ANALYTICAL STUDY OF TEACHERS ’ KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LEARNING DISORDERS Estudo analítico do conhecimento do professor a respeito dos distúrbios de aprendizagem

(1) Speech Pathology and Audiologist at University of Sao Paulo, Master’s degree in Human Communication Disorders at the School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru Campus, Brazil. (2) Speech Pathology, Professor of Graduate at the School of Dentistry, University of Sao Paulo, Bauru Campus. Researcher at Laboratory for Research in Learning Disabilities and Attention Deficit, University of Campinas; PhD in Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas.


INTRODUCTION
Learning Disorder is recognized by health professionals as a cognitive neurobiological disorder and/ or language processing caused by atypical brain functioning 1 .They are manifested by significant difficulties for listening, speaking, reading and writing, reasoning or mathematic abilities.
a previous time for filling the paper, that is, the teacher answered all the questions and took the time he though it was necessary.
The questionnaire comprised 18 closed questions which comprised the aspects: knowledge of the teachers about the oral and written language disorder, and recognition of the speech pathologist and audiologist role.It is important to say, that it was based (Figure 1) on the questionnaire applied by Fernandes 6 , with adaptation of the authors.
After the initial application of the questionnaire, the difficulties presented by the teachers were selected, and in other two dates, previously scheduled with the school coordination, some courses on formation, about the following themes were provided, as follows: Learning Disorders: what is language and learning, factors which interfere on learning; What is written language, which factors interfere on the written language leaning process; What are school difficulties and learning disorders; dyslexia, disgraphy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and the role of the speech therapist and audiologist.The courses took two hours and thirty minutes, proposed for the periods of morning, afternoon and evening, during one week.Such courses were realized with the support material: Power point presentation and paste with content and notes for teachers.Afterwards, in the presence of the researchers, the questionnaire was reapplied (post-test), in order to tabulate and check if there was any alteration on the recognition of the teacher.This research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Process nº 119/2009) at Dental School of Bauru, University of São Paulo.
Afterwards, the questions were selected for analyses, into qualitative questions, which checked the environment characteristics and the research subject; and the quantitative questions, which checked the knowledge of the teacher about learning disorders.For the quantitative analyses, the McNemar Test was employed, which considered absolute and relative frequency, for answer significance p<0,05.
teacher provides great importance for the teaching practice.Carvalho 5 claims that the determination of the teachers, concerning students who fail, may be linked to external factors apart from the teaching--learning system.
In this context, the importance to acknowledge what the teacher thinks about the causes, reasons and consequences of the learning disorders, will enable the analysis of his/her point of view, concerning this problem.
The present study aimed to investigate the conception of teachers about the learning disorders, in an effort to bring out different aspects referring to the way how they observe it everyday in the classroom; which factors are attributed as cause of the problem; how they behave facing the problem, besides checking if there was any change concerning this aspect after the phonological orientation.

METHODS
Transversal study, realized with a sample of 25 teachers, both genders, whose working period ranged from 5 to 35 years.As inclusion and exclusion criteria, the teachers should be working in the classroom where the research took place, during the school year 2009/2010.Teachers who did not follow the development of the students during the year, or teachers who refused to sign The Free Consent, according to Resolution 196/96, National Health Council, were excluded of the research.
After authorization of the Ethics Committee, a survey was realized in conjunction to the Pedagogical coordination of the school, in order to identify the teachers who were teaching the initial grades, first cycle (1 st to 4 th grades) and second cycle (5 th to 8 th grades).
The research was realized at the Public Municipal School of São Paulo city, in accordance to the authorization and consent of the educational directors and school council.On the date and time established by the teacher, the researcher applied the questionnaires, which were filled in, without determining a specific amount of time, inside a room, free from any type of interference.It was not established I neither agree nor disagree -2 Agree -3 18. 1. Children with dyslexia are good at arts, theater, music, sports, design. 1 2 3 18. 2. Children with dyslexia always present writing problems.1 2 3 18. 3. Low or regular intellectual level is one of the characteristics of dyslexic children. 1 2 3 18. 4. Children with dyslexia may be more creative than other children, which allows them to overcome their difficulties.1 2 3 18. 5. Dysorthography is a specific disorder which is characterized by written mistakes, without impairing reading. 1 2 3 18.6. Dyslexia is difficult to detect, due to its different manifestations. 1 2 3 18. 7. Disgraphy is a functional writing disorder which affects the writing quality, even if there are not orthographic mistakes.1 2 3 18.8.It makes no difference the age to start the intervention towards the success of children with dyslexia.1 2 3 18.9.The onset of dyslexia is associated to the socioeconomic level of the children. 1 2 3 18.10.Children with dyslexia make more efforts to read than other children. 1 2 3 18.11.Copy of texts is an appropriate exercise for this kind of children. 1 2 3

RESULTS
In an effort to make a profile of the interviewed people involved in the study, the first part of the questionnaire asked the teachers about the cycle and subject they teach, their education, years of work and frequency and type of reading, described in Table 1.About 60% of the teachers interviewed, were updated by reading specialized books and magazines according to their work area; they also read general literature (52%), infantile literature (48%), newspapers and magazines (56%) and cartoons (44%).
It can be observed that 60% of the teachers, during their teaching period, did not receive any information about the role of the speech therapist and audiologist at school, considering that 96% of the teachers may have some students with learning disorders in their classes.It was observed that, before the informative intervention, 68% of the teachers believed that those difficulties stemmed from any organic disturbance (deficiency), intrinsic causes -physiological, biological (Figure 2) and this index reached 84%, realizing that this difficulty may arise from organic factors, as malfunction of the central nervous system and may not be followed by mental deficiency, after the intervention, not presenting statistically significant difference on the steps of answers of the questionnaire (p=0,683).

Figure 2 -Causes which justify the written reading disorder
For the teachers, the problems that arise in their classrooms are named as: dyslexia (28%), phonological disorders (16%) ADHD (28%) and learning disorder (32%), considering that 32% informed that did not know about the terms mentioned, before the formative intervention, however, after the information, there were marked alteration data: the teachers started to classify and understand the manifestations as dyslexia (72%), phonological disorders (76%), ADHD (52%) and learning disorder (52%), as it can be observed in Figure 3. 84% affirmed that the curricular content influences on the learning process of the students.For 56% of the teachers, learning disorders are not caused by lack of infrastructure of the school.After the informative intervention, this index raised to 84%.For 92%, after the formative intervention, learning disorders are not related to school curricular content.And 88% referred that their low salary was not the cause of indiscipline and low scholastic productivity.For 36% initially, and afterwards 64%, before the formative intervention, learning disorders occur due to lack of capability and skills of the student; and 92% after, believe that they do not arise from indiscipline of the students in the classroom.
Still, for 72% of the teachers, before the intervention and 80% after, the scholastic difficulties arise in the environment where the students live.For 60% of the teachers, before the intervention and 68% after, the socio cultural status of the family, as well as 12% indicated that lack of help towards the child for doing homework, did not interfere on the scholastic difficulties.
Lack of interest and lack of efforts of the students were indicated by 64% of the teachers initially, and 52% afterwards, as the causative factor for scholastic difficulties.Around 80% of the teachers, in both occasions, also believe that the students have low self-esteem, linked to learning disorders.
For 100% of the teachers, specialized intervention is necessary, when facing diagnoses, as: dyslexia, disgraphy, phonological disorder and ADHD.But the school does not have human resources and not even specific material for those students (100%).
Due to the difficulties the teachers face, 84% try to solve he problems with challenging activities, mainly after the formative intervention, and 64% call the parents to talk about the problems.
The employment of the available resources at school, in order to help the children to learn, was presented by 72% of the teachers after the formative intervention, besides having increased the references to the pedagogical coordinator, to the speech therapist and audiologist and orientation to the mother, so that she can take the child to a specialist for a safe diagnosis and effective intervention (Figure 4).Nevertheless, 92% consider relevant that the school should make provisions to help improving the cultural deficit of the children, providing access to written culture, in order to guarantee their development.
The difficulties of the children for learning, were initially justified by 64% of the teachers as lack of physical infrastructure of the school, and after the intervention, 84% insisted in affirming that learning disorders are based at school, due to lack of pedagogical and physical infrastructure.In this perspective, 84% of the teachers initially informed that the disorders are not only due to the environment, but after the formative intervention, only 22% claimed that learning disorders are originated simply from the environment.However, for 80% of the teachers, excess of work impairs planning and elaboration of classes, but does not constitute the cause for scholastic difficulties.
The curricular content, improper to the necessities of the children was initially presented by 24% of the teachers, not showing any relationship to learning disorders.And after the formative intervention, Subtitle: 1 st grade.Results of the questionnaire after the informative intervention; 2 nd grade.Results of the questionnaire before the formative intervention.

Figure 3 -How problems that arise in classrooms are named
It can be observed that 64% of the teachers affirmed that that the age and beginning of the intervention can interfere on the recuperation of a child with dyslexia.
The difficulty in detecting dyslexia was presented by 68% of the teachers, due to different ways of manifestation, and before the intervention, only 28% answered affirmatively.The fact that dyslexia is related to socio economic and cultural status of the children, 68% of the teachers referred negatively before the intervention, and 88% of the teachers also referred negatively about that aspect, after the intervention.The dyslexic children make more efforts to read that the other children.A total of 72% of the teachers affirmed that, after the intervention, and 32% before.The teaching professionals also affirmed that making copies was an appropriate exercise for those children, after the formative intervention (76%).
In order to present the evolution of the answers of the teachers, the percentage of correct and incorrect answers was described, during pre-test and post-test and p values in the statistic test (Table 2) After the formative intervention, the teachers presented the following affirmations: 72% informed that a child with dyslexia presents reading problems; before just 12% knew about that fact; 56% said that low or medium intellectual level is not a characteristic of dyslexic children.Before the formative intervention, only 24% affirmed that; 48% afterwards and 8% after the formative intervention, revealed to be uncertain about the affirmation that the dyslexic children may be more creative than other children, allowing them to compensate this difficulty.When questioned about dysorthography, which is a specific disorder characterized by mistakes when writing, not committing mistakes when reading, only 12% considered that affirmation as real; after the formative intervention, this percentage reached 36%.
The same way, the informative intervention modified the answers of the teachers, 12% who answered affirmatively and afterwards 64% affirmed that disgraphy constitutes a functional writing disorder, which affects the quality of writing, even if there are not orthographic mistakes.

DISCUSSION
The analyses of the results, evidenced that teachers do not know about learning disorders and have difficulties in classifying their causes, or naming the problem which they are facing; and do not know how to realize the appropriate intervention so that the student can overcome the difficulties.Studies have compared children with and without reading and writing difficulties, whose evaluation criteria were established just by the teacher 5,7,11 .Such perception is determinant to classify the students in relation to their performance concerning reading and writing, so, it becomes very important to know about learning disorders.
When asked about learning difficulties, the teachers pointed as probable causes: lack of interest, little efforts, not presenting any significant relevance in relation to the previous or posterior informative intervention.Another aspect observed, was the reason for low academic performance.For the school, it was related to the students, specifically to their inner learning conditions, because, for 88% of the teachers, the children who come from non--structured homes, with parents who do not follow--up their studies.And 52% believe that those children are not interested in learning; and as they are intrinsic factors of the students, the teachers believe that their conduct will not interfere significantly, so that the students can overcome their difficulties.But 86% affirmed that they propose some challenging disorders and do not know how to realize appropriate mediations to overcome those difficulties, possibly resulting into unsatisfactory alterations concerning the learning process of some children 2 .Nowadays, an important fact has called the attention to the educational system, for the initial grades; the increasing growth of children being referred for specialized attendance, related to learning disorders 15 .The aggravating amount of references is that a large amount of students supposed to have this type of problem, does not present any learning disorder 16 , demonstrating that the teacher is not able to solve problems in the classroom, being impelled to forward the children they pre-diagnose, considering that the difficulties may be directly related to the pedagogical practice of the school.
Frequently, the feelings of the teacher, concerning the abilities of the student, contribute significantly to foresee the ones who will have reading problems 17 .According to the statements o Lima 2 , the initial schooling years seem to be crucial, in relation to reading.So, teachers have a fundamental role in identifying problems and consequently realizing appropriate pedagogical intervention, so that the students may overcome these difficulties.
In this study, the teachers, during the formative activities, proposed several topics about the attitudes they should have towards the problems, classified as learning disorders, because they had a lot of doubts about it.Such questionings showed that, similar the study of Fernandes 6 , the role of the speech therapist and audiologist at school, is not totally acknowledged by the scholastic community, and the learning disorders are not very well known yet; because they believe that their role is restricted to the diagnosis and treatment of some disorders, and not for prevention and orientation.
However, if the children present any disorder or development deficit, they will have more difficulties to follow classes which are theoretical and consequently will present improper behaviors consisting of jokes, lack of attention, and in some cases aggressiveness.Learning disorders could be mitigated, if the role of the speech therapist and audiologist was better understood.Lack of knowledge about it, inadequate didactic procedures and even inefficient, were observed for 32% of the teachers, who proposed the children to perform inadequate activities.But after the informative intervention, 72% affirmed that will try to employ all the resources available at school, to help the children to learn and to overcome their difficulties, referring the students to the pedagogic coordination, also orienting the mother to take the child to a specialist, for a safe diagnosis and effective intervention.
activities for those children.Therefore, the main characteristic was pointed as inherent to the student, excluding any interference of the school concerning the learning disorders, reflecting on the difficulty of the adherence on the formative intervention.Even after the intervention, the teachers reinforced that the problems are centered on the students, that is, they informed that there is not any significant interference of the physical and/ or pedagogical infrastructure related to learning disorders.
Araujo 12 claims that the problems and learning difficulties are expressions and alterations manifested by many students during their school development.When the children are limited, learning process ends up causing some disorders and negative behaviors, such as: fear, anxiety and feeling of guilty.Lack of stimuli and rejection create a non satisfactory environment for their school performance, presenting children with learning disorders, who are noted in classrooms, by the teachers.However, in this study, the teachers attribute as causes of this problem: intrinsic factors, family environment and socio economic status.
The results presented by Osti 13 , in his study, inform that the teachers attribute the learning disorder, to emotional problems as consequence of family troubles.Consequently the problematic is directed to the familiar environment and exclusive to the student, as lack of interest and desire in taking part of the proposed activities.Similarly to the actual study, 88% of the teachers informed that learning disorders are noticed at school, due to several factors, mainly to lack of assistance and follow-up of the family concerning homework, researches and 52% attribute to lack of interest and lack of efforts of the students.
For Silva 14 , teaching is not only to acknowledge specific teaching methodologies or opting for either one; it becomes necessary to know the students, the characteristics of their personalities, the steps of development in which the motor, social, emotional or social aspects are comprised, and the way they learn.The students who are not able to learn, do not behave like that for their own volition; but many times due to interaction problems concerning the students and the whole educational context.However, the family and economic condition of the children are not determinants for the success or scholastic failure, because there are children who succeed despite their socio economical condition, in opposition to the affirmations of the teachers, who have related failure towards their conditions.
The teachers, indeed, cannot realize effectively, a significant intervention in order to guarantee appropriate learning to those children, because they do not have enough knowledge about learning According to Maranhão 21 , the partnership of the teacher with the speech therapist and audiologist is indispensable, when students present writing alterations.Notwithstanding, an important fact observed, was that the speech therapist and audiologist has an important role concerning the preventive education, because the orientation provided to the teachers was determinant, not only for optimization of the references, but also for improving knowledge and thus, to enhance the mediation on the teaching--learning process.

CONCLUSION
Teachers do not present funded knowledge about learning disorders, and do not know which procedures should be taken, when facing those problems.The results evidenced that their knowledge about learning disorders is superficial and biased, because during their academic education, they did not have any courses about the theme.
The informative lecture, concerning speech therapy and audiology, has caused alterations on the teachers´s conception about learning disorders, evidencing that, even having basic knowledge about learning disorders and the role of the speech therapist and audiologist, the teacher may be able to detect a difficulty, propose different activities and intervene effectively.
However, the formative intervention was realized in a short period, in which there were several questionings concerning the relevant theme, but there was no more time available to supplement the lack of information.The support material helped as reinforcement and also for future enquiries, about the basic characteristics related to learning disorders.More researches are necessary about interventions to promote the interaction of teaching professionals, with the help of updated technology, providing tele--education programs.
It is difficult to detect dyslexia, due to its different manifestation forms (68%).However, teachers know that dyslexic children make more efforts to read than other children (72%).Silver 18 and Wu 19 state that it is necessary to check the altered characteristics concerning abilities, as identification or decoding the word, reading comprehension, calculus, mathematic rationality, spelling and written expression, which may have academic areas which comprise, broadly, the oral expression and hearing comprehension.
Learning problems are not restricted to physical or psychological causes, neither to the analyses of the social conjunctures, according to Scoz 20 .It is necessary to understand them, from a multidimensional focus comprising organic, cognitive, affective, social and pedagogical factors, observed within the social articulations.Similar to the answers of this study, in which 80% of the teachers answered that the environment of the students is crucial for their scholastic performance and they arise from the socio cultural deficit of their families (68%), a total of 92% reinforces that the school should help the child to overcome the cultural deficit, promoting access to written culture, in order to guarantee their development.
During the informative intervention, several questions were proposed by the teachers, who were interested in identifying the learning disorders, in order to make effective references and above all, pedagogical interventions which may guarantee effective learning to all the students.The scholastic difficulties may arise from interaction problems of the students and the educational context, not necessarily from learning disorders.Adaptations concerning the teacher methodology, improvements on the scholastic environment and positive mediations which help the learning process, are procedures the teacher can realize to guarantee an effective learning.

Subtitles: 1
st grade.Results of the questionnaire after the informative intervention; 2 nd grade.Results of the questionnaire after the informative intervention.Value p=0,683.McNemat Test, p significance p<0,05.

Subtitle: 1
st grade.Result of the questionnaire, after the informative intervention; 2 nd grade.Result of the questionnaire, before the informative intervention.Value of p=0,723.McNemar Test, significance value p<0,05

Figure 4 -
Figure 4 -Attitudes taken when facing a child with reading and writing disorders

Table 2 -Statistical analysis of the quantitative questions of the questionnaire For
the analysis, McNemar Test was employed, for answers significance -value p<0,05.