fed CG had a lower intake of dry matter and nutrients. Crude glycerin intake reduced the weight gain and body weight of goats and increased feed conversion. Weights of carcass and cuts (leg, loin, ribs, and shoulder) were lower when the animals consumed CG in the feedlot. In pre-slaughter lairage, concentrations of cortisol were lower when the animals consumed CG. Characteristics of carcass and meat (pH, color, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and shear force) were not changed by the supply of CG during the pre-slaughter. When supplied during the feedlot period and separately from the other dietary ingredients, CG negatively affected the performance and carcass characteristics of goats without changing meat quality. In the pre-slaughter lairage, CG intake lowers the cortisol level and does not change the behavioral parameters or carcass and meat characteristics of goats.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementing diet of lambs with agroindustrial co-products on the nutritional quality of meat fat and study the variation of fat quality parameters based on the type of muscle. Twenty lambs were distributed into four experimental groups and fed a control diet or diets containing cottonseed, sunflower meal, and castor cake. After 106 experimental days, the animals were slaughtered. Samples of Biceps femoris, Longissimus dorsi, Semimembranosus, and Triceps brachii muscles were taken for fatty acid and cholesterol analyses. Castor cake and sunflower meal diets produced meats with lower levels of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared with the control diet. Castor cake diet contributed to tissue reduction of n-3 PUFA. Lower conjugated linoleic acid concentration and polyunsaturated:saturated fatty acid (P:S) ratio and higher saturated fatty acids content and Thrombogenicity Index were observed in Longissimus dorsi meat. Of the co-products studied, although castor cake diet reduced cholesterol levels in Biceps femoris muscle, sunflower meal was identified as the preferred choice for lamb feeding, since it reduced n-6 PUFA without, however, decreasing n-3 PUFA. Longissimus dorsi meat had the lowest fat quality indexes. The more oxidative muscles, such as Biceps femoris, tend to generate meats with higher cholesterol concentrations.

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ABSTRACT An in vitro study was carried out to identify the effects of different inclusion levels of postbiotics from Lactobacillus plantarum RG14 on rumen fermentation profiles, gas production kinetics, and microbial population in rumen fluid collected from goats. Postbiotics were added at different levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2%) and incubated for 72 h with 200 mg dry matter (DM) of a substrate containing 60% Guinea grass and 40% commercial concentrate. The experiment was conducted in triplicate on different days with four replications per treatment. Rumen fermentation kinetics, pH, organic matter digestibility (OMD), volatile fatty acids (VFA), and microbial populations were investigated. Net gas production and gas production from the immediate soluble fraction (a) increased linearly, and the volume of gas produced from the insoluble fraction (b) and potential gas production (a + b) quadratically increased with the increasing levels of postbiotics. A significant linear increase in OMD was observed for increasing postbiotic levels. Total and individual molarity of ruminal VFA and acetic acid to propionic ratio were also significantly increased by postbiotic inclusion. Populations of total bacteria, cellulolytic bacteria ( Fibrobacter succinogenes , Ruminococcus albus , Ruminococcus flavefaciens ), and total protozoa were significantly increased in the postbiotic treatment. Postbiotics in the ruminal fluid in vitro enhance rumen fermentation and improve digestibility and VFA production without any adverse effects on pH.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate productive traits in sheep fed roughage-free diets by multivariate analysis. Forty lambs were used in this study: 20 Santa Inês animals, consisting of 10 uncastrated males and 10 females; and 20 crossbreds (½ Santa Inês × Dorper), consisting of 10 uncastrated males and 10 females, at an average age of five months. Lambs were randomly allocated into the following treatments: Santa Inês males fed once daily (SM1); Santa Inês males fed twice daily (SM2); Santa Inês females fed once daily (SF1); Santa Inês females fed twice daily (SF2); crossbred males fed once daily (CM1); crossbred males fed twice daily (CM2); crossbred females fed once daily (CF1); and crossbred females fed twice daily (CF2). In the multivariate analysis, a difference was detected between the mean values for production classes and feeding-behavior variables (Wilks, Pillai, Hotelling-Lawley, and Roy tests). Tocher's optimization method had two groups formed: Group I, comprising treatments SM1, SM2, SF1, SF2, CF1, and CF2; and Group II, containing treatments CM1 and CM2 (crossbred males). When production and cud chews per day were evaluated, neutral detergent fiber digestibility and final weight were the performance-digestibility variables that most contributed to explaining the variation between treatments. When the feeding behavior was assessed, the time spent on other activities was the variable that most contributed. The crossbred genotype (½ Santa Inês × Dorper) and the male sex have superior performance for weight-related traits. However, when these animals are confined with females, it is recommended to supply the feed only once daily, irrespective of the genetic group.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of protected fat from palm oil on body weight and milk production and composition of lactating Lacaune ewes. Four treatments (0, 20, 40, and 60 g kg−1 as fed) of protected fat from palm oil were used to feed nine animals in each group. Isoproteic and isoenergetic diets were formulated and adjusted for each animal after milk weighing. Corn silage was used as roughage on the same proportion of concentrated to feed all animals. Milk samples were collected weekly for chemical analyses up to the seventh week of the lactation period and every other week after that until the end of the lactation period (182 days). Increased levels of protected fat in the diet of lactating ewes resulted in lower body weight gain and poor animal body condition. The production peak showed differences and was higher in the treatment of 40 g kg−1 of palm oil, but milk production during lactation was higher in animals that received 60 g kg−1 of protected fat supplementation. Animals fed 60 g kg−1 of protected fat showed the highest milk yield. We observed a positive linear effect on milk fat content, whereas the effect on milk protein, lactose, and nonfat solids was linearly negative after dairy sheep fed protected fat from palm oil. There were no changes in the amount (kg) of milk fat, protein, lactose, total solids, and nonfat solids in any of the treatments. Therefore, protected fat from palm oil is efficient to increase milk production and fat content.

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ABSTRACT Our objective was to evaluate performance and fatty acid contents of the meat of Holstein veal fed in feedlots and slaughtered at four different pre-determined live weights (140, 180, 220, and 260 kg). Twenty-three non-castrated calves with initial average ages of 58 days and 57 kg live weight were used in this study. Average daily gain, dry matter intake, nutrient intake, cold carcass weight, cold carcass yield, scraps, and fat thickness improved with increasing slaughter weight. However, C18:0, C22:0, C18:2Trans10Cis12, C18:1n9Cis acids, sum of unsaturated fatty acids, and lipid content decreased with the increase in slaughter weight. Raising the slaughter weight of Holstein calves from 144 to 260 kg improves the performance of animals, mainly due to the increase in their intake capacity. However, this increase in slaughter weight does not result in significant changes in the fatty acid composition of the meat.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of two different enzymatic complexes, fibrolytic (NSPases) or amylolytic (EXP3066) enzymes, on growth performance, digestibility, behavior, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. Thirty-six ½ Angus yearling bulls with an average initial weight of 391±5.0 kg were used in this experiment blocked by weight in a completely randomized design divided in three treatments: control, NSPases, and EXP3066. The basal diet was composed of 85% whole corn grain and 15% nucleus. NSPases increased average daily gain on days 63 and 84, and gain:feed ratio on days 42, 63, and 84. Total carcass weight and carcass daily gain were improved by 4.8% and up to 6.0% with EXP3066 and NSPases supplementations, respectively. The group that received NSPases supplementation showed even greater carcass feed efficiency when compared with animals in the control group. There was an increase in apparent dry matter digestibility and a decrease of fecal whole grain residual percentage with enzyme supplementation. Enzyme supplementation affected hot carcass weight and EXP3066 provided greater values for ribeye area and marbling compared with control. Exogenous enzymes improve performance and carcass traits in feedlot cattle fed high-grain diet.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the production performance and carcass traits of feedlot steers fed a high-energy diet supplemented with doses of an enzyme complex (0, 2.5, 5.0, and, 7.5 g animal−1 day−1). Thirty-two ½ Angus ½ Nellore crossbred steers at an average age of 12 months and an average initial weight of 422 kg, were kept in a feedlot for 77 days. The roughage-free diet was composed of a mixture of whole corn grain and a protein-mineral-vitamin mix at a constant ratio of 85:15, on a dry matter basis. A completely randomized block design was adopted, consisting of four treatments and four replicates, in which each replicate was represented by a stall with two animals. Each gram of product added to the diet led to a decrease of 0.0818 kg in daily dry matter intake (DMI), whereas fat thickness at the ribs and at the hindquarter increased by 0.3850 and 0.080 mm, respectively. Feed efficiency increased by 0.0054 kg BW kg DMI−1 per gram of enzyme added. Apparent dry matter digestibility had a quadratic response, with maximum digestion manifested at the dose of 4.78 g animal−1 day−1. The gradual inclusion of enzyme complex reduces the DMI but increases feed efficiency and carcass fat cover of feedlot steers.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three levels of cull pinto beans (CPB) on animal performance, energy balance, and digestibility of hair ewes during pregnancy-lactation. One hundred and sixty-eight Pelibuey ewes were used (105 multiparous and 63 primiparous). Seven ewes of each type were randomly assigned to each of the 24 pens. Then, the twenty-four pens were randomly assigned to one of three treatments. Treatments were assigned on DM basis at: 0 g kg−1 of CPB in the supplement; 250 g kg−1 of CPB in the supplement; and 500 g kg−1 of CPB in the supplement. Data was analyzed by using the PROC MIXED of SAS. Lamb birth and weaning weight were also evaluated with the GLM procedure of SAS. All variables were analyzed as a completely randomized design. No differences among treatments were observed for body weight, body condition score, non-esterified fatty acids, and body weaning weight. During late pregnancy, dry matter intake was different among treatments, but it was similar during lactation. Body birth weight was different among treatments and showed a quadratic effect. At day 30 of lactation, a treatment effect was found for digestibility of dry matter (DM). At the end of lactation, digestibility of crude protein was different among treatments. In day 60 of lactation, differences among treatments were found for digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Due to equal ewe performance among treatments of CPB and its low cost, its use is recommended in hair ewe feeding for these productive stages: 500 g kg−1 DM of the supplement during pregnancy and 400 g kg−1 DM during lactation.

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ABSTRACT Sustainable production of adequate quantities of food to support a growing human population is a worldwide goal. Under current feeding conditions in the United States, dairy cattle convert dietary nitrogen to milk nitrogen with 25% efficiency. The remaining 75% is excreted, which contributes to air and water quality problems and reduces economic performance of the industry. Efficiency could be improved to 29% if protein was given to just meet current NRC requirements. Additional improvements may be achievable, but only with improved knowledge of amino acid (AA) requirements. The current metabolizable protein requirement model overestimates true requirements due to lack of knowledge of AA supply and requirements and to intrinsic limitations in system data and assumptions. Existing protein supply models based on passage and degradation rates are biased, which undermines predictions of AA supply. The use of an equation driven solely by protein solubility of each ingredient in the diet with no consideration of the effects of passage rate yielded unbiased predictions with significant improvements in precision. However, this still leaves a problem in predicting the AA composition of the ruminally undegraded protein (RUP). Current models generally assume that RUP AA composition equals the parent ingredient composition, but assessments of RUP AA composition indicate that this is false. Thus, bias is being introduced into predictions of the absorbed AA supply, which hampers derivation of estimates of AA digestion and absorption from the small intestine. Emerging isotope-based methods hold promise in allowing assessment of AA availability from individual ingredients in vivo, which will allow construction of a database of true ingredient AA bioavailabilities. These efforts will eventually allow development of more robust predictions of AA supply. On the AA requirement side, numerous data indicate that the efficiency of metabolizable protein use for lactation is variable and maximally 45%, whereas most models assume an efficiency of 65% or greater. The efficiencies of individual AA are centered on the protein efficiency value with those lower in efficiency, likely being provided in large excess. A better representation of the use efficiency of individual AA would allow improvements in overall animal N efficiency. Variable efficiency is driven by regulatory mechanisms that control protein synthesis in response to the supply of energy and individual AA and circulating concentrations of hormones and these drivers act independently and additively. Under this theory, protein synthesis can respond to nutrients other than the one identified as most limiting. Reflecting this regulation in our requirement models will allow better prediction of AA efficiency and enable construction of diets that minimize excess of individual AA by optimizing the energy and hormonal signals to improve N efficiency. Models of such an interacting system have been developed and shown to be superior in performance to models based on current paradigms.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a mixture of direct-fed microbials (DFM), yeast, and digestive enzymes on animal performance in feedlot cattle, as well as digestibility when finishing feedlot cattle. Thirty crossbreed (Charolais × Beefmaster) steers averaging 15 months old and 321.83±3.73 kg of initial body weight were used. Animals were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: control (basal diet) and a mixture of DFM, yeast, and digestive enzymes (basal diet + 30 g of the mixture). Each group contained fifteen experimental units. Animals were fed individually twice a day, and dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. Body weights were recorded initially and subsequently at 28-day intervals for a total of 140 days to evaluate average daily gain (ADG). The gain:feed ratio (G:F) was also calculated per period. Dry matter digestibility, crude protein (CPD), and neutral detergent fiber (NDFD) were evaluated in the finishing phase. Ten steers per treatment were randomly selected for digestibility evaluations. Insoluble acid detergent fiber was used to calculate apparent digestibility. A completely randomized design with measurements repeated over time was used to evaluate animal performance, and a completely randomized design was used to evaluate apparent digestibility. No effect of treatment was observed for DMI. At the end of the trial, differences for ADG were found between treatments, with higher values in control than the treatment group. However, no effect for G:F was found. Dry matter digestibility, CPD, and NDFD were similar between treatments. The addition of the mixture of DFM, yeast, and digestive enzymes as a feed supplement in the diet of feedlot cattle does not improve animal performance and nutrient digestibility.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding crude glycerin with food additives (sodium monensin or essential oils) to the diets of beef cattle on feed intake, ruminal parameters, in vitro digestibility, and production of greenhouse gases. Five ruminally cannulated Nellore steers were randomly assigned in a 5×5 Latin square design. The treatments were: control, without crude glycerin and additives; with essential oils and without crude glycerin; with sodium monensin and without crude glycerin; with essential oils and crude glycerin; and with sodium monensin and crude glycerin. The addition of crude glycerin caused a reduction in dry matter (DM) intake, increase in vitro dry matter digestibility, and decrease in vitro crude protein digestibility, regardless of the food additive. All treatments were effective in maintaining the rumen environment with pH values above 6.2 and ammonia nitrogen concentrations above 10 mg dL−1. No difference was observed in the production and quality of protozoal and bacterial fractions. The addition of crude glycerin at 200 g kg−1 DM in the total diet can partially replace corn grain and soybean hulls and be combined with either sodium monensin or essential oil without impairing the rumen fermentation, being effective in reducing gas methane production and, when combined with sodium monensin, enables more efficient utilization of the diet by the animal. Therefore, feedlot experiments at large scales of production should be evaluated to prove these positive results.

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ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon sp. cv. Tifton 85) with levels of cocoa (Theobroma cacao) byproduct (0, 8, 16, and 24%, diet dry matter basis) in the diet of 16 Holstein × Gir heifers with an average body weight of 363.0±27.7 kg on their nutrient intake, digestibility, and protein balance. The experimental period was 17 days, and the sample collection period was five days. There was no effect of cocoa byproduct on nutrient intake. However, the byproduct affected the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber, all of which decreased as the level of inclusion of the byproduct in the diet was increased. Nitrogen balance was negatively affected by the inclusion of 24% cocoa byproduct. It is recommended to use cocoa byproduct up to the level of 16% to replace Tifton 85 grass hay in diets for dairy heifers.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the multivariate relationship among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in Saanen goats of different sexes (castrated males, females, and intact males) using canonical correlation analysis. Individual records of 274 Saanen goats combined from 10 studies was used. Two sets of body constituents were established: the first one contained variables related to body protein or fat (canonical variate U) and the second contained variables related to body calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, or potassium (canonical variate V). Two canonical pairs were identified for each sex. However, irrespective of sex, first canonical pairs accounted for more than 87% of variance of the dependent variables, these only being used for the analysis. For canonical variate U1, canonical weights for protein were greater than that for fat (in castrated males, protein = 0.62 and fat = 0.41; in females, protein = 0.96 and fat = 0.039; and in intact males, protein = 0.81 and fat = 0.20). For canonical variate V1, in males, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and phosphorus, whereas the lowest were for calcium (in castrated males, potassium = 0.485 > phosphorus = 0.259 > magnesium = 0.206 > sodium = 0.129 > calcium = 0.081, and in intact males, potassium = 0.499 > phosphorus = 0.459 > sodium = 0.105 > magnesium = 0.024 > calcium = 0.001). On the other hand, in females, the highest canonical weights were for potassium and calcium, whereas the lowest was for magnesium (potassium = 0.539 > calcium = 0.201 > phosphorus = 0.178 > sodium = 0.088 > magnesium = 0.081). The current results may help to understand the role of sex on strength and nature of the association among body protein, fat, and macrominerals in growing Saanen goats.

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ABSTRACT This paper explored the mix market characteristics of sheep meat as a product for sale in different cities in the states of São Paulo and Paraná. For this, 81 products were purchased in 21 outlets sampled in a “non-probabilistic” manner for convenience and then subjected to analysis of yield of meat, bone, and fat. Imported products represented 20% of the total, being marketed in hypermarkets. It was observed that 37% of the total products were obtained in hypermarkets, 31% in supermarkets, 23% in butcher shops, and 8.6% in meat outlets. Almost 9% of the products had not undergone the official slaughter inspection system. The main types of products identified were palettes and legs with bones (33.3 and 24.7%, respectively); however, only 25% were satisfactorily displayed to consumers. The yields obtained in meat and deboned portions were 74% and 59% of the total weight, significantly affecting the average adjusted sales prices of the products, respectively US$13.01/kg sale price; US$17.82/kg deboned; and US$22.52/kg lean meat. The low yield of clean and boned meat observed in the samples can lead to negative experiences of these products by consumers.

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ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to present the current situation of water buffalo breeding in Turkey, determine the relevant problems, and propose suggestions for its improvement. The research data were collected at the “Focus Group Interviews” with the sector actors from the cities engaged in buffalo breeding between July and September of 2015. The cities included Afyonkarahisar, Bitlis, Diyarbakir, Istanbul, Muş, Samsun, and Tokat, where buffalo breeding was usually practiced by small-scale family enterprises that used traditional husbandry methods. The variables chosen as indicators of yield included milk yield, meat yield, and lactation period, which were found to be below global averages. The study revealed lack of adequate record-keeping of enterprises raising water buffalo. Buffalo breeders should take necessary steps to improve their strategies to increase buffalo milk yield, while government agencies should protect wetlands and prevent their unintended use, making relevant legal arrangements where necessary. Buffalo meat and milk should be promoted with an emphasis on their superior nutritional values. For the development of buffalo breeding in Turkey, necessary steps should be taken on both national and local levels.

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ABSTRACT The aim of this investigation was to determine risk factors affecting production of beekeeping farms in Igdir province of Turkey and to develop strategies in coping with these risks. Research was based on data collected through a questionnaire applied to 85 beekeeping farms registered to Igdir Beekeepers’ Union according to exact counting method. Factor analysis was applied to collected data to identify risk factors and risk management strategies. Factor analysis was conducted under principle component extraction method and VARIMAX rotation. A stepwise regression analysis was used to reveal the relationship between each of four strategy factors and eight risk factors. As risks in procuring labor occur, farmers are more likely to adopt modern agricultural techniques and risk management strategies, such as registering to a cooperative, product insurance, contract farming, and cooperating with public bodies. Unfavorable security conditions and lack of proper bookkeeping in farms are more likely to lead to adoption of careful production and investment planning. As enterprise conditions get better or external conditions get worse, protecting the investment through disease-prevention and better marketing through getting more market information becomes important. Thus, thirteen applicable strategies are determined in the study. As a result, the approach developed in this research could be suggested for beekeepers in selecting necessary strategies against possible risk factors defined here for sustainable honey production and more income.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and intensity of GreenFeed (GF) use by Nellore steers using different attractants in pastures of integrated systems. The attractant protein supplement and Tifton bermudagrass pelleted hay flavored with vanilla were evaluated over a period of 15 days. The pelleted hay stimulated the animals to stay longer in the equipment (24.23 s), with 8% more visits in intervals longer than 30 s in contrast to protein supplement. This indicates that pelleted hay flavored with vanilla is a potential attractant to encourage Nellore steers to visit GF in grazing systems.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop a feedlot beef cattle calculation model and production cost analysis and, from the results obtained, devise a production cost index. A case study was conducted to understand the characteristics of the productive processes of a commercial feedlot. Then, based on the Economic Theory, cost items of the farm under analysis were identified and transferred to a spreadsheet. The survey included ten feedlot farmers from the state of São Paulo and other nine from the state of Goiás and was carried out to determine representative properties, and prices of items used were monitored. Production costs of each farm were calculated, and theoretical concepts of index numbers were used to devise the feedlot cattle production cost index. The cost allocation scheme was divided into four cost groups: variable, semi-fixed, fixed, and production remuneration factors. The developed model allowed a cost prognosis of the analyzed systems. Highest total costs for São Paulo State feedlots were R$ 9.17 kg−1 and R$ 9.08 kg−1 for average-sized and large farms, respectively, as contrasted to that of Goiás, of R$ 8.29 kg−1. Between the months April and June, the cost of production for feedlot beef cattle showed reductions of 1.48 and 1.40% for the average and large feedlots in the State of São Paulo and 9.13% for the Goiás feedlot by the Konüs Exact Index, respectively. Studies available in literature were compared and it was concluded that the model can help feedlot cattle farmers take production decisions. The Konüs Index allows for a methodological advancement in relation to other studies carried out on the Brazilian livestock industry; besides, it can contribute to the sector organization.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the current production system of the Bísaro pig breed. Between February and April 2017, 194 questionnaires covering different aspects of the system were sent as a disclosed identity mail survey. A response rate of 31.4% was obtained. The typical Bísaro farmer is 46 years old, male, has five years of experience rearing pigs, and has a secondary or higher education degree. Piglets represented the majority of animals sold for slaughter (91.1%) and constituted 41.1% of total Bísaro meat produced with 343 tons. The majority of producers differentiate feed per production group (79.3%) and allow grazing (73.7%). Feeding is usually complemented with own-farm crops (94.7%). Traditional housing system remains the most common (52.6%), but free-range camping systems had a considerable expression (40.4%). All year-around farrowing system (91.2%) without heat detection (65.5%) and limited use of artificial insemination (12.5%) characterized the reproduction management. Males are commonly castrated at 29 days, before weaning at 35 days. Categorization of farms showed some significant differences: smallholders (n = 33) belonged to a single producer, had family-based work, and reproductive management was predominantly less strict; non-industrial medium-sized holdings (n = 26) operated as commercial-based farms with larger production, greater farm areas, and more advanced technology. Although the survey demonstrated variability within farms, Bísaro production system was characterized, and two different types of farms were identified. This study provided the tools needed to discuss and revise some management practices, mainly those that revealed noncompliance with EU regulations, to enhance consistency of Bísaro products.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify whether the criterion of exhibition contests adopted for Campolina and Mangalarga Marchador breeds has been successful in recent years, i.e., if the subsequent generations have the morphology recommended by the standard of the breed allied with high-quality marcha, a four-beat ambling gait. The classifications achieved by each horse during national horse shows in morphology and gait contests underwent Spearman's correlation to verify the number of contests with a correlation between the classifications in the two judgments and those with no correlation. Next, the number of contests with or without such correlation underwent a frequency distribution test considering the variables breed, year, age, marcha category, and sex. Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) of contests with a correlation was also used as a parameter. A difference was observed among years of evaluation only for Mangalarga Marchador horses, with a greater number of contests with correlations between morphological and ambling gait performances between 1998 and 2004. On both breeds, the correlation was found in more contests among foals than adult horses. When Spearman's correlation coefficients were compared, Campolina contests exhibited a higher r than Mangalarga Marchador, 68.14 and 63.68%, respectively. Only Mangalarga Marchador males had higher r value than females, 67.27 and 59.73%, respectively. The contest criterion adopted by Campolina and Mangalarga Marchador associations to select superior individuals does not correlate, in subsequent generations, with the morphology recommended by the standard of the breeds with high-quality marcha progress in the same individuals.

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ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the profile of milk cattle farmers of the Northwest region of Minas Gerais State regarding the use of artificial insemination (AI) and see the most relevant factors in the perception of farmers for the adoption process of AI. From January to April 2014, 97 milk cattle farmers associated to milk cooperatives of the municipalities of northeastern Minas Gerais were interviewed. Of those interviewed farmers, 61.3% did not use artificial insemination. The majority (92.48%) of respondents were male and 48.88% were over 53 years of age, with low schooling, incomplete primary education (28.57%), or complete primary education (25.97%). Among the respondents, 66.67% had over 20 years experience in dairy farming. The average breeders by property were 99, and the average size of properties was 73 hectares (ha). In general, it was found that personal motivation is the main driver for the adoption of AI, and it is more linked to positive expectations generated by the phenotype of the animals than to economic factors. The prerequisites for adoption of AI are in the background and, among them, manpower, infrastructure, and animal handling are prominent, followed by social influence, evidenced by entities and persons involved in AI and in the daily life of farmers. Little emphasis on human resource management and use of scientific knowledge may have affected the adoption of biotechnology, resulting in low utilization. It is also possible to associate the advanced age of farmers to the resistance to the use of reproductive biotechnologies.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate milk quality for somatic cell count (SCC) analysis and total bacterial count (TBC) in agroecological production systems and conventional systems, relating them to the frequency of milking practices and types of facilities. The study was conducted in 2013 and 2014, in the western region of Paraná State, Brazil. We used a semi-structured questionnaire to identify management practices of producers in the 17 dairy systems (DS) in the city of Diamante d'Oeste and the 27 DS in Toledo. Milk sampling was performed monthly. Data were analyzed using two statistical methods. These were then used to create cross tabulation of groups with production systems and practices that can influence product quality. Cluster classification analysis allowed grouping of the initial 44 production systems into three homogeneous groups: Group 1, with better quality regarding the normative instruction 62 (NI62), with average values of SCC 407.37 (cells × 1000/mL) and TBC 210.50 (cfu × 1000/mL); Group 2, with SCC 328.50 (cells × 1000/mL) and TBC 699.75 (cfu × 1000/mL), both outside the NI62 parameters; and Group 3, with SCC 680.25 (cells × 1000/mL), considered low- and high-value TBC 1775.25 (cfu × 1000/mL), out of NI62. The results indicate that management practices and some other preventions adopted during milking are the determining factors of milk quality. Therefore, SCC and TBC levels are not determined by agroecological or conventional production systems, but rather, these levels are determined by the practices differentially adopted by the production systems.

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ABSTRACT The objective of the present study was to learn the characteristics that affect pork meat consumption in the Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area. Qualitative regression models (Logit and Probit) were used, and a survey of 440 consumers was carried out. The results showed that the sample of pork consumers was made up mostly of women (91.1%) aged between 30 and 59 years and families consisting of three or four persons. The variables that condition the consumption of this type of meat are the number of members in the family, generalized chicken meat consumption, level of household income, price of the product, and illnesses that restrict its consumption. The greatest marginal effects were caused by the following variables: level of family income and illnesses that limit its consumption, especially the latter, since pork meat is often associated with multiple illnesses. This is followed by preference of meat and number of members in the family, while price was of little significance.

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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to develop a simulation model to analyse the technical, economic, and financial performance of using different reproductive strategies in dairy herds. Strategies simulated were: artificial insemination (AI) using conventional semen after oestrus detection (AIC), AI using sex-sorted semen after oestrus detection (AIS), timed artificial insemination (TAI) using conventional semen (TAIC), and TAI using sex-sorted semen (TAIS). The total time horizon analysed corresponded to 25 years, divided into 425 periods of 21 days. The model simulates the biological cycle that takes place within the bovine herd, and uses input information (productive parameters, investments, and reproductive program) to calculate output information (animal inventory variance, incomes, costs, and cash flow analysis). Based on the obtained cash flow, the payback period, net present value, and internal rate of return were calculated. The payback for AIC, AIS, TAIC, and TAIS occurred in 26, 27, 23, and 25 periods. The net present value and the internal rate of return per year of the investment for AIC, AIS, TAIC, and TAIS were US$ 557773 and 59.44%; US$ 520469 and 54.76%; US$ 741800 and 70.22%; and US$ 662891 and 63.52%, respectively. The mean culling rate over 25 years for AIC, AIS, TAIC, and TAIS was 43.30%, 64.89%, 21.12%, and 36.40%, respectively. The simulation clearly demonstrated the economic and technical benefits of using TAI in dairy herds. These benefits are greater when TAI is used with conventional semen, despite the large investment in technology that is required. Using this mathematical model, future studies could be conducted when the assessment of the technical and economic viability of new scenarios is required.

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ABSTRACT This study assessed the risks of different management practices to increase pregnancy rate in beef cow-calf systems, aiming at assisting decision-making. The perception of 18 experts on animal sciences regarding the risks of 32 nutritional, breeding, and general management practices applied to increase pregnancy rate were evaluated through questionnaires. The experts were selected by a non-probability sampling of researchers on veterinary and animal sciences. In addition, five farmers and eight technical consultants were also selected. The questionnaire was applied during a face-to-face meeting. The risk of each practice was assessed according to four factors, namely, cost, technical knowledge, operational complexity, and flexibility, and an equation was developed to calculate this risk. The applied method allowed to determine the risk of each practice, obtaining results similar to those previously perceived by the experts. Operational complexity and cost had greater influence on the estimated risks compared with the other factors. Moreover, the increase of one unit in operational complexity and cost increased the perceived risk and the estimated risk scores in 0.43 and 0.28 points, respectively. Overall, the application of general management practices presented lower risk score compared with nutritional and breeding practices, which were not different from which other. Equations to estimate the risks of farm managers should routinely apply management practices to increase the efficiency of cow-calf production systems.