ABSTRACT
The number of sweet corn cultivars adapted to the climatic conditions and with agronomic traits recommended to the Brazilian market is still limited. Thus, the aim was to investigate the general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA, respectively) in relation to the grain yield (GY) and total soluble solid (TSS) contents of seven lines of sweet corn (su1 ) and eight lines of supersweet corn (sh2 ) by diallel crosses. For TSS, the inbred lines SC6 and SC7 of sweet corn, and SSC7 and SSC8 of supersweet corn showed higher GCA effect. For GY, the inbred lines SC1 and SC2 of sweet corn and SSC4 and SSC6 of supersweet corn showed higher GCA effect. For TSS in sweet corn, the hybrids '4 × 6' and '1 × 7' showed the superior Ŝij estimates across all evaluated environments. For GY, the hybrid '5 × 7' was the most relevant because it showed higher Ŝij estimates in most of the evaluated environments. Additionally, the hybrids '1 × 4', '3 × 4', and '1 × 7' showed positive Ŝij values across all environments. In supersweet corn, the hybrids '2 × 8', '3 × 6', and '5 × 6' should be selected as the most promising for both traits (TSS and GY), because they presented positive and high Ŝij estimates across the six environments.
Key words:
Zea mays L; saccharata; General and specific combining ability; Grain yield; Total soluble solids
RESUMO
O número de cultivares de milho doce adaptada às condições climáticas e com características agronômicas recomendadas para o mercado brasileiro ainda é restrito. Assim, objetivou-se investigar as capacidades de combinações gerais e específicas em relação ao rendimento de grãos (GY) e teor de sólidos solúveis totais (TSS) de sete linhagens de milho doce (su1 ) e oito linhagens de milho super-doce (sh2 ) pela análise de cruzamentos dialélicos. Para TSS, as linhagens SC6 e SC7 de milho doce, e SSC7 e SSC8 de milho super-doce apresentaram valores superiores para capacidade geral de combinação. Para rendimento de grãos, as linhagens SC1 e SC2 de milho doce, e SSC4 e SSC6 apresentaram valores superiores para capacidade geral de combinação. TSS em milho doce, os híbridos 4x6 e 1x7 apresentaram as estimativas Ŝijsuperiores em todos os ambientes avaliados. Para GY, o híbrido 5x7 foi o mais relevante pois apresentou amais alta estimativa Ŝij na grande maioria dos ambientes. Além disso, os híbridos 1x4, 3x4 e 1x7 destacaram-se com valores positivos em todos os ambientes. Em milho super-doce, os híbridos 2x8, 3x6 e 5x6 devem ser selecionados como os mais promissores para ambos os caracteres (TSS e GY), pois apresentaram estimativas Ŝij positivas e altas nos seis ambientes.
Palavras-chave:
Zea mays L; saccharata; Capacidades geral e específica de combinação; Rendimento de grãos; Sólidos solúveis totais
INTRODUCTION
Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) is considered one of the most popular vegetables in the US and Canada (TRACY, 2001TRACY, W. F. Sweet corn. In: HALLAUER, A. R. (Ed.). Specialty corns. 2. ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001. p. 155-197.) because of its improved shelf life and taste (DODSON-SWENSON; TRACY, 2015DODSON-SWENSON, H. G.; TRACY, W. F. Endosperm carbohydrate composition and kernel characteristics of shrunken2-intermediate (sh2-i/sh2-i Su1/Su1) and shrunken2-intermediate-sugary1-reference (sh2-i/sh2-i su1-r/su1-r) in sweet corn. Crop Science, v. 55, p. 2647-2656, 2015.). In Brazil, the cultivation area of sweet corn is 36,000 ha (SANTOS et al., 2014SANTOS, P. H. A. D. et al. Agronomic performance of super-sweet corn genotypes in the north of Rio de Janeiro. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology , v. 14, p. 8-14, 2014.), which represents only 14.4% of the area occupied by US sweet corn (UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 2014UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. National Agricultural Statistics Service. Agricultural Annual Statistics 2014: grain and feed. Disponível em: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2014/chapter01.pdf. Acesso em: 15 Agos. 2016.
http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag...
). The destination of sweet corn, mainly used as green maize, is exclusively for human consumption, due to the fact that it has sweet taste, fine pericarp and endosperm, and delicate texture (SA et al., 2010SA, K. J. et al. Analysis of genetic diversity and relationships among waxy maize inbred lines in Korea using SSR markers. Genes & Genomics, v. 32, p. 375-384, 2010.; TEIXEIRA et al., 2001TEIXEIRA, F. F. et al. Avaliação da capacidade de combinação entre linhagens de milho doce. Ciência Agrotécnica, v. 25, p. 483-488, 2001.; TEIXEIRA et al., 2014TEIXEIRA, F. F. et al. BRS Vivi: single-cross super sweet corn hybrid. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, v. 14, p. 124-127, 2014.; TRACY, 2001TRACY, W. F. Sweet corn. In: HALLAUER, A. R. (Ed.). Specialty corns. 2. ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001. p. 155-197.).
The sweetness of sweet corn is a recessive trait controlled by the mutant genes sugary 1 (su1), shrunken 2 (sh2), brittle 1 (bt1), sugary enhancer (se) and brittle 2 (bt2). These genes may act in a single, double or triple combination (SINGH; LANGYAN; YADAVA, 2014SINGH, I.; LANGYAN, S.; YADAVA, P. Sweet corn and corn-based sweeteners. Sugar Tech, v. 16, p. 144-149, 2014.). All of them promote changes in carbohydrate composition in the endosperm and differ in the starch and sugar proportions in the kernel and in relation to chromosome position (TRACY, 2001TRACY, W. F. Sweet corn. In: HALLAUER, A. R. (Ed.). Specialty corns. 2. ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001. p. 155-197.). Supersweet corn is a variety of corn in which the homozygous hybrid has the shrunken-2 (sh2) gene (TRACY, 2001TRACY, W. F. Sweet corn. In: HALLAUER, A. R. (Ed.). Specialty corns. 2. ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001. p. 155-197.; YOUSEF; JUVIK, 2002YOUSEF, G. G.; JUVIK, J. A. Enhancement of seedling emergence in sweet corn by marker-assisted backcrossing of beneficial QTL. Crop Science, v. 42, p. 96-104, 2002.) with about a 9 to 14% sugar content, and present about 15 to 25% of accumulated sugar in the endosperm. This higher accumulation results in a longer harvesting period, which implies a slower conversion of sugar to starch (MARSHALL; TRACY, 2003MARSHALL, S. W.; TRACY, W. F. Sweet corn. In: WHITE, P. J.; JOHNSON, L. A. (Ed.). Corn: chemistry and technology. 2. ed. Saint Paul: American Association of Cereal Chemists,2003. p. 537-569.).
Sweet corn breeding programs target quality characteristics such as flavor, sweetness, creamy texture, appearance, aroma and low starch content. Specifically, high productivity stands out as the main objective of sweet corn breeding programs (LERTRAT; PULAM, 2007LERTRAT, K.; PULAM, T. Breeding for increased sweetness in sweet corn. International Journal of Plant Breeding, v. 1, p. 27-30, 2007.). In Brazil, some government and private companies are working to develop commercial cultivars adapted to tropical conditions. However, the number of cultivars recommended for the Brazilian market is still small in relation to the growing demand. Currently, 58 cultivars are registered in Brazil, although there is still the possibility for research and development of new cultivars (BRASIL, 2016BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Registro Nacional de Cultivares - RNC. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. - Brasília, 2016. Disponível em: <http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/php/snpc/cultivarweb/cultivares_registradas.php>. Acesso em: 9 maio, 2016.
http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/php/s...
). In order to be successful in breeding programs, it is essential to know a priori the available lines of behavior, their performance per se and their hybrid combinations. In this context, the diallel crosses system is an efficient genetic design to obtain information on the genetic control of quantitative traits (JINKS; HAYMAN, 1953JINKS, J. L.; HAYMAN, B. L. The analysis of diallel crosses. The Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, v. 27, p. 48-54, 1953.). The most common methodologies of diallel analysis used are those proposed by Griffing (1956)GRIFFING, B. Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, v. 9, p. 463-493, 1956., which estimates the general and specific combining ability and provides information on the predominance of genetic action; the method proposed by Gardner and Eberhart (1966)GARDNER, C. O.; EBERHART, S. A. Analysis and interpretation of the variety cross diallel and related populations. Biometrics, v. 22, p. 439-452, 1966., which evaluates the effects of varieties and varietal heterosis; and the method proposed by Hayman (1954)HAYMAN, B. I. The theory and analysis of diallel crosses. Genetics, v. 39, p. 789-809, 1954., which provides information on the basic inheritance mechanisms, genetic values and selection limits.
Thus, the aim was to investigate the general and specific combining abilities based on diallel crosses of sweet and supersweet corn and their F1's in different environments and evaluate the quality and yield traits.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Six inbred lines of sweet (su1) and eight of supersweet corn (sh2) in S6 were obtained from successive self-crosses. The descriptions of the inbred lines are shown in Table 1.
Description of the seven inbred lines of sweet corn (su1) and eight inbred lines of supersweet corn ( sh2 ) used at the diallel crosses
The joint analyses of variance for each trait were performed according to the randomized complete block design with three replications. For the sweet group (su1), 21 F1 hybrids were evaluated in five environments: E1-Maringá, E2-Iguatemi, E3-Cidade Gaúcha, E4-Sabáudia, and E5-Umuarama. The variety Doce Cristal was used as check, and for the supersweet group (sh2), 28 F1 hybrids were evaluated in six environments: E1-Maringá, E2-Iguatemi, E3-Cidade Gaúcha, E4-Sabáudia, E5-Umuarama and E6-Cascavel (Table 2). The hybrid Tropical Plus® (Syngenta) was used as check, because it is the most planted sweet corn cultivar in the country, and is considered a standard for the crop by breeders. For sweet and supersweet corn, the hybrids were arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications and were evaluated in the 2013-2014 crop season at each of the five and six environments, respectively. The plot size consisted of double rows with 5 m long, and 0.9 m spacing between rows, totaling a useful area of 9 m2. Fertilizer and field management practices recommended for optimum maize production were used in each environment.
In each plot, ears had the husks removed and those more than 15 cm in length, greater than 3 cm in diameter and free of pests and diseases were weighed in order to determine the marketable grain yield (GY) without the husk. Grain yield (GY) adjusted to 70% moisture was computed from grain weight in kg ha-1. Total soluble solid (TSS, ºBrix) contents were determined using a digital refractometer (PAL -1, Atago Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
Bartlett's test with χ2 distribution (p<0.05) was applied to verify the homogeneity of residual variances and thus performed the joint analysis of environments.
The model of the joint analysis studied was as follows:
where: Yijk is the observation of the kth block, evaluated in the ith genotype and in the jth environment; µ is the overall mean; B(j)k is the effect of the block k within environment j; Gi is the effect of the genotype i; Ej effect of the environment j; GEij is the effect of interaction between genotype i and the environment j; εijk is the experimental error associated to the ijk observation.
The joint diallel analysis for Griffing's method 4 (GRIFFING, 1956GRIFFING, B. Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, v. 9, p. 463-493, 1956.) is illustrated in Table 3 and represented by the following model:
Summary of analysis of variance for total soluble solids (TSS) and grain yield (GY), conducted at different environments in 2013/2014 crop season for sweet and supersweet corn
where: Yijk is the overall mean observed between the hybrid combination of the ith inbred line and the jth inbred line (i ≠ j) into the kth environment; µ is the overall mean; e is the environment effect; gi is the general combining ability effect associated to the ith inbred line; gj is the general combining ability effect associated to the jth inbred line; Sij is the specific combining ability effect between the inbred lines i and j; (eg)ik e (eg)jk is the general combining ability effect of the inbred lines with environments; (es)ijk is the specific combining ability effect between the i th and jth inbred lines with environments, and Ēijk is the mean experimental error. The degrees of freedom of the genotype × environment interaction (G × E) were partitioned into the effects of GCA × E and SCA × E, according to Vencovsky and Barriga (1992)VENCOVSKY, R.; BARRIGA, P. Genética biométrica no fitomelhoramento. Ribeirão Preto: Sociedade Brasileira de Genética, 1992, p. 486. (Table 3).
Phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlation between total soluble solids and grain yield for sweet and supersweet corn was implemented into the software GENES (CRUZ, 2013CRUZ, C. D. Genes: a software package for analysis in experimental statistics and quantitative genetics. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, v. 35, p. 271-276, 2013.).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In sweet and supersweet corn, for TSS and GY, Bartlett's test showed homogeneity of residual mean squares among the individual analyses (data not shown). Thereby, joint analysis of variance was conducted for sweet and supersweet corn across the five environments and six environments, respectively.
In sweet and supersweet corn, the average environmental coefficient of variation showed values of 8.00 and 8.10% for TSS, and 8.70 and 7.10% for GY, respectively (Table 3). These mean values were considered low when compared with Assunção et al. (2010)ASSUNÇÃO, A. et al. Heterosis performance in industrial and yield components of sweet corn. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, v. 10, p. 183-190, 2010. and Kwiatkowski, Clemente and Scapim (2011)KWIATKOWSKI, A.; CLEMENTE, E.; SCAPIM, C. A. Agronomic traits and chemical composition of single hybrids of sweet corn. Horticultura Brasileira, v. 29, p. 531-536, 2011., suggesting the reliability of our results.
For GY and TSS, statistical differences (p<0.05) were observed among the sweet and supersweet inbreds and hybrids. Furthermore, for TSS and GY, significant (p<0.05) effects were observed for the G × E mean squares, except for the GY of supersweet corn (Table 3). The significant differences detected for both sweet and supersweet corn among the inbreds and hybrids for TSS and GY indicated that there was adequate genetic variability among the inbreds and hybrids to allow satisfactory progress from selection for the improvement of traits. These results were consistent with the findings of Allam et al. (2016)ALLAM, M. et al. Identification of QTLs involved in cold tolerance in sweet× field corn. Euphytica, v. 208, p. 353-365, 2016., Djemel et al. (2015)DJEMEL, A. et al. Genetic effects of the critical factors of sugary1 fitness. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 154, p. 40-57, 2015., Ordás et al. (2010)ORDÁS, B. et al. Adaptation of super-sweet maize to cold conditions: mutant x genotype interaction. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 148, p. 401-405, 2010., and Revilla et al. (2010)REVILLA, P. et al. Genotypic effects on field performance of maize plants carrying the allele sugary1. Plant Breeding, v. 129, p. 92-95, 2010., and represent a relevant report, since there is a need for lines to be adapted to different environments to obtain superior hybrids.
In sweet corn, both GCA and SCA effects for TSS and GY were estimated by environment because their interaction was significant (p<0.05) (Tables 4 and 5). The lines SC6 and SC7 showed the higher and more positive estimates of GCA (ĝi) across the five evaluated environments for TSS, suggesting that both inbred lines could generate promising hybrid combinations. For GY, the lines SC1 and SC2 showed higher and more positive estimates of GCA (ĝi) across the five evaluated environments. Hence, these inbred lines could contribute positively to their crossing, suggesting that higher and positive estimates of GCA could represent favorable allele frequencies when compared to contrasting lines in the diallel result.
Estimates of general combining ability for total soluble solids (TSS) and grain yield (GY) in seven inbred lines of sweet corn evaluated in five environments (E1: Maringá, E2: Iguatemi, E3: Cidade Gaúcha, E4: Sabáudia and E5: Umuarama)
Estimates of specific combining ability for total soluble solids (TSS) and grain yield (GY) in 21 hybrids of sweet corn evaluated in five environments (E1: Maringá, E2: Iguatemi, E3: Cidade Gaúcha, E4: Sabáudia and E5: Umuarama)
In supersweet corn, for GY, GCA and SCA effects were estimated based on environment general mean, on the other hand, for TSS, GCA and SCA effects were estimated by environment, since GCA and SCA by environments were significant (p<0.05) (Tables 6 and 7). For GY, the lines SSC4 and SSC6 showed the higher and positive estimates of GCA (ĝi) across the mean of the six evaluated environments. For TSS, the lines SSC7 and SSC8 showed the best performance at the six evaluated environments revealing positive estimates of ĝi. Consequently, these inbreds contribute with additive genetic effect and could increase the contents of TSS. In supersweet corn, the inbred line SSC4 showed positive estimates of ĝi for TSS in five of the six evaluated environments and positive average ĝi across environments for GY. However, the GY estimate showed low values compared to the other inbred lines (Table 6).
Estimates of general combining ability for total soluble solid (TSS) and grain yield (GY) in eight inbred lines of supersweet corn evaluated in six environments (E1: Maringá, E2: Iguatemi, E3: Cidade Gaúcha, E4: Sabáudia, E5: Umuarama and E6: Cascavel)
Estimates of specific combining ability for total soluble solid (TSS) and grain yield (GY) in 28 hybrids of supersweet corn evaluated in six environments (E1: Maringá, E2: Iguatemi, E3: Cidade Gaúcha, E4: Sabáudia, E5: Umuarama and E6: Cascavel)
In sweet and supersweet corn breeding programs, the identification of inbred lines with high favorable genes for GY and grain quality traits such as TSS is highly desirable. However, in the present study, no inbred lines showed this condition. Similar results were showed by Ha (1999)HA, V. Genetic analysis of some yield components and cereals kernel quality in sweet corn. Romanian Agricultural Research, v. 11, p. 9-20, 1999. and Kumari, Gadag and Jha (2007)KUMARI, J.; GADAG, R. N.; JHA, G. K. Genetic analysis and correlation in sweet corn (Zea mays) for quality traits, field emergence and grain yield. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, v. 77, p. 613-615, 2007. who mentioned the difficulty in finding hybrids showing high GY and TSS.
In sweet corn, as mentioned, the GCA and SCA effects were estimated by environment. Consequently, our results indicated that hybrid vigor or positive heterosis is a major factor in the superior performance of F1s in terms of TSS. This confirms similar findings in sweet corn (ASSUNÇÃO et al., 2010ASSUNÇÃO, A. et al. Heterosis performance in industrial and yield components of sweet corn. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, v. 10, p. 183-190, 2010.; KHANDURI et al., 2010KHANDURI, A. et al. Genetic analyses and association studies of yield components and kernel sugar concentration in sweet corn. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, v. 70, p. 257-263, 2010.; SOLOMON; MARTIN; ZEPPA, 2012SOLOMON, K. F.; MARTIN, I.; ZEPPA, A. Genetic effects and genetic relationships among shrunken (sh2) sweet corn lines and F1 hybrids. Euphytica, v. 185, p. 385-394, 2012.). Thus, for TSS, the hybrids '4 × 6' and '1 × 7' showed the superior Ŝij estimates across all the evaluated environments. For GY, the hybrid '5 × 7' was the most relevant because it showed the best Ŝij estimates (across environment means). Additionally, the hybrids '1 × 4', '3 × 4', and '1 × 7' showed positive Ŝijvalues across all environments. In fact, the simultaneous selection of hybrids based on both traits indicated that the hybrid '1 × 7' was the most promising.
In supersweet corn, the hybrids '2 × 8', '3 × 6', and '5 × 6' should be selected as the most promising for both traits, because they presented positive and high Ŝij estimates across the six environments. These hybrids have at least one of the parents with high GCA (inbred line SSC8 for TSS and SSC6 for GY).
In sweet corn, the hybrids '1 × 7' and '4 × 6' showed the highest percentages of TSS, surpassing the Doce Cristal check. Specifically, the hybrid '4 × 6' demonstrated the best performance for TSS across all evaluated environments, with values ranging from 27 (Environment E4) to 32 ºBrix (Environment E5). These TSS values were higher than those reported by Pinho et al. (2010)PINHO, L. et al. Qualidade de milho verde cultivado em sistemas de produção orgânico e convencional. Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo, v. 7, p. 279-290, 2010.. For GY, the hybrids did not show a similar pattern of behavior. Consequently, none of the sweet corn hybrids could be considered as superior for TSS and GY, simultaneously. For supersweet corn, the hybrids '2 × 4', '2 × 8', and '3 × 8' showed the best performances for TSS across all the evaluated environments, with similar or superior behavior than that of the Tropical Plus® check.
The genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation for TSS and GY, in both sweet and supersweet corn, was not significant in most of the evaluated environments. Only, in supersweet corn in environments E1, E2, E3 and E4, positive and significant phenotypic correlation was observed for TSS and GY (Table 8). On the other hand, in supersweet corn, non-significant genotypic and environmental correlations were observed between these traits in the same environments. There are very few studies correlating GY with TSS in sweet and supersweet corn, but our results may indicate that there is no possibility for indirect selection in sweet and supersweet corn breeding programs, because genetic gain in TSS through indirect selection of GY will not be possible.
Genotypic, phenotypic and environmental correlation for total soluble solids and grain yield in sweet and supersweet corn by environments
CONCLUSIONS
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For TSS, the inbred lines SC6 and SC7 of sweet corn, and SSC7 and SSC8 of supersweet corn, showed superior GCA effects. For GY, the inbred lines SC1 and SC2 of sweet corn, and SSC4 and SSC6 of supersweet corn, showed higher GCA effects;
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For TSS in sweet corn, the hybrids '4 × 6' and '1 × 7' showed the most favorable Ŝij estimates across all the evaluated environments, and for GY, the hybrid '5 × 7' was the most relevant because it showed the most favorable Ŝij estimates. In supersweet corn, the hybrids '2 × 8', '3 × 6', and '5 × 6' should be selected as the most promising for both traits (TSS and GY), because they showed positive and high Ŝij estimates across the six environments.
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1
Trabalho de Pesquisa ligado ao CNPq
REFERENCES
- ALLAM, M. et al Identification of QTLs involved in cold tolerance in sweet× field corn. Euphytica, v. 208, p. 353-365, 2016.
- ASSUNÇÃO, A. et al Heterosis performance in industrial and yield components of sweet corn. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, v. 10, p. 183-190, 2010.
- BRASIL. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Registro Nacional de Cultivares - RNC. Secretaria de Defesa Agropecuária. - Brasília, 2016. Disponível em: <http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/php/snpc/cultivarweb/cultivares_registradas.php>. Acesso em: 9 maio, 2016.
» http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/php/snpc/cultivarweb/cultivares_registradas.php - CRUZ, C. D. Genes: a software package for analysis in experimental statistics and quantitative genetics. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, v. 35, p. 271-276, 2013.
- DJEMEL, A. et al Genetic effects of the critical factors of sugary1 fitness. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 154, p. 40-57, 2015.
- DODSON-SWENSON, H. G.; TRACY, W. F. Endosperm carbohydrate composition and kernel characteristics of shrunken2-intermediate (sh2-i/sh2-i Su1/Su1) and shrunken2-intermediate-sugary1-reference (sh2-i/sh2-i su1-r/su1-r) in sweet corn. Crop Science, v. 55, p. 2647-2656, 2015.
- GARDNER, C. O.; EBERHART, S. A. Analysis and interpretation of the variety cross diallel and related populations. Biometrics, v. 22, p. 439-452, 1966.
- GRIFFING, B. Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, v. 9, p. 463-493, 1956.
- HA, V. Genetic analysis of some yield components and cereals kernel quality in sweet corn. Romanian Agricultural Research, v. 11, p. 9-20, 1999.
- HAYMAN, B. I. The theory and analysis of diallel crosses. Genetics, v. 39, p. 789-809, 1954.
- JINKS, J. L.; HAYMAN, B. L. The analysis of diallel crosses. The Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, v. 27, p. 48-54, 1953.
- KHANDURI, A. et al Genetic analyses and association studies of yield components and kernel sugar concentration in sweet corn. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, v. 70, p. 257-263, 2010.
- KUMARI, J.; GADAG, R. N.; JHA, G. K. Genetic analysis and correlation in sweet corn (Zea mays) for quality traits, field emergence and grain yield. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, v. 77, p. 613-615, 2007.
- KWIATKOWSKI, A.; CLEMENTE, E.; SCAPIM, C. A. Agronomic traits and chemical composition of single hybrids of sweet corn. Horticultura Brasileira, v. 29, p. 531-536, 2011.
- LERTRAT, K.; PULAM, T. Breeding for increased sweetness in sweet corn. International Journal of Plant Breeding, v. 1, p. 27-30, 2007.
- MARSHALL, S. W.; TRACY, W. F. Sweet corn. In: WHITE, P. J.; JOHNSON, L. A. (Ed.). Corn: chemistry and technology. 2. ed. Saint Paul: American Association of Cereal Chemists,2003. p. 537-569.
- MCKNIGHT, T. L.; HESS, D. Climate zones and types: The Köppen System. In: Physical geography: a landscape appreciation. 6. ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2000. p. 200-201.
- ORDÁS, B. et al Adaptation of super-sweet maize to cold conditions: mutant x genotype interaction. The Journal of Agricultural Science, v. 148, p. 401-405, 2010.
- PINHO, L. et al Qualidade de milho verde cultivado em sistemas de produção orgânico e convencional. Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo, v. 7, p. 279-290, 2010.
- REVILLA, P. et al Genotypic effects on field performance of maize plants carrying the allele sugary1 Plant Breeding, v. 129, p. 92-95, 2010.
- SA, K. J. et al Analysis of genetic diversity and relationships among waxy maize inbred lines in Korea using SSR markers. Genes & Genomics, v. 32, p. 375-384, 2010.
- SANTOS, P. H. A. D. et al Agronomic performance of super-sweet corn genotypes in the north of Rio de Janeiro. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology , v. 14, p. 8-14, 2014.
- SINGH, I.; LANGYAN, S.; YADAVA, P. Sweet corn and corn-based sweeteners. Sugar Tech, v. 16, p. 144-149, 2014.
- SOLOMON, K. F.; MARTIN, I.; ZEPPA, A. Genetic effects and genetic relationships among shrunken (sh2) sweet corn lines and F1 hybrids. Euphytica, v. 185, p. 385-394, 2012.
- TEIXEIRA, F. F. et al Avaliação da capacidade de combinação entre linhagens de milho doce. Ciência Agrotécnica, v. 25, p. 483-488, 2001.
- TEIXEIRA, F. F. et al BRS Vivi: single-cross super sweet corn hybrid. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, v. 14, p. 124-127, 2014.
- TRACY, W. F. Sweet corn. In: HALLAUER, A. R. (Ed.). Specialty corns 2. ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001. p. 155-197.
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. National Agricultural Statistics Service. Agricultural Annual Statistics 2014: grain and feed. Disponível em: http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2014/chapter01.pdf Acesso em: 15 Agos. 2016.
» http://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Ag_Statistics/2014/chapter01.pdf - VENCOVSKY, R.; BARRIGA, P. Genética biométrica no fitomelhoramento. Ribeirão Preto: Sociedade Brasileira de Genética, 1992, p. 486.
- YOUSEF, G. G.; JUVIK, J. A. Enhancement of seedling emergence in sweet corn by marker-assisted backcrossing of beneficial QTL. Crop Science, v. 42, p. 96-104, 2002.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
Oct-Dec 2018
History
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Received
15 Mar 2017 -
Accepted
07 Nov 2017