Water quality in underground dam areas in the semiarid region of rio grande do norte, Brazil

Chianca, Cibele G. C.; Batista, Rafael O.; Melo, Stefeson B. de; Dias, Nildo da S.; Silva, Cássio K. da

doi:10.1590/1983-21252023v36n319rc

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Agricultural Engineering • Rev. Caatinga 36 (3) • Jul-Sep 2023 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252023v36n319rc copy

Water quality in underground dam areas in the semiarid region of rio grande do norte, Brazil

Qualidade da água em áreas de barragens subterrâneas do semiárido potiguar

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The federal public agencies have prioritized the financing of underground dams as a strategy to decrease water scarcity in rural semiarid regions in Brazil. The objective of this work was to evaluated water quality in underground dams, for agricultural irrigation purposes, in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, at the end of the dry season in 2018 and at the end of the rainy season in 2019. The variables with the greatest impact on water quality were identified through multivariate analysis, using the software Statistica

7.0. The results showed that concentrations of variables correlated with salinity and ion toxicity in water of the dams decreased after the rainy season, whereas those correlated with clogging of localized irrigation systems increased. Salinity, sodicity, and/or toxicity in areas of underground dams were correlated with natural mineralization of geological components of soils; however, they also were affected by rainfall with marine hygroscopic nuclei, presence of rural clusters and corrals, and decomposition of organic matter in the damming area. The variables correlated with salinity presented higher effect on the hydrochemical variability of water within these dams in both sampling periods; electrical conductivity and chloride ions were the most significant variables.

Keywords
Alluvial aquifer; Multivariate analysis; Salinity

Variable	Methods
Electrical conductivity (EC)	Laboratory method: conductivity meter (HACH-CDC401 probe)
Hydrogen potential (pH)	Electrometric method (Teckna T-1000 pHmeter)
Total solids (TS)	Gravimetric method
Total suspended solids (TSS)	Gravimetric method, using glass fiber filter with 1μm aperture.
Total dissolved solids (TDS)	Difference between TS and TSS
Sodium (Na⁺) and potassium (K⁺)	Flame photometer
Calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺)	Complexometric method with EDTA
Chloride (Cl^-)	Mohr method
Carbonate (CO₃^2-) and bicarbonate (HCO₃^-)	Volumetric method
Nutrients: boron (B), copper (Cu), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)	Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Heavy metals: chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb)	Atomic absorption spectrophotometry

Variables	End of the dry season (2018)				End of the rainy season (2019)
Variables	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD
pH	7.06	9.87	8.08	0.53	6.67	8.59	7.87	0.44
EC (μS cm^-1)	134	13010	1708	2643	92	12365	1141	2025
K⁺ (mmolc L^-1)	0.02	1.08	0.24	0.23	0.01	0.81	0.19	0.17
Na⁺ (mmolc L^-1)	0.38	102.18	9.64	18.66	0.31	94.41	7.22	15.73
Ca²⁺ (mmolc L^-1)	0.41	32.95	4.07	5.39	0.29	16.02	2.48	2.45
Mg²⁺ (mmolc L^-1)	0.15	23.93	3.39	5.45	0.13	28.06	2.17	4.36
Cl - = bicarbonate; SAR = sodium adsorption ratio; H = hardness; TSS = total suspended solids; TDS = total dissolved solids; S = sulfur; B = boron; Cu = copper; Mn = manganese; Fe = iron; Zn = zinc; Cr = chromium; Ni = nickel; Cd = cadmium; Pb = lead. - (mmolc L^-1)	0.70	134.40	12.12	25.38	0.60	102.93	7.15	17.09
CO₃^2- (mmolc L^-1)	< Ld	2.00	0.51	0.54	< Ld	1.80	0.34	0.48
HCO₃ - = bicarbonate; SAR = sodium adsorption ratio; H = hardness; TSS = total suspended solids; TDS = total dissolved solids; S = sulfur; B = boron; Cu = copper; Mn = manganese; Fe = iron; Zn = zinc; Cr = chromium; Ni = nickel; Cd = cadmium; Pb = lead. - (mmolc L^-1)	0.58	18.00	5.01	3.59	0.50	12.45	4.00	2.70
SAR (mmolc L^-1)^1/2	0.39	19.97	3.69	4.63	0.38	20.11	3.66	4.80
H (mg L^-1)	40.5	2618.0	373.2	505.9	27.0	2203.8	232.8	332.3
TSS (mg L^-1)	0.3	358.0	29.2	67.6	< Ld	487.0	37.6	81.4
TDS (mg L^-1)	155.5	10695.5	1254.8	2016.1	11.4	9237.5	722.6	1449.1
S (mg L^-1)	Nd	Nd	Nd	Nd	2.640	398.620	58.701	92.251
B (mg L^-1)	Nd	Nd	Nd	Nd	< Ld	0.300	0.048	0.074
Cu (mg L^-1)	< Ld	0.045	0.003	0.008	< Ld	0.070	0.010	0.017
Mn (mg L^-1)	< Ld	2.621	0.495	0.720	< Ld	4.190	0.752	0.954
Fe (mg L^-1)	< Ld	20.780	1.756	3.865	0.030	38.030	4.066	7.979
Zn (mg L^-1)	< Ld	0.137	0.017	0.028	< Ld	0.370	0.058	0.091
Cr (mg L^-1)	< Ld	0.022	0.002	0.004	< Ld	0.020	0.001	0.003
Ni (mg L^-1)	< Ld	0.029	0.003	0.007	< Ld	0.010	0.002	0.004
Cd (mg L^-1)	< Ld	0.040	0.004	0.009	< Ld	< Ld	< Ld	0.000
Pb (mg L^-1)	< Ld	0.480	0.050	0.106	< Ld	0.010	0.002	0.004

	pH	EC	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca⁺	Mg²⁺	Cl - = bicarbonate; TSS = total suspended solids; Cu = copper; Mn = manganese; Fe = iron; Zn = zinc; Cr = chromium; Ni = nickel; Cd = cadmium; Pb = lead. -	CO32-	HCO₃ - = bicarbonate; TSS = total suspended solids; Cu = copper; Mn = manganese; Fe = iron; Zn = zinc; Cr = chromium; Ni = nickel; Cd = cadmium; Pb = lead. -	TSS	Cu	Mn	Fe	Zn	Cr	Ni	Cd	Pb
pH	1.00
EC	0.33	1.00
K⁺	0.61	0.61	1.00
Na⁺	0.40	0.97	0.64	1.00
Ca⁺	0.31	0.87	0.55	0.85	1.00
Mg²⁺	0.19	0.94	0.53	0.87	0.74	1.00
Cl - = bicarbonate; TSS = total suspended solids; Cu = copper; Mn = manganese; Fe = iron; Zn = zinc; Cr = chromium; Ni = nickel; Cd = cadmium; Pb = lead. -	0.33	0.99	0.62	0.98	0.91	0.90	1.00
CO32-	0.62	0.30	0.39	0.34	0.28	0.16	0.27	1.00
HCO₃ - = bicarbonate; TSS = total suspended solids; Cu = copper; Mn = manganese; Fe = iron; Zn = zinc; Cr = chromium; Ni = nickel; Cd = cadmium; Pb = lead. -	-0.05	0.31	0.10	0.22	0.06	0.47	0.18	0.15	1.00
TSS	-0.17	-0.03	-0.02	-0.01	-0.06	0.00	-0.03	-0.11	0.02	1.00
Cu	0.32	0.63	0.55	0.70	0.72	0.48	0.70	0.16	-0.16	0.01	1.00
Mn	-0.35	0.09	-0.11	-0.02	0.14	0.20	0.07	-0.22	0.27	0.44	-0.08	1.00
Fe	-0.26	-0.16	-0.01	-0.15	-0.11	-0.13	-0.14	-0.25	-0.06	0.51	0.06	0.33	1.00
Zn	0.37	0.23	0.35	0.28	0.28	0.19	0.26	0.17	-0.08	-0.01	0.42	0.03	-0.07	1.00
Cr	0.19	0.39	0.36	0.47	0.56	0.22	0.46	0.14	-0.23	0.21	0.76	0.06	0.26	0.24	1.00
Ni	0.18	0.86	0.51	0.81	0.81	0.85	0.87	0.20	0.13	-0.02	0.54	0.12	0.01	0.17	0.27	1.00
Cd	0.04	0.38	0.29	0.27	0.21	0.45	0.30	-0.05	0.49	-0.05	0.01	0.14	-0.14	-0.13	-0.13	0.23	1.00
Pb	0.00	0.72	0.32	0.59	0.47	0.79	0.66	-0.02	0.47	-0.03	0.22	0.18	-0.15	-0.08	0.05	0.57	0.60	1.00

	Factor axis for the end of the dry season (2018)				Factor axis for the end of the rainy season (2019)
Variables	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4	Factor 1	Factor 2	Factor 3	Factor 4	Factor 5	Factor 6
					Factorial loads
pH	0.17	-0.04	-0.25	0.86	0.09	0.07	0.59	0.03	0.14	0.34
EC	0.93	0.26	-0.03	0.21	0.98	0.04	0.10	0.01	-0.03	0.09
K⁺	0.54	0.08	0.02	0.61	0.13	0.25	0.39	-0.39	0.19	0.46
Na⁺	0.91	0.12	-0.04	0.29	0.98	0.02	0.06	0.02	-0.07	0.04
_Ca2+	0.91	-0.04	0.00	0.19	0.91	0.09	0.13	0.08	0.17	0.13
Mg²⁺	0.86	0.44	0.02	0.09	0.95	0.03	0.08	0.01	0.00	0.15
Cl^-	0.96	0.12	-0.04	0.19	0.98	0.05	-0.02	0.01	-0.04	0.10
_CO32-	0.08	0.10	-0.16	0.79	0.16	0.09	0.92	-0.11	0.04	-0.09
HCO3^-	0.09	0.83	0.13	0.09	0.17	-0.06	0.87	0.09	0.09	-0.17
TSS	-0.04	0.01	0.84	0.03	-0.02	-0.89	-0.01	-0.08	0.26	0.17
Cu	0.77	-0.41	0.07	0.25	-0.06	-0.30	0.11	-0.09	0.89	-0.04
Mn	0.10	0.29	0.70	-0.23	0.00	-0.82	0.06	0.16	0.17	-0.05
Fe	-0.05	-0.20	0.78	-0.12	-0.10	-0.80	-0.19	-0.17	0.00	0.01
Zn	0.23	-0.25	0.10	0.49	-0.05	-0.09	0.12	-0.01	0.95	0.03
S	NU	NU	NU	NU	0.70	0.00	0.32	-0.05	-0.15	-0.26
B	NU	NU	NU	NU	0.60	-0.42	0.30	-0.03	-0.17	-0.21
Cr	0.55	-0.52	0.32	0.19	-0.07	0.09	-0.24	-0.85	-0.03	-0.06
Ni	0.87	0.13	0.01	0.06	0.01	-0.27	0.27	-0.80	0.11	-0.04
Cd	0.27	0.70	-0.04	-0.04	NU	NU	NU	NU	NU	NU
Pb	0.65	0.59	-0.05	-0.17	0.13	-0.14	-0.10	0.11	-0.07	0.84
Eigenvalues	7.51	2.63	2.24	1.24	5.99	3.09	2.35	1.57	1.51	1.07
Total variance (%)	41.72	14.63	12.47	6.89	31.50	16.24	12.36	8.26	7.93	5.64
Accumulated variance (%)	41.72	56.35	68.82	75.71	31.50	47.75	60.11	68.37	76.30	81.94

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[1] Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.