Changes On Soil Microbiota Induced By The Use Of Commercial Products And The Incorporation Of Plant Materials

Borges, Darlan F.; Nogueira, Geovane de A.; Cruz, Gisellya de A.; Silva, Shamyra G. de A.; da Silva, Washington L.; Ambrósio, Márcia M. de Q.

doi:10.1590/1983-21252023v36n207rc

Darlan F. Borges ^**Corresponding author: <darlanborges@unifucamp.edu.br>

Department of Agronomic and Forestry Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2841-9949

Geovane de A. Nogueira

Department of Agronomic and Forestry Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1242-5220

Gisellya de A. Cruz

Department of Agronomic and Forestry Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0603-8838

Shamyra G. de A. Silva

Department of Agronomic and Forestry Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5916-4497

Washington L. da Silva

Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, U.S.A.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5558-286X

Márcia M. de Q. Ambrósio

Department of Agronomic and Forestry Sciences, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5033-9745

*Corresponding author: <darlanborges@unifucamp.edu.br>

Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest related to the publication of this manuscript.

Figures (3)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Steps depicting the implementation, conduction, and evaluation of the experiments. A - Collection of soil (with a long history of natural infestation by soilborne pathogens) to be used in the experiments. B – Incorporation of plant material. C - Pots covered with polyethylene mulch during the 15-days soil treatment period (solarization). D – Recording the soil temperature. E – Drilling holes on the polyethylene mulch. F – Seedlings planting. G – Application of Compost-Aid® + Soil-Set®. H – Plants at 45 days after transplanting. I – Soil weighing for dilution. J – Serial dilution step. K – Petri dishes with each specific culture media. L – Plates containing Martin's medium. M – Analysis of sporulating bacteria, the samples were kept for 20 minutes in a water bath at 80 ºC. N – Count of fungal colony forming units. O – Count of bacterial colony forming units.

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Figure 2
Maximum soil temperature measured in experiment 1 (A) and in experiment 2 (B). (C) - Control (pots were not covered with polyethylene mulch nor with vegetal material), (M) - polyethylene mulch (pots were covered with black-white polyethylene mulch but not with vegetal material), (C+M) - incorporation of C. juncea L. + polyethylene mulch, (P+M) - incorporation of P. glaucum L. + polyethylene mulch, (M+CS) - polyethylene mulch + (Compost-Aid® + Soil-Set®, trade names of products produced by Alltech Crop Science), (C+M+CS) - incorporation of C. juncea L. + polyethylene mulch + (Compost-Aid® + Soil-Set®), and (P+M+CS) - incorporation of P. glaucum L. + polyethylene mulch + (Compost-Aid® + Soil-Set®).

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Figure 3
Relative humidity inside the greenhouse for the duration of experiments 1 and 2.

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Table 1
Number of colonies forming units (CFUs) of total fungi in different treatments.

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Table 2
Number of colonies forming units (CFUs) of total bacteria in different treatments.

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Table 3
Number of colonies forming units (CFUs) of sporulating bacteria in different treatments.

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Table 4
Number of colonies forming units (CFUs) of total actinomycete in different treatments.

Treatments	Total fungi
	Experiment 1			Experiment 2
	Pre-mulch	Pre-planting	Post-harvest	Pre-mulch	Pre-planting	Post-harvest
	--------------------------------------- 10³ of the number of CFUs g^-1 ----------------------------------------------
C	5.90 a	6.07 abc	5.95 a	5.10 a	6.41 c	6.58 a
M	5.90 a	6.48 bc	7.78 a	5.10 a	4.51 ab	21.80 ab
C+M	5.90 a	4.36 a	14.20 b	5.10 a	6.03 bc	7.36 ab
P+M	5.90 a	8.31 c	14.00 ab	5.10 a	5.85 abc	16.70 ab
M+CS	5.90 a	7.25 c	5.91 a	5.10 a	5.66 abc	13.10 ab
C+M+CS	5.90 a	4.60 ab	12.20 ab	5.10 a	6.70 c	15.20 ab
P+M+CS	5.90 a	6.23 abc	10.00 a	5.10 a	3.44 a	26.10 b

Treatments	Total bacteria
	Experiment 1			Experiment 2
	Pre-mulch	Pre-planting	Post-harvest	Pre-mulch	Pre-planting	Post-harvest
	-------------------------------------- 10⁵ of the number of CFUs g^-1 ---------------------------------------------
C	3.63 a	3.71 a	7.64 a	5.63 a	3.10 a	6.95 ab
M	3.63 a	4.40 ab	6.79 a	5.63 a	5.36 ab	8.16 b
C+M	3.63 a	4.20 a	6.77 a	5.63 a	7.83 bc	7.92 b
P+M	3.63 a	22.50 c	9.78 a	5.63 a	6.70 bc	8.13 b
M+CS	3.63 a	6.69 bc	7.46 a	5.63 a	3.50 a	6.81 ab
C+M+CS	3.63 a	6.33 bc	7.34 a	5.63 a	9.30 c	5.29 a
P+M+CS	3.63 a	9.40 c	6.90 a	5.63 a	6.05 bc	15.20 b

Treatments	Sporulating bacteria
	Experiment 1			Experiment 2
	Pre-mulch	Pre-planting	Post-harvest	Pre-mulch	Pre-planting	Post -harvest
	---------------------------------------- 10⁴ of the number of CFUs g^-1 -----------------------------------------
C	5.20 a	15.90 a	14.90 b	29.70 a	6.10 a	36.20 bc
M	5.20 a	15.90 a	7.25 a	29.70 a	8.26 ab	29.90 bc
C+M	5.20 a	9.81 a	12.10 ab	29.70 a	11.90 bc	20.00 ab
P+M	5.20 a	14.30 a	10.10 ab	29.70 a	14.70 c	32.00 bc
M+CS	5.20 a	13.40 a	9.78 ab	29.70 a	5.69 a	17.90 ab
C+M+CS	5.20 a	12.20 a	12.30 ab	29.70 a	24.40 c	8.45 a
P+M+CS	5.20 a	14.70 a	12.30 ab	29.70 a	15.10 c	57.10 c

Treatments	Total actinomycete
	Experiment 1			Experiment 2
	Pre-mulch	Pre-planting	Post-harvest	Pre-mulch	Pre-planting	Post -harvest
	------------------------------------------- 10⁴ of the number of CFUs g^-1 ---------------------------------------------
C	12.70 a	5.45 a	15.60 bc	16.00 a	19.10 a	17.10 ab
M	12.70 a	12.80 b	5.68 a	16.00 a	37.10 ab	13.40 ab
C+M	12.70 a	8.27 ab	26.20 bc	16.00 a	42.90 ab	7.07 a
P+M	12.70 a	48.00 c	34.70 c	16.00 a	48.90 ab	21.00 b
M+CS	12.70 a	10.10 ab	10.10 ab	16.00 a	42.00 ab	15.30 ab
C+M+CS	12.70 a	7.19 ab	9.37 ab	16.00 a	63.70 b	4.56 a
P+M+CS	12.70 a	11.10 b	23.20 bc	16.00 a	51.50 ab	58.40 b

[1] *Corresponding author: <darlanborges@unifucamp.edu.br>

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Changes On Soil Microbiota Induced By The Use Of Commercial Products And The Incorporation Of Plant Materials

Mudanças na microbiota do solo causada pelo uso de produtos comerciais e incorporação de materiais vegetais

ABSTRACT