USE OF <i>S</i>-INDEX AS A STRUCTURAL QUALITY INDICATOR FOR COMPACTED LATOSOLS CULTIVATED WITH MAIZE

ROSSETTI, KARINA DE VARES; CENTURION, JOSÉ FREDERICO

doi:10.1590/1983-21252018v31n222rc

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Engenharia Agrícola • Rev. Caatinga 31 (2) • Apr-Jun 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252018v31n222rc copy

USE OF S-INDEX AS A STRUCTURAL QUALITY INDICATOR FOR COMPACTED LATOSOLS CULTIVATED WITH MAIZE

ÍNDICE S COMO INDICADOR DA QUALIDADE ESTRUTURAL EM LATOSSOLOS COMPACTADOS CULTIVADOS COM MILHO

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

One way to prevent soil degradation is to monitor its structural quality through physical attributes and indicators. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify parameters that can be used together with the S-index to assess the soil structural quality of Latosols-Distrophic Red Latosol (DRL) and Eutroferric Red Latosol (ERL)-cultivated with maize after traffic-induced compaction by agricultural machinery. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design in split-plots, with five treatments and four replications for each soil class. The treatments were: T0 = conventional tillage without additional compaction; T1, T2 and T3 = one pass of a 4, 7 and 10-Mg tractor, respectively; T4 = three passes of a 10-Mg tractor. The water retention curve, density, porosity and S-index of the soil layers 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m were evaluated. The DRL presented similar S-index (0.035 to 0.037) in the T0, T1 and T2, and these S-index were connected to soil macroporosity. Most S-index of the ERL were above 0.035, except for T4 due to its higher soil density. The S-index can be used as a complementary parameter for maize height and soil macroporosity to evaluate the structural quality of DRL.

Keywords:
Agricultural machinery traffic; Soil management; Soil physical-water attributes

Soil	pH	OM		P-resin	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	H+Al	SB	CEC	V
	CaCl₂	Maize	NFA
		g dm^-3		mg dm^-3				mmolc dm^-3			%
DRL	5.6	16	30	40	2.0	21	17	20	40	60	67
ERL	4.9	24	55	61	2.7	30	12	27	45	72	62

Layers (m)				Treatments
	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4	Mean	NFA
				Soil density (Mg m^-3)
				DRL
0.0-0.1	1.58 Aa	1.37 Bb	1.44 ABa	1.59 Ab	1.58 Ab	1.51	1.21
0.1-0.2	1.65 BCa	1.66 BCa	1.52 Ca	1.73 ABa	1.84 Aa	1.68	1.38
0.2-0.3	1.55 Ca	1.62 BCa	1.55 Ca	1.78 ABa	1.85 Aa	1.67	1.44
Mean	1.59	1.55	1.50	1.70	1.76
	F¹= 11.63^**		F²= 32.46^**		F^1X2= 3.54^**
CV (%)¹ = 6.58				CV (%)² = 4.54
				ERL
0.0-0.1	1.35 Bb	1.30 Bb	1.24 Bb	1.21 Bb	1.69 Aa	1.36	0.98
0.1-0.2	1.47 BCa	1.51 Ba	1.36 Ca	1.51 Ba	1.66 Aa	1.50	1.05
0.2-0.3	1.37 Cab	1.47 BCa	1.34 Ca	1.58 ABa	1.64 Aa	1.48	1.14
Mean	1.40	1.43	1.31	1.43	1.66
	F¹= 27.80^**		F²= 37.32^**		F^1X2= 9.09^**
CV (%)¹ = 5.92				CV (%)² = 3.92
				Macroporosity (m³ m^-3)
				DRL
0.0-0.1	0.154	0.205	0.216	0.137	0.128	0.168 a	0.292
0.1-0.2	0.161	0.148	0.167	0.104	0.076	0.131 b	0.188
0.2-0.3	0.153	0.080	0.146	0.076	0.077	0.106 c	0.181
Mean	0.156 A	0.144 A	0.176 A	0.106 B	0.093 B		0.220
	F¹ = 19.47^**		F²= 19.78^**		F^1X2= 2.24^ns
CV (%)¹ = 20.28				CV (%)² = 23.24
				ERL
0.0-0.1	0.194 Aa	0.132 Aa	0.139 Aa	0.188 Aa	0.067 Ba	0.144	0.338
0.1-0.2	0.136 Ab	0.115 Aa	0.103 Aa	0.098 Ab	0.091 Aa	0.109	0.300
0.2-0.3	0.131 Ab	0.084 Aa	0.129 Aa	0.089 Ab	0.082 Aa	0.103	0.299
Mean	0.154	0.110	0.124	0.125	0.080
	F¹= 6.55^**		F² = 12.32^**		F^1X2= 3.61^**
CV (%)¹ = 30.41				CV (%)² = 23.84
				Microporosity (m³ m^-3)
				DRL
0.0-0.1	0.215	0.212	0.218	0.215	0.225	0.217 ^ns	0.240
0.1-0.2	0.226	0.233	0.221	0.221	0.240	0.228 ^ns	0.215
0.2-0.3	0.218	0.220	0.218	0.226	0.215	0.219 ^ns	0.229
Mean	0.220 ^ns	0.222 ^ns	0.219 ^ns	0.221 ^ns	0.227 ^ns		0.228
	F¹= 0.62^ns		F²= 3.93^ns		F^1X2= 0.98^ns
CV (%)¹ = 6.17				CV (%)² = 5.80
				ERL
0.0-0.1	0.339	0.348	0.348	0.345	0.338	0.343 ^ns	0.334
0.1-0.2	0.366	0.345	0.363	0.373	0.376	0.365 ^ns	0.330
0.2-0.3	0.343	0.407	0.350	0.398	0.380	0.376 ^ns	0.353
Mean	0.349 ^ns	0.367 ^ns	0.354 ^ns	0.372 ^ns	0.365 ^ns		0.339
	F¹= 0.64^ns		F²= 2.87^ns		F^1X2= 0.74^ns
CV (%)¹ = 11.12				CV (%)² = 12.18

Layer (m)				Treatments
	T0	T1	T2	T3	T4	Mean	NFA
				S-index
				DRL
0.0-0.1	0.044	0.050	0.046	0.020	0.018	0.036 a	0.079
0.1-0.2	0.032	0.032	0.032	0.015	0.015	0.025 b	0.037
0.2-0.3	0.036	0.030	0.027	0.013	0.015	0.024 b	0.049
Mean	0.037 A	0.037 A	0.035 A	0.016 B	0.016 B		0.059
	F¹= 14.20^**		F²= 15.55^**		F^1x2= 1.36^ns
CV (%)¹ = 37.13				CV (%)² = 26.48
				ERL
0.0-0.1	0.056	0.041	0.054	0.041	0.031	0.045 ^ns	0.082
0.1-0.2	0.053	0.037	0.040	0.032	0.025	0.037 ^ns	0.077
0.2-0.3	0.036	0.047	0.044	0.043	0.024	0.039 ^ns	0.052
Mean	0.048 A	0.041 A	0.046 A	0.038 AB	0.026 B		0.071
	F¹= 8.44^**		F²= 2.41^ns		F^1X2= 1.38^ns
CV (%)¹ = 25.62				CV (%)² = 27.36

Treatment	Yield	Height	Yield	Height
	Mg ha^-1	m	Mg ha^-1	m
	DRL		ERL
T0	9.23 a	2.08 a	7.32 a	2.10 a
T1	7.57 b	2.05 a	7.50 a	2.00 ab
T2	7.93 b	1.99 a	6.69 ab	1.88 bc
T3	6.76 b	1.76 b	5.62 b	1.71 c
T4	7.28 b	1.79 b	5.17 b	1.34 d
F	11.18^**	21.00^**	8.29^**	51.67^**
CV (%)	17.17	13.38	11.05	14.59

DRL	β	Standard error of β	B	Standard error of B	Mg (54)	p level
Intercept			-0.068	0.035	-1.918	0.060^ns
Macroporosity ^(B)	0.288	0.137	0.079	0.038	2.097	0.040^*
Microporosity	0.028	0.104	0.030	0.109	0.276	0.782^ns
Soil Density	-0.152	0.165	-0.014	0.015	-0.923	0.359^ns
Maize Yield	-0.063	0.147	-0.001	0.002	-0.432	0.667^ns
Maize Height	0.540	0.163	0.057	0.017	3.305	0.001^**
ERL	β	Standard error of β	B	Standard error of B	Mg (54)	p level
Intercept			-0.006	0.035	-0.190	0.849^ns
Macroporosity ^(B)	0.120	0.172	0.036	0.051	0.697	0.488^ns
Microporosity	0.082	0.131	0.026	0.041	0.629	0.531^ns
Soil Density	-0.058	0.174	-0.004	0.014	-0.335	0.738^ns
Maize Yield	-0.205	0.348	-0.002	0.005	-0.587	0.559^ns
Maize Height	0.656	0.384	0.033	0.019	1.706	0.093^ns

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[1] ^*Corresponding author: krossetti@bol.com.br